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The taxonomy of Crowdfunding - An actualized overview of the development of internet crowdfunding modelsTillberg, Fredrik January 2019 (has links)
Crowdfunding challenges century long boundaries between the public, the industry andinnovation. In that respect the phenomenon holds the potential to decentralize and democratizethe way ventures are financed and realized. Crowdfunding has seen a lot of exitingdevelopments during the last few years, partly because of new crowdfunding platformsemerging on the internet, and partly because of new ground-breaking technology being used forfunding purposes. Meanwhile research has not quite catched up with the recent developments ofdifferent models for crowdfunding. This study’s aim is therefor to give an comprehensiveoverview of the different models of crowdfunding that are being utilized by crowdfundingplatforms on the internet today. A deductive content analysis has been made of 67 currentcrowdfunding platforms. The platforms have been analysed in order to determine what model ofcrowdfunding they utilize. The result has, apart from partly confirming prior studies, alsoproduced new exiting findings on what mechanisms constitute some of the crowdfundingmodels we see today. A new taxonomy of crowdfunding models is discussed and proposed. Theconclusion is that the need for a updated taxonomy, like the one this study provides, was wellneeded in order to understand the field. One important finding is that blockchain technology hasproduced a new form of crowdfunding through cryptocurrency: Initial coin offering. Thatparticular area will likely develop and continue to decentralize and democratise the economicalhuman interaction when it comes to financing.
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Defining Patient Burden: Experiences of Living Kidney DonorsNottingham, Kelly L. January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Classification de décès neurologique par traitement automatique de l’imagePlantin, Johann 04 1900 (has links)
Le diagnostic de mort cérébrale est une étape complexe et chronophage lors de l'évaluation des patients en soins intensifs soupçonnés d'être en décès neurologique. Bien que les critères neurologiques cliniques qui déterminent la mort cérébrale soient largement acceptés dans le monde, le diagnostic reste imparfait et l'utilisation de tests auxiliaires tels que la perfusion tomographique cérébrale (CTP) est souvent nécessaire pour le confirmer. L'objectif principal de ce travail était d'explorer la faisabilité de classer la mort cérébrale à partir de scans CTP par le traitement automatique de l’image.
Les scans CTP de l'étude prospective canadienne multicentrique de validation du CTP pour le diagnostic de décès neurologique ont été regroupées à partir de 11 sites participants (INDex-CTP, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03098511). Des caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles ont été extraites en utilisant une combinaison de deux modules de convolution et utilisées pour prédire la mort neurologique. Les performances du modèle ont également été évaluées sur différentes catégories de blessures cérébrales.
Les études de 217 patients ont été utilisées pour entraîner le modèle. Nous rapportons une AUC de 0,79 (IC95 % 0,76-0,82), un score F1 de 0,82 (IC95 % 0,80-0,83), une précision de 0,92 (IC95 % 0,91-0,93), un rappel de 0,76 (CI95 % 0,72-0,79) ainsi qu'une valeur prédictive négative de 0,49 (CI95 % 0,45-0,53). En raison de la petite taille d'échantillon, nous n'avons pas effectué de tests statistiques sur des sous-ensembles de lésions cérébrales, mais avons signalé une valeur prédictive négative du modèle présumé plus élevée sur des blessures cérébrales anoxiques avec 0,82 (CI95 % 0,77-0,87).
Ce modèle montre des preuves préliminaires soutenant la faisabilité de développer un réseau neuronal profond pour classer les patients comateux comme étant neurologiquement décédés ou non. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour valider et améliorer le modèle en utilisant des ensembles de données plus vastes et diversifiés. / The diagnostic of brain death is a complex and chronophage step when evaluating patients in critical care suspected of being neurologically deceased. Although the clinical neurological criteria that determine brain death are mostly accepted worldwide, the diagnosis remains imperfect and often the use of ancillary tests such as brain computed tomography perfusion (CTP) are required to confirm it. The main objective of this work was to explore the feasibility of classifying brain death from CTP scans using deep learning.
CTP studies from a multicenter prospective diagnostic cohort study with the primary objective of evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of neurological death using CTP were pooled from 11 participating sites (INDex-CTP, ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03098511). Spatial and temporal features were extracted using a combination of two convolution modules and used to predict neurological death. The performance of the model was also evaluated on subsets of cerebral injuries.
217 patients' studies were used to train the model. We report an AUC of 0.79 (IC95% 0.76-0.82), a F1 score of 0.82 (IC95% 0.80-0.83), a precision of 0.92 (IC95% 0.91-0.93), a recall of 0.76 (CI95% 0.72-0.79) as well as a negative predictive value of 0.49 (CI95% 0.45-0.53). Due to a lack of sample size, we did not perform statistical tests on subsets of cerebral injury, but report suspected higher model negative predictive value on anoxic cerebral injury with 0.82 (CI95% 0.77-0.87).
This model shows preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility of developing a deep neural network to classify comatose patients as neurologically deceased or not. Additional research is needed to validate and refine the model by employing larger and more diverse datasets.
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Ce sang qui n’est pas le mien : sens, liens et paradoxes de la transfusion sanguine : une étude anthropologique des familles en contexte clinique pédiatrique.Gomez Cardona, Liliana 09 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Ungas perspektiv på föräldraskap och ursprung : Reflektioner från unga vuxna tillkomna genom könscellsdonation och/eller uppvuxna i regnbågsfamiljer / Perspectives on parenting and genetic origin : Reflections from young adults conceived by gamete donation and/or raised in rainbow familiesAndersson, Sandra, Salomonsson, Julia January 2018 (has links)
Denna examensuppsats har ämnat undersöka ungdomars och unga vuxnas perspektiv på och upplevelser av föräldraskap och genetiskt ursprung samt aktuell föräldralagstiftning. Examensuppsatsen ämnar vidare utgöra underlag för en rapport som beaktas i en statlig utredning som handlar om att se över aktuella regler kring fastställande av rättsligt föräldraskap. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio unga vuxna i åldern 17 till 32 år har data samlats in och analyserats med tematisk analys. I resultaten fann vi att deltagarnas sätt definiera och tala om föräldraskap är i linje med tidigare forskning. Även internationell forskning kring synen på könscellsdonatorer och deras roll som föräldrar eller icke-föräldrar har kunnat appliceras på vårt intervjumaterial för att förstå donatorsrollen som infallande på ett kontinuum. Nya fynd som framkommit är att avsaknad av rättsliga band ej utgör ett oöverkomligt hinder för utövandet av socialt föräldraskap, både i avseende på att skaffa barn och sedermera uppfostra det. Deltagarna berättar dock att avsaknad av rättsligt föräldraskap har varit problematiskt vid dödsfall och separationer. Funderingar kring genetiskt ursprung och tillkomst beskrivs påbörjas i tidig ålder hos deltagarna och vara avslutat i tidig vuxen ålder, vilket är ett nytt fynd och går emot lagstiftad ålder för kännedom om donator och genetiskt ursprung. Möjlighet till kännedomen om genetiskt ursprung lyfts som barnets okränkbara rättighet. Utifrån dessa fynd drar vi slutsatsen att trots lagmässiga hinder kan ett fullständigt föräldraskap i många fall utövas av icke-juridiska föräldrar samt att avsaknad av genetiska band ej utgör en barriär för relationsskapande eller identitetsutveckling. Däremot anses lagstiftning och samhällsattityder fortfarande vara exkluderande och osynliggörande gentemot regnbågsfamiljer och könscellsdonation. / Statlig offentlig utredning (Kommittédirektiv 2017:28)
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A study to determine the quality of life and experiences for liver and kidney transplant recipients and living kidney donors in Western Australia : the economic implicationsO'Driscoll, Catherine T. January 2008 (has links)
The use of quality-of-life as an outcome measure provides detailed information about the effectiveness of medical treatments than morbidity or mortality rates alone. The use of quality-of-life data in the clinical setting can inform patients regarding treatment options, treatment benefits and costs. In competing health care markets, outcome measurement is regarded as important as it is concerned with the impact of health care practice and affects health policy decisions. Doessel (1978) conducted the first Australian study on the cost-effectiveness analysis of renal replacement therapies. The study was based on Klarman, Francis & Rosenthal's (1968) the study, where the output was measured in terms of the number of life years gained from kidney transplantation, and a twenty-five percent weight was allocated in an attempt to capture quality-of-life from kidney transplantation. Doessel (1978) used two sources of data: Australian data (Disney 1974) and European data (Gurland et al. 1973; Shiel et al. 1974). The study measured life years gained, and agreed with the Klarman et al. (1974) findings that transplantation is the most effective way to increase life expectancy of persons with chronic renal disease (Butler & Doessel 1989). The outputs of the alternative treatments were not reported in monetary terms; the study focused on life years gained as the output measure. Hence the importance of this current study, which includes a cost-effectiveness analysis for cadaver liver, and living kidney transplantation for end-stage liver and kidney disease patients. Calls to respect patient autonomy and to produce patient-centered outcomes have recently brought the patients point of view back into the center of clinical medicine (Sullivan 2003). Survival rates indicate one measure of outcome however they do not reflect patients perceptions of health benefit or experiences. Noting that patients psychosocial effect on functioning is of more concern to them than their physical Thesis Preamble iii ability, that more accurate knowledge of patients conditions be measured prior to transplantation (Tarter et al. 1991). Recently researchers advocated investigating transplant patients' states of health to assess the social benefit of these expensive health care services from their perspective (Joralemon & Fujinaga 1997). The current study's mixed method, bridges the gaps in treatment outcome measurements, as the mixed method applied (Creswell 1994; Sim & Sharp 1998) prospectively measured quality-oflife, determined health utility, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). The study reported the living donors experience of the donation process, described their needs; expressed using a new psychosocial model supporting future living kidney donor's during the donation process.
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台灣器官移植困境及其因應之道 / Analysis and recommendations of the current organ transplants in Taiwan許文章 Unknown Date (has links)
長久以來,台灣一直存在捐贈器官不足的情形,阻滯器官移植的進展。如何在現有的法令規範中,突破面臨的困境,增加器官捐贈及移植的來源?如何適切修正現有法令規範的限制,造福更多等待器官移植的患者,使其重獲生命價值與意義?是筆者一直深切期待的。台灣移植器官來源面臨的困境,包括華人社會特有的文化習俗、器官捐贈登錄制度推廣不易、指定捐贈與親屬限制等原因;其所造成的影響包括國人器官捐贈意願降低、前往中國大陸或海外尋求移植的人數大量增加、可能的違法器官買賣等。本文將逐一加以探究其原因,藉以了解制度面與實際執行面的差異。
為了進一步探討器官移植相關法規在台灣司法實務面運作的情形,本文將整理解析近年相關的民事、刑事及行政裁判。尤其,目前最新《人體器官捐贈移植條例》修正草案正在立法院審議中,本文亦將分析其重要法規內容,探討新舊法規之差異,預測立法通過後執行面之走向,並提出草案未通過前的因應作法,以及歸納分析國外類似法規,以提供未來再修法之參考。
本篇論文的主要目的,期盼藉由上開各個面向的探討與法律制度的論述,檢視器官移植的必要性與適法性,試圖提出應有的建議與策略,以供醫界、法界及相關行政主管機關參考,修正器官移植的適法性,增加合法的器官捐贈來源,以解決台灣目前所存在的器官移植困境。 / In Taiwan, the progress of organ transplants has long been deterred by the shortage of organ donations. As a surgeon, the thoughts of finding ways to increase the numbers and sources of organ transplants under the current laws, and of modifying the inappropriate restrictions of the current laws in order to benefit more patients waiting for organ transplants and hopefully new lives, have always been lingering in my mind. The dilemma of organ donation shortage comes from: Chinese traditional customs, unsuccessful promotion of the organ donation registration system, and the restrictions of laws regarding the designated organ donators and relatives. The results are: the low willingness of organ donations by the general public, the increasing numbers of patients going overseas and to China for organ transplants, illegal organ trading, etc. This paper is aimed to explore the reasons behind the current results so that we can get a better view of the differences between the current legal system and the actual implementation.
In order to better understand how the current organ transplant laws are carried out by the legal authorities in Taiwan's judicial systems, this paper will examine and analyze the past civil, criminal, and executive decisions related to the organ transplantations. Currently the new amendment of the “Human Organ Transplant Bill” is still in the Legislative Yuan's review process. So this paper will analyze the detailed contents of this amended bill, discuss the differences between the original and the amended bill and the direction of the legislation execution, recommend the proper solutions before the amended bill is passed, and analyze and induce other countries' organ transplantation bills for future amending reference.
The purpose of this paper is aimed to achieve the goal of proposing proper recommendations and strategies, through inspecting the necessity and legitimacy of organ transplant from various legal system discourses and amendments, to the fields of medicine, law and related government authorities regarding to the legitimacy of organ transplant and increasing the sources of the legal organ donations, in order to lessen the current Taiwan's organ donation plight.
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Tod und Sterben – eine Reflexion im Anatomiekurs – Begleitstudie zur Einführung eines reflektiven, interdisziplinären Kursprojektes / On death and dying – a reflection in undergraduate anatomy teaching – an accompanying study of the implementation of a reflective, interdisciplinary course elementLohse, Constanze 13 January 2014 (has links)
Einführung: Im Sommersemester 2011 wurde an der Universität Göttingen das interdisziplinäre Kursprojekt „Tod und Sterben – eine Reflexion im Anatomiekurs“ eingeführt. Dieses Gemeinschaftsprojekt der Abteilungen Palliativmedizin, Medizinische Psychologie und Soziologie sowie Anatomie dient als Reflexionsimpuls der Vorbereitung auf den anatomischen Präparierkurs und beinhaltet Aspekte wie Würde und Distanz im Umgang mit dem menschlichen Leichnam im Präpariersaal sowie deren Bezüge zum späteren ärztlichen Handeln.
Die Implementierung des aus einem Vorlesungsbeitrag und einem Seminar bestehenden Pilotprojektes wurde wissenschaftlich begleitet und evaluiert. Neben der formalen Kursevaluation wurden Vorerfahrungen der Göttinger Medizinstudierenden mit dem Thema Tod und Sterben, ihre Einstellung zu Beginn des Präparierkurses sowie die Verknüpfung des Anatomiekurses mit emotionaler Belastung, Somatisierungsstörungen und emotionaler Abstumpfung exploriert.
Methoden: Mittels eigens konzipierter Fragebögen wurden die Studierenden vor Beginn des Präparierkurses (Tag1), im Anschluss an das reflexive Seminar (Tag 3) und abschließend am letzten Präparierkurstag (Tag 88) befragt. Die Daten wurden mit Hilfe der Programme EvaSys, STATISTICA, SPSS und Excel bearbeitet und es wurden Signifikanztests, Varianz- und Reliabilitätsanalysen durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der offenen Fragen erfolgte in Anlehnung an die Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring.
Ergebnisse: Bei einer Rücklaufquote von im Mittel 64,2% entsprach die durchschnittliche Geschlechtsverteilung aller 3 Fragebögen 37,3% männlich und 62,7% weiblich bei einem Durchschnittsalter von 21,9 Jahren. Bei den Medizinstudierenden der Universität Göttingen besteht bereits zu Beginn des Präparierkurses eine große Spannbreite an Vorerfahrungen mit dem Thema Tod und Sterben: Nahezu die gesamte Studierendenschaft hat bereits Todesfälle im familiären Umfeld erlebt. Die meisten Studierenden waren im Vorfeld gegenüber dem Anatomiekurs eher positiv eingestellt, Angst spielte nur für 1/5 der Befragten eine Rolle. Der Präparierkurs ist mit einer emotionalen Belastung verbunden, wenn auch die tatsächlich erlebte psychische Belastung weitaus geringer war als initial von den Studierenden befürchtet; allerdings empfanden rückblickend immerhin noch 61,7% den Präparationskurs in verschiedener Intensität psychisch belastend. 39% der Probanden litten während des Kurses in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß unter Somatisierungstörungen. Die Mehrzahl der Befragten (81,4%) stimmte in unterschiedlichem Maße der Aussage zu, dass der Präparierkurs zu einer gewissen emotionalen Abstumpfung beigetragen hat. Obwohl mehr als die Hälfte der Studierenden sich bereits selbst in irgendeiner Form auf den Umgang mit Verstorbenen vorbereitet hat, erachteten alle Befragten eine angeleitete Vorbereitung auf den Umgang mit Verstorbenen als sinnvoll. Die Kursevaluation bestätigte, dass der interdisziplinäre Kursteil einen Impuls zur Selbstreflexion gegeben hat. So wurden die Studierenden nicht nur angeregt, über die Thematik Tod und Sterben nachzudenken, sondern ein Großteil der Studierenden fühlte sich auch durch die im Seminar erarbeiteten Aspekte zu Empathie, Würde und Distanz besser auf den Umgang mit Verstorbenen vorbereitet.
Schlussfolgerung: Der eingeführte Kurs „Tod und Sterben – eine Reflexion im Anatomiekurs“ stellt eine sinnvolle und notwendige Vorbereitung auf den Umgang mit Verstorbenen im Präparationskurs dar. Auch wenn viele Medizinstudierenden bereits außerhalb des Anatomiekurses Erfahrungen mit Tod und Sterben gesammelt haben, sind emotionale Belastungsreaktionen unumstritten und bedürfen somit einer Vorbeugung oder Intervention.
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Freiheit und GesetzHermann, Konstantin 15 July 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Die Fotografien in dem Album des Sächsischen Landtags von 1873 zeigen zahlreiche bis heute bekannte sächsische Abgeordnete. Das in Samt eingebundene Prachtfotoalbum wurde von den Abgeordneten der zweiten Kammer des sächsischen Landtages an ihren Kollegen Christian Gottlieb Riedel anlässlich seines 25-jährigen Landtagsjubiläum überreicht.
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“Do pedido à mercê”: investigação das correspondências sobre doação de livros às escolas públicas da Bahia no século XIX ou a instrução pública na Bahia oitocentista: o que revelam as correspondências sobre doação de livros às escolas públicas?Jesus, Tamires Alice Nascimento de 24 May 2018 (has links)
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DISSERTAÇÃO ALTERADA2.pdf: 6832789 bytes, checksum: 2ee1c3d70f0ca1f5847783eac6b1a0d1 (MD5) / Capes / Este estudo se pauta em um levantamento de dados feito nas Correspondências recebidas
sobre doação de livros às escolas públicas, documento manuscrito que compõe o acervo do
Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia, e contém os títulos dos manuais didáticos doados às
escolas públicas da Bahia, entre os anos de 1837 e 1868. A coleção de Correspondências
sobre doação de livros às escolas públicas do Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia é bastante
rica e diversa. A pesquisa além de possibilitar o acesso aos títulos dos manuais que
circulavam nas escolas naquele momento histórico e que, consequentemente, concorriam para
a aprendizagem e difusão da escrita, contribui para o enriquecimento dos estudos voltados
para a compreensão da consolidação e desenvolvimento da instrução pública baiana nesse
período. Objetiva-se, portanto, desvelar aspectos importantes do cenário da instrução pública
baiana oitocentista, a partir da construção de uma narrativa que apresente a política de doação
de livros às escolas públicas de acordo com as informações reveladas na Coleção de
correspondências sobre doação. Para isso, são observados os princípios e procedimentos do
paradigma indiciário, que é um método heurístico focado nos detalhes, nas pistas que são
deixadas, nesse caso, no documento que á principal fonte de investigação. O referencial
teórico é pautado na relação entre a História Cultural em diálogo com a História da Educação
e a História da Cultura Escrita. Pode-se caracterizar a presente pesquisa como histórica, já que
investiga uma mudança ocorrida na sociedade, ainda que visando à investigação de assuntos
educacionais. / ABSTRACT This study is based on the collection of data from the Correspondências recebidas sobre
doação de livros às escolas públicas, handwritten document which belongs to Arquivo
Público do Estado da Bahia, containing the titles of didactic handbooks donated to the public
schools of Bahia, between 1837 and 1868. The collection of correspondences about donation
of books to the public schools of Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia is very rich and varied.
The research besides granting access to the titles of the manuals that circulated in schools at
that historical period and that, consequently, concurred for the learning and spread of writing,
contributes to the strengthening of the studies towards the comprehension of the consolidation
and development of Bahia public instruction at that time. Therefore, the objective is to unveil
important aspects of the scenario of Bahia public instruction of the nineteenth century, based
on the construction of a narrative that shows the policy of book donation to the public schools
according to the information gathered from the Collection of correspondences about
donation. For this purpose, the principles and proceedings of the indiciary paradigm, heuristic
method focusing the details, clues left, in this case, on the document which is the main source
of the investigation are observed. The theoretical references are based on the relation between
Cultural History in dialog with History of Education and History of Written Culture. It’s
possible to characterize this research as historical, for it investigates a change in society, even
if it aims to investigate education affairs.
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