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Considerando-se este importante momento de transição em que as tradicionais matrizes energéticas são paulatinamente substituídas por um conjunto de fontes renováveis, das quais os biocombustíves sobressaem-se pela capacidade de contribuir para o meio ambiente, trazendo igualmente benefícios econômicos e sociais a seus produtores; o presente trabalho visa contribuir para o panorama energético global que se começa a se delinear. Diante da impotência do Estado em lidar hodiernamente com determinadas questões, testemunha-se a participação de atores privados (organizações não governamentais, empresas transnacionais e sociedade civil, entre outros) atuando como vetores na transmissão de compromissos internacionais junto a estruturas nacionais para a solução de problemas comuns da humanidade. A essa nova arquitetura jurídica e política convencionou-se designar de governança global. Diante da inexistência de uma governança energética global que opere no interesse de países importadores, exportadores e investidores do setor de energia, agindo também como promotora de desenvolvimento social e econômico junto a países em desenvolvimento; e, por fim, em face da ausência de uma regulação internacional exclusiva na área energética, o presente estudo se dedica a investigar as possibilidades de disciplinamento do comércio internacional dos biocombustíveis. Admitindo-se o relevante desempenho que o Brasil detém na produção e exportação deste produto, inclusive na área tecnológica, a presente tese busca identificar o foro adequado, condições justas de produção, investimento, concessão de subsídios, adoção de medidas técnicas, de compra e venda, concorrência entre outros itens que o tema relaciona. / When considering this important transitional moment in which the traditional energy matrices are gradually replaced by a mix of renewable sources, among which biofuels stand out: for its ability of contributing to the preservation of the environment and of generating economic benefits to its producers; this work aims to contribute with the energy landscape that is starting to take shape. Due to the current State incapacity in dealing with a specific set of questions, one witnesses the contribution of non-governmental actors (such as non governmental organizations, transnational companies and civil society, among others) side by side with national structures in order to solve widespread human problems. Regarding the lack of global energy governance that may operate in the interest of importers, exporters and investors in the energy sector, who should act as a promoter of social and economic development vis a vis developing countries; and, finally, considering the absence of a multilateral energy agreement, the present work aims to investigate the possibilities of possible regulation of international biofuels trade. Hence, admitting the excellent performance that Brazil withholds in the production and exportation of this product, also in the technological area, the present thesis seeks the adequate forum as well as to preview fair conditions for production, investment, subsidies concession, adoptions of technical standards in distribution, trade and competition amongst other law related issues.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo debater a contribuição e o papel que a jurisprudência do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia desempenhou no processo de produção e desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade e sua influência na formação do conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a), do Estatuto de Roma, que trata do crime contra a humanidade. Para isso, analisa-se como a Corte determinou o costume válido sobre as elementares do crime contra a humanidade nos casos Duko Tadie Draen Erdemovi, julgados antes da conferência de Roma. Em seguida, examina-se a teoria das fontes, mais especificamente, o costume internacional, seu fundamento, seus dois elementos (combinação de prática e opinio iuris), bem como seus sujeitos criadores e veículos de exteriorização, em especial a jurisprudência internacional. Nesse percurso, apontam-se as práticas destoantes do costume e a dificuldade de sua determinação, para então indicar o binômio valor e poder como elementos que influenciam sua manifestação. Depois, procura-se verificar o contexto político e jurídico de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia, associando-o à proteção do valor paz mundial e às alterações das estruturas de poder da ordem internacional. Então, faz-se uma avaliação da contribuição dos julgados analisados como veículos para exteriorização do costume ou de seus elementos. Por fim, com a análise da coincidência de resultados no que tange à estrutura de algumas das elementares decididas pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia e o conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a) do Estatuto de Roma, pode-se concluir que a jurisprudência estudada veiculou parte da opinio iuris do direito costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade, contribuindo, assim, com o desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal sobre o tema. / This work aims to discuss the contribution and the role that the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia played in the production and development of international criminal customary law on crimes against humanity and its influence in shaping the article 7o(1),(2)(a), of the Rome Statute, about crime against humanity. In order to accomplish this task, it analyses how the Court defined valid custom on the chapeau elements of crime against humanity in the Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases. Next, it considers the theory of sources, more specifically, international custom, its basis, its two elements (combination of state practice and opinion juris), as well as its subjects and forms of externalization, including international decisions. About this, it points out the dissonant ways custom emerges and the difficulty of its determination, then indicating values and power as elements that influence its manifestation. After, it analyses the political and juridical contexts in which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established, relating it with the protection of world peace, as a value, and the changes in the power structures of international order. Then, it unpacks the contribution of the above decisions (Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases) as vehicles of externalization of custom or, at least, one of its elements. Finally, with the analyse of the coincidence between the chapeau elements of crimes against humanity as decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the current normative content of article 7o(1),(2)(a),of the Rome Statute, it can be concluded that the jurisprudence studied ran part of the opinion jurisabout crimes against humanity as an element of custom, thus, contributing to the development of international criminal law on that issue.

A expansão do direito penal pelos direitos humanos tem no direito penal internacional um privilegiado campo de estudo. Entre as tendências expansivas dos direitos humanos, motivadas pela luta contra a impunidade, e a necessária contenção mecanismo punitivo, princípios, estruturas de aplicação e fundamentação entram em choque, quando se pensava que os direitos humanos e o direito penal originaram-se da mesma matriz liberal de contenção do poder estatal. O tema ganha especial impulso diante da perspectiva expansionista por que passa o direito penal na modernidade, dos influxos da globalização. As decisões dos tribunais penais internacionais, de Nuremberg a Haia, dos tribunais de direitos humanos (europeu e interamericano), fornecem um panorama de como essa relação tem sido construída, favorecendo a aplicação da norma punitiva e flexibilizando garantias clássicas penais e processuais penais. A discussão empreendida busca matizar a luta contra a impunidade que seja tributária dos avanços jurídicos do sistema de garantias, também conquistas sociais e políticas para a efetiva proteção dos direitos humanos. Nesse contexto, alerta-se para o fato de que se estaria produzindo um direito especial motivado pela luta contra os mais graves crimes contra a paz e a segurança mundiais. Finalmente, expõe-se as dificuldades de validação do conteúdo preventivo das normas em direito penal internacional, do déficit democrático de sua produção desconectada da base social sobre a qual atua, e do efeito simbólico de seus enunciados à custa das máximas garantias. / The international criminal law features a special condition for the critical analysis of the expansion of criminal law through human rights. Between the expansive tendencies of human rights, motivated by the fight against impunity, and the necessary containment of punitive mechanism, stands the international criminal law, whose principles, implementation structures and grounds clash, despite the fact that human rights and criminal law originated from the same liberal matrix for the containment of state power. The debate gained particular momentum with the expansionist perspective experienced by the criminal law in modern times of globalization inflows. The decisions of international criminal courts, from Nuremberg to The Hague, human rights tribunals (European and Inter-American), provide an overview of how this relationship has been built, favoring the application of criminal provisions and easing criminal and criminal procedural classical guarantees. The discussion undertaken shades the fight against impunity, that shall be paved by the legal achievements for the effective protection of human rights, warning to the fact that it is producing a special law, away from the legal domestic law principles, motivated by the fight against the most serious crimes against peace and world security. Finally, sets up the difficulties in accepting the preventive content of international criminal provisions, the democratic deficit of its production disconnected of the social contexts in which operates, and the symbolic effect of its legal provisions at the expense of the maximum guarantees.

O trabalho tem por objetivo verificar de que forma os avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade influenciaram a obra de Edgar Allan Poe e de Machado de Assis. A análise propõe revelar o olhar desses escritores acerca das novas possibilidades que eram oferecidas à sociedade com o intuito maior de evidenciar o papel da literatura nesse processo, uma vez que o homem é capaz de enxergar todo o comportamento de uma época e, conseqüentemente, a si mesmo, através da obra literária. Essa atitude de “olhar para trás” e para “dentro de si mesmo”, acredita-se, permite que o homem avance ainda mais. Para realizar a análise proposta, a pesquisa utiliza-se de conceitos como o de intertextualidade e interdisciplinaridade, muito caros à Literatura Comparada, com o fim de promover relações entre as diferentes áreas do saber – Literatura e Ciência –, entre os diferentes escritores e, por fim, entre os diversos gêneros literários que constituem o corpus do presente estudo. Após um breve panorama da história do desenvolvimento dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade, procede-se às análises dos textos selecionados, procurando apontar e relacionar o pensamento dos escritores, provando que idéias sobre os avanços científicos e tecnológicos estão presentes na produção literária de cada um. Por fim, após o confronto estabelecido durante todo o trabalho entre o pensamento e o posicionamento dos escritores, discutese o papel da literatura no desenvolvimento e avanço da humanidade. / The paper aims to verify how the writings of Edgar Allan Poe and Machado de Assis had been influenced by the humanity' scientific and technological advances. The analysis proposes to reveal the sight of these two writers over the new possibilities that had been offered to the society, with the main objective of emphasizing the literature role in this process, considering that the human being is able to see the behavior of an entire period of time and consequently to himself through the literary work. This action of “looking back” and of “looking inside”, believes this research, allows him advance still more. In order to do that, the research takes some concepts as intertextuality and interdisciplinarity, extremely valued to the Comparative Literature, with the main objective of promoting relations between the different areas of knowledge – Literature and Science –, between the two different writers and, in the end, among the various literary genres that take part of the corpus of this study. After a brief view of the humanity history of scientific and technological advances development, the analysis of the selected texts is performed, endeavoring to emphasize and make the relation between the ways of thinking of these writers, proving that specific ideas about science and its advances really are in the literary production of each other. In the end, after the confrontation established during all over the research between the thinking and the position of the writers, the literature role in the humanity’s development and advance is discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:54:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE ANTONIO FONSECA DOS SANTOS NETO.pdf: 12019513 bytes, checksum: f6fc8262c8ebe449285d6d01dc2b378b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-15 / This research which studies the public policy cycle, the design and the implementation of actions related to the Historical and Cultural Heritage was carried out in the colonial city of São Luís do Maranhão (today's historic center), from the last decades of the 20th century until the year 2006. The city São Luís, a manifestation of the dynamic and active forces in engendering the dawn of the capitalist system, yet commercial, later industrial-urban, in a given area of the tropical world, was chosen by the abstraction of its structural, functional and formal historical elements, identified in the motivation of the referred public policy to "revive it", the project to rebuild and maintain it, adjusted to the service terms of trade. "Revived" or redeveloped, with its antiquity to fulfill a new role, as well as offer cultural heritage in a competitive "city market", according to the requirements of the present stage of the forces in the aforesaid capital flow. Care must be taken of the Historical Heritage, conceptual expression theoretically established under the binding force of modern times of and under the multiple manifestations of memory, identity, time, space, representation, aesthetics, value, urbanism, among others: the city is protected at national and local level by Iphan, and internationally by Unesco; such a yearning claimed in the name of humanity; the city, an artifact, a work of art, for use and trade; the city whose body moves a spectacular symbolic diversity by crossing its cultures, vibrant on the facades of the houses of its immense collection, patios, roofs, sidewalks, poems, legends, and traces expressed in the primordial patina of cultural matters artistically elaborated and reworked. In short: how a human settlement built a structure to organize the exchange of goods between worlds in a given temporality. The city itself, in its metamorphoses has become the object of presenting its portfolio to the historic cities in the world today, by the use/enjoyment of its beauty and passions, inserted in the dynamics of the tourism economy / Cuida-se de estudar, caracterizando, no ciclo da política pública, a concepção e a implementação das ações concernentes ao Patrimônio Histórico e Cultural, levadas a efeito na cidade colonial de São Luís do Maranhão (o Centro Histórico de hoje), nas décadas finais do século XX até o ano de 2006. Toma-se São Luís, a cidade, tal uma manifestação das forças dinâmicas e operantes no engendramento da aurora do sistema do capital, ainda mercantil, depois industrial-urbano, dada numa zona do mundo tropical, decupa-se-a, pela abstração de seus elementos estruturais, formais e funcionais historicamente dados, identificando, na motivação das referidas políticas públicas para revivê-la , o projeto de reconstruí-la e mantê-la, ajustada, a serviço das relações de troca. Revivida , pois, ou requalificada, para, com sua antiguidade, cumprir um novo papel, agora enquanto bem patrimonial-cultural ofertável num competitivo mercado de cidades , segundo as exigências do presente estágio das forças do sobredito capital em fluxos. Cuida-se de Patrimônio Histórico, expressão conceitual histórica e teoricamente elaborada sob a força cogente do tempo da modernidade e sob as plúrimas manifestações quanto à memória, identidade, tempo, espaço, representação, estética, valor, urbanismo, entre mais: a cidade inscrita para a proteção, em nível nacional e local, pelo Iphan, e internacional, pela Unesco, tal um anseio reivindicado em nome da humanidade; a cidade, um artefato, uma obra de arte, para usos e trocas; a cidade em cujo corpo se move uma diversidade simbólica espetacular pelo cruzamento de suas culturas, vibrantes nas fachadas do casario de seu imenso acervo, terreiros, telhados, calçadas, poética, lendas, e dos vestígios expressos na pátina primordial da matéria cultural artisticamente elaborada e reelaborada. Em suma: de como um assentamento humano erguido para organizar a troca das mercadorias entre mundos numa dada temporalidade, ele próprio, em suas metamorfoses, vem a tornar-se o objeto a ofertar no portfólio geral das cidades históricas do mundo de hoje, dando a contemplar e uso/fruir sua beleza e paixões, inserta na dinâmica da economia do turismo.

Syfte – Den ökade användningen av internet har lett till en mängd olika riktlinjer kring hur den mänskliga faktorn bäst ska tas hänsyn till på internet, utan stöd av forskning. Vidare har grafiska profiler fastnat i tiden före internets existens vilket gör att organisationer missar möjligheten till att fånga målgrupper, höja grafiska profiler och bygga ömsesidigt fördelaktiga interaktiva relationer. Därmed är syftet med denna studie: Att öka kunskap om hur grafiska profiler kan utstråla mänsklighet i den digitala världen. För att kunna besvara syftet har det brutits ned i en frågeställning som lyder: Hur gestaltas en mänsklig känsla i en grafisk profil för exponering i en digital värld? Metod – För att kunna besvara frågeställningen har tre metoder tillämpats, vilka är litteraturstudie, enkätundersökning och gruppintervju i form av fokusgrupper. I metoderna ingår kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier samt primärdata och sekundärdata. Litteraturstudien innebar en insamling av befintlig forskning och fakta inom ämnet som fungerade som en grund i studiens resultat. Enkätundersökningen innefattade en jämförelse av typsnitt för att identifiera de känslor som typsnitten förmedlade. Fokusgrupperna handlade om att utforska deltagarnas känslor inför fem olika grafiska profiler och deras innefattande element. Resultat – Utifrån empirin och litteraturstudien resulterade studien i en mängd data beskrivande den mänskliga känslan i grafiska profiler. Datan sattes sedan ihop till en modell innefattande konkreta steg i ett syfte om att få in en mänsklig känsla i en digital grafisk profil. Modellen innefattar riktlinjer för fotografi, ikoner, färger, typografi och tonalitet där det ger vägledning för hur dessa ska gestaltas. Fotografier ska exempelvis vara enkla, dynamiska och kontrastrika där befintligt ljus bör eftersträvas. Studiens resultat anses vara användbart av reklambyråer i deras arbete med digitala grafiska profiler som önskas upplevas som mer mänskliga. Studiens resultat anses vidare vara användbart i syften kring att digitalisera varumärken i allmänhet, där en mänsklig känsla möjligen eftersträvas. Begränsningar – I fokusgrupperna uppkom det svårigheter kring att skapa diskussion rörande deltagarnas känslor inför varje specifikt element, vilket ledde till att diskussionerna främst kom att fokusera kring de grafiska profilernas helhet. Vidare hölls fokusgrupperna endast en gång vardera, vilket berodde på tidsbrist. Intervjuareffekt och kontexteffekt kan ha uppstått inom fokusgrupperna, vilket kan påverka resultatet. Eftersom färger vidare har olika uppfattningar och associationer i olika länder har studien begränsats till att bara innefatta uppfattningarna i Sverige. / Purpose – The increasing usage of Internet has led to a variety of guidelines on how to utilise and assess the human factor in the best way for internet usage, however, disregarding research in the field. Furthermore, graphic profiles have in a way been cemented in a pre- internet world, which has led to a situation where many organisations have missed the opportunity to attract a lot of target groups, by raising the graphic profile and building mutually advantageous and interactive relations. With this as a background, the aim of this study is to elevate the awareness of how graphic profiling may emit humanity in a digital world. Therefore, the purpose of this study is: To increase the knowledge about how graphic profiles can radiate humanity in the digital world. In order to find the purpose of this study, the purpose has been broken down to a research question that goes: How are human emotions portrayed in graphic profiles exposed in the digital world? Method – To be able to answer this question three methods have been used, namely a review of relevant literature in the field, a survey and group interviews in the form of focus groups. The methods used include quantitative as well as qualitative data as well as primary and secondary studies. The literature review aimed at collecting facts in the field to serve the research undertaken to this date. The survey comprised of a comparison of fonts to be able to identify the emotions these fonts emitted. The interviews with the focus groups were a way of investigating the different participants emotions faced with five different graphic profiles and the elements they contained. Findings – The empirical data and the literature review resulted in a variety of data describing human reactions and emotions towards graphic profiles. These data was then used to prepare a model that comprised concrete information when trying to incorporate a human emotion within a graphic profile. This model include aspects and guidelines for photography, icons, colours, typography and tone of voice on how to interact with people in a better way in this new digital world. For example, photographs should be simple, dynamic and rich in contrasts where existing light is desirable. The results of this study are considered being useful for advertising agencies in their work with digital graphic profiles that covet a human touch. The results are hopefully also useful for digitalizing brands generally, where a human touch is desirable. Limitations – Within the focus groups there was a notable difficulty in creating discussions regarding perceived emotions for each of the elements, which resulted in a discussion upon the graphic profiles generally. Furthermore, the focus groups could only meet once and discuss, due to lack of time. Hence, impact from the interviewer and the context of situation may have influenced the results. Since colours – as anthropology has shown – are perceived in different ways in different cultures, this study is confined to a Swedish perspective. / <p>Rapportens tillhörande bilagor är sekretessbalgda varför de inte är inkluderade i denna version.</p>

Bakgrund: Sjukfrånvaron i Sverige är hög i jämförelse med andra EU-länder.Långtidssjukskrivning till följd av stressrelaterade sjukdomar domineras av kvinnor.Det finns ett stort behov av en effektivare återgångsprocess till arbetslivet efter ensjukskrivning där olika insatser bör prövas och utvärderas. I vissa fall kan en neutralpart i form av en oberoende samordnare vara till hjälp för den sjukskrivne iåtergångsprocessen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter avmöten med arbetsgivarringens representant i återgångsprocessen till arbete, efter enstressrelaterad långtidssjukskrivning. Metod: Data insamlades genom kvalitativaintervjuer med tio kvinnor. Inklusionskriterer var att ha varit långtidssjukskriven förstressrelaterade sjukdomar, att ha varit i kontakt med en arbetsgivarring, samt att underåren 2007-2008 återgått till tidigare arbete eller annat lönearbete i en omfattning avminst 25 procent och ha arbetat under minst sex månader. Med arbetsgivarringens hjälpgjordes ett strategiskt urval, där hänsyn togs till ålder, sjukskrivningens längd, yrke ocharbetsplats. Data analyserades med manifest- och latent innehållsanalys. Resultat:Resultatet visar på fyra kategorier som representerar det manifesta innehållet: att blibemött med respekt och engagemang, att arbeta med att finna lösningar, egen utvecklingmed ökat självförtroende, organisatoriska aspekter. Det latenta innehållet beskriverkvinnans utvecklingsprocess, arbetsgivarringens handledningsprocess och det mellanmänskligasamspel som sker mellan dessa parter. Intervjuerna genomsyras av uttryckdär kvinnan beskriver att hon befinner sig i centrum. Allt handlar om henne och det ärarbetsgivarringen som får henne att känna sig betydelsefull. Slutsats: Genom en djupareförståelse för vad som bidrar till återgång till arbetslivet för personer medlångtidssjukskrivning, kan grunden läggas till ökad satsning och adekvata insatser förökad återgång till arbetet för fler personer.Nyckelord: återgång till arbete (RTW), stressrelaterad långtidssjukskrivning / Background: Sickness absenteeism is high in Sweden compared to other countries inthe European Union. Long-term-sick-absenteeism which depends on stress-relatedsickness is dominated by women. There is a great need to make the return-to-work(RTW) process more effective after an absenteeism where different contributions mustbe tested and evaluated. In some cases may neutral parties in form of an independentRTW-coordinator support sick-listed persons in their RTW-process. Purpose: Thepurpose of the study was to describe women’s experiences of meetings with a personfrom an “arbetsgivarring” in the RTW-process, after a period of stress-related sickness.Methods: Data was collected by qualitative interviews with ten women. Criteria thatincluded participation: to have been long-term-sick-listed because of stress-relatedsickness,to have been in touch with an “arbetsgivarring”, and during 2007-2008returned to earlier occupation or other form of paid work in an extend of 25 percent andhave been working for at least six month. Data was analysed using both manifest andlatent content analysis. Results: The result shows four categories representing themanifest content: to be treated with respect and engagement, to work with findingsolutions, own development with increased self-confidence, organisational aspects. Thelatent content describes the development process of the woman, the guidance process ofthe “arbetsgivarring” and the inter-mediate humanity that occurs between these twoparts in the meeting. All narratives are permeated by expressions where the womandescribes herself being in the centre of attention. Everything is about her and the“arbetsgivarring” makes her feel important. Conclusions: Through deeperunderstanding regarding what promotes RTW for persons on long-term-sick-list thebasis for an increased investment and adequate contributions to reach an improvingRTW can be laid for numerous persons.

The present work intends on analyzing the collection of communications and general data employed by public as well as private actors sustained during times of war on terror . In that regard, the issue of this research consists on conceiving an approach to account for those actors responsibility Nation-States along with private companies, both of which, in the context of law s internationalization and aided by the new information and communications technologies, violate Human Rights while claiming them to constitute antiterrorism strategies and policies. Concerning the methodology, classified as phenomenological-hermeneutical, it proceeds with a critical analysis of the International Criminal Court, Regional Justice Systems, and corresponding bibliography, aiming to diagnose what led the war on terror policies to shift towards the antagonist sentiment of a terror of war . Drawn from conclusion, the observed deviation seems to derive from the violations acted upon by the United States of America and its National Security Agency (NSA) which, while maintaining the pseudo-argument of war on terror , tampered communications between not only its own citizens and chiefs of government but also the ones from allied great powers. In accordance with that, and further critics that permeate the International Criminal Court since its creation, accused of being an eminently political entity in its decisions, ineffective in regards to the absence of coercion elements for its determinations, and even lacking in suitable answers to matters of global interest such as terrorism, drug traffic, and new rights transgressions derived from the internet network a revision of the Rome Statute is proposed upon the purpose of, if not to establish new crimes, provide a more autonomous concept of crimes against humanity against the ones of common violence. To that extension, the war on terror has been confirming some human rights freedom of communication and expression, and the right to privacy are also passive to non-violent restrictions. Therefore, it seems imperative to promote the dilation of the concept of crimes against humanity, howbeit being a juridical category, with the purpose as to encompass clandestine or covert violations which, in turn, are consistently promoted by the previously mentioned actors, Nation-States and private companies, namely Facebook and Google that respectively explore the social medias market and web search engines, just as well as VASTec, AT&T, and Amesys, specialized in mass communications interception. / A presente dissertação tem por escopo analisar o escrutínio de informações e comunicações praticado por atores públicos e privados em tempos de guerra ao terror . O problema de pesquisa se resume a pensar como é possível responsabilizar esses atores Estados-Nação e empresas do setor privado que, usando das facilidades técnicas proporcionadas pelas novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, no contexto da internacionalização do direito, violam direitos humanos sob a justificativa de constituírem estratégias de políticas e práticas antiterror. No que diz respeito à metodologia, a pesquisa se classifica como fenomenológico-hermenêutica, procedendo-se com a análise crítica do Tribunal Penal Internacional e os Sistemas Regionais de Justiça, revisão e análises bibliográficas, no sentido de diagnosticar por que as políticas de guerra ao terror acabaram por se transvestir no antagônico sentimento de terror à guerra . Como efeito, a migração de um extremo a outro, ao que se concluiu, deriva especialmente das ações de violação praticadas pelos Estados Unidos da América e sua Agência Nacional de Segurança (NSA), que se valendo da pseudo-justificativa de guerra ao terror, violaram as comunicações de muitos cidadãos e chefes de Estado, inclusive os de potências aliadas. Em razão disso, bem como pelas demais críticas que, desde sua criação, ostenta o Tribunal Penal Internacional, acusado de ser um órgão eminentemente político, do ponto de vista de suas decisões, inefetivo, se analisada a ausência de elementos coercitivos ao cumprimento de suas determinações, e mesmo a falta de respostas adequadas a questões como de interesse global o terrorismo, tráfico de drogas e as novas formas de violação de direitos por meio da rede de computadores, por exemplo , é que se propõe a revisão do Estatuto de Roma para o fim de, senão criar novas espécies de tipos penais, ao menos autonomizar o conceito de crimes contra a humanidade de ações de violência típica. A política de guerra ao terror tem provado que alguns direitos humanos, tais qual o direito a comunicação e expressão e mesmo o direito à privacidade, também são passíveis de sofrerem restrições não violentas. Portanto, é fundamental que se promova o alargamento do conceito de crimes contra a humanidade enquanto categoria jurídica, para o fim de englobar também as violações ocorridas de maneira clandestina ou a paisana, diuturnamente executadas por atores tais como os Estados-Nação e mesmo empresas como Facebook e Google, que exploram, respectivamente, o mercado de redes sociais e de provedores de pesquisa, ou a VASTec, AT&T e Amesys, especializadas na interceptação de comunicações em massa.

La Guinée, depuis son accession à l’indépendance en 1958, a été dirigée par des régimes autoritaires successifs et a traversé des périodes marquées par de graves victimisations dont les plus remarquables se sont produites entre 1958 et 1984, sous le règne d’Ahmed Sékou Touré, puis dernièrement en 2009, sous le règne du Capitaine Moussa Dadis Camara. Ces crimes contre l’humanité ont eu des impacts directs et indirects sur la vie des victimes, leurs familles, et proches. Ils ont causé des milliers de morts, provoqué l’exil d’innombrables individus et occasionné le viol de centaines de femmes (Human Rights Watch, 2011). Bien que l’État guinéen ait entrepris de nombreuses actions visant ostentatoirement à faire justice aux victimes de ces faits, ces dernières demeurent insatisfaites et persistent dans leur quête de justice. Ceci nous conduit à des questionnements : qu’est-ce que la justice pour les victimes de crimes contre l’humanité en Guinée ? Comment les victimes arrivent-elles à ce sentiment de justice ? Dans cette thèse, nous explorons le sentiment de justice de 31 victimes de crimes contre l’humanité commis en Guinée. Plus précisément, nous utilisons, comme cadre théorique la théorie de la justice pour examiner les perceptions et expériences de victimes par rapport à la justice afin de promouvoir la réconciliation et la paix durable. Les résultats indiquent que la justice a plusieurs dimensions, à savoir la justice distributive, la justice procédurale et la justice interactionnelle. Bien que la justice distributive (punition et réparation) soit évoquée plus rapidement dans le discours des victimes, la justice procédurale (neutralité des autorités, constance, etc.) et la justice interactionnelle (respect, information, etc.) ont toutes aussi leur importance aux yeux des victimes. Il existe plusieurs similarités entre les deux groupes de victimes étudiés, entre celles de 1958-1984 et celles de 2009, quant aux violences commises, à leurs conséquences et à la définition de la justice. Mais, ces deux groupes diffèrent sous plusieurs autres coutures, notamment par rapport aux types de violences, à la durée de la commission des crimes, à la méthode utilisée pour les commettre, à l’interchangeabilité des rôles victimes-bourreaux, à la durée des conséquences des crimes et à l’importance des éléments compris dans la définition de la justice. Certains éléments de la définition de la justice seraient plus importants que d’autres pour chaque groupe de victimes compte tenu du temps passé depuis la commission des crimes, du décès de la plupart des bourreaux, et de l’interchangeabilité des rôles bourreaux victimes. Cela dit, la justice dans son ensemble est une condition à la réconciliation. Toutefois, le manque de justice vécue par les victimes remet en question la réconciliation en Guinée. / Since its independence in 1958, Guinea has been ruled by authoritarian regimes that caused many victims of serious violations, the most notable dating from 1958 to 1984 under the reign of Ahmed Sékou Touré and recently in 2009 under the reign of Moussa Dadis Camara. The crimes against humanity in Guinea had direct and indirect impacts on the lives of the victims, their families, and their loved ones. They have left thousands of dead, they resulted in the exile of countless individuals and the rape and abuse of hundreds of women (Human Rights Watch, 2011). While some efforts have been made to address this violence, victims nevertheless persist in their demand for justice. This raises many questions: what is justice for the victims of crimes against humanity in Guinea? How do victims come to the sense of justice? In this paper, we explore the perceptions of justice of 31 victims of crimes against humanity in Guinea. More specifically, we use justice as a theoretical framework to examine perceptions and experiences of victims in relation to justice in order to promote reconciliation and lasting peace. The results indicate that justice has several dimensions, namely distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice. Although distributive justice (punishment and reparation) comes more quickly in victims’ discourse, procedural justice (neutrality of authorities, constancy, etc.) and interactional justice (respect, information, etc.) are equally important in the eyes of the victims. There are several similarities between the two groups of victims (1958–1984 and 2009) as regards the violence committed, their consequences, and the definition of justice. However, there are differences as well, particularly regarding the types of violence, the duration of the crimes, the method used to commit the crimes, the interchangeability of victim-offender roles, the duration of the consequences of crimes and the importance of the elements included in the definition of justice. Some elements included in the definition of justice would be more important than others for each group of victims given the time that has passed since the commission of crimes, the death of most perpetrators, and the interchangeability of victims perpetrators’ roles. That said, justice as a whole is a condition for reconciliation. However, the lack of justice experienced by the victims calls into question reconciliation in Guinea.