Indigenous peoples are living all over the world. In Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, live the last indigenous peoples of Europe, the Sámi people. Just like many other indigenous peoples in the world they need to find a way to coexist with the majority population in their home state. The coexistence creates many conflicts of interests between the state and the Sámi people. One of the biggest issues that the Sámi people face is regarding land use and self-determination. Norway and Sweden have been selected as the analysis units and this study deals with how the Sámi parliaments and the county administrations view and work with these matters. This study is based on a qualitative method, using semi-structured interviews with representatives from two different county administrations in Sweden, and one in Norway, as well as one from each Sámi parliament. The result will be analyzed by using the theories of Will Kymlika: “Multicultural citizenship: a liberal theory of minority rights” and Amartya Sen: “Development of freedom”. We have reached the conclusion that the county administrations are advocating for the rights of the Sámi people and they receive assignments from the state to handle it. Although it is not done with enough resources and tools to ensure a sustainable future for them. This issue is related to the historical and judicial factors coupled with the green transition industry.

In recent decades, there has been a growing recognition of Indigenous rights over traditional territories and natural resources, alongside the intensification of extractive activities on Indigenous lands, often in violation of their rights.The paradox is driven by several factors, including escalating global commodity prices, energy security concerns, and the shift towards green energy. While Sweden has long been known for promoting human rights and environmental standards, the exploitation of rare earth metals in Kiruna has emerged as a significant priority on the Swedish political agenda. These metals are crucial for producing green energy technologies and advancing green energy transition in the country as well as Europe. However, mining rare earth metals in Kiruna raises concerns about the impact on the traditional ways of life of the Sámi Indigenous people, who rely on these territories for their survival and cultural identity. The Sámi people have a deep connection to the land and are greatly affected by environmental changes, including mining activities in their territories. This thesis aims to explore the role of the Sámi Indigenous people in the decision-making process of the Per Geijer expansion of Kiruna mine. Considering the significant priority given to advancing the green energy transition, a critical question arises whether the green energy transition is truly “green” if it requires sacrificing the cultural heritage of the Sámi Indigenous communities in the area.  By employing various perspectives and drawing on environmental justice and interactive governance theories, this thesis aims to shed light on this complex intersection of mining, Indigenous rights, and the pursuit of sustainability, with a particular emphasis on the social sustainability implications.

There is considerable geographical overlap between areas set aside for nature conservation or protection and Indigenous peoples’ lands, and the social, economic, and political consequences of protected areas have often been extensive for Indigenous peoples. Discourses of conservation converge with discourses of Indigenous peoples, and both carry a legacy of colonial constructs and relationships. With these overlaps as a point of departure, the purpose of this thesis is to explore how the discourses that govern nature conservation and protected areas shape the conditions for Indigenous peoples’ influence and participation in the governance and management of protected areas on their lands. I pursue this aim by analyzing, and critically examining the consequences of, the construction of Indigenous subject positions and conditions for agency in discourses of nature conservation and protected areas. The empirical focus of the thesis lies with international discourses of protected areas and Indigenous peoples and on local and national discourses articulated in relation to two cases of protected areas in Sápmi. My analytical framework builds on postcolonial theory and discourse theory. I use space for agency as a concept to describe and analyze the effects of the discursive positionings and constructions that shape the ability or capacity of individuals or group to act or to be perceived as legitimate actors. My results show twomain articulations of Indigenous subject positions in protected area discourses, which enable and restrain the space for Indigenous agency in different ways. One articulation connects Indigenous peoples to conservation through the concept of traditional knowledge, thereby positioning Indigenous subjects mainly as holders of traditional knowledge and justifying Indigenous influence by its potential contribution to conservation objectives. The other articulation focuses on the rights pertaining to Indigenous peoples as peoples, including land rights and the right to selfdetermination. These articulations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but they have potentially different consequences and indicate discursive tensions that can affect the space for Indigenous agency in relation to protected areas. Moreover, my results demonstrate the hegemony of discourses that takes conservation through area protection for granted and subordinates Indigenous land use to conservation objectives, structure Indigenous agency as “participation” in specific types of arrangement, and articulate Indigenous rights in relation to hegemonic constructions of sovereignty, self-determination, and rights. These hegemonic formations silence articulations that would challenge the authority of colonizing societies over Indigenous territories, suppress radical critique of the fundamental nature of arrangements for protected area governance and management, and subdue alternatives to discourses of contemporary liberal democracy and individual property rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Henrique de Oliveira.pdf: 1902035 bytes, checksum: fa7dcecd1f77cf0a9424bdb2fce05fcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This essay aims to examine indigenous peoples right to health, particularly its protection by Brazilian constitutional law and by international law. Since colonial times indigenous peoples health are inferior to non-indigenous. Several indigenous communities experience dire health conditions, with numerous casualties, especially within children, in virtue of the lack of medical care. Such poor conditions are worsened by ethnic transfiguration, environmental degradation and indigenous impoverishment. Notwithstanding, indigenous peoples rights and, in particular, its right to health have been gaining strength in constitutional and international human rights law. In this scenario, emerges the challenge of articulating constitutional and international regulation, in order to render indigenous peoples right to health effective. To that purpose, it is necessary to investigate how the law defines indigenous peoples; the constitutional evolution of indigenous rights; the constitutional principles of indigenous peoples right to health; the international recognition of indigenous peoples human rights and the international protection of the right to health / A presente dissertação trata do direito dos povos indígenas à saúde, sua proteção constitucional brasileira e internacional (Sistema Global de Proteção dos Direitos Humanos Organização das Nações Unidas). Desde os idos da colonização, a saúde dos povos indígenas apresenta-se em pior situação que a dos não-indígenas. Atualmente, inúmeras comunidades indígenas vivenciam precárias condições de saúde com índices expressivos de vítimas, sobretudo crianças, por desassistência médica quadro agravado pela transfiguração étnica, pela degradação ambiental e pelo empobrecimento indígena. Não obstante, os direitos indígenas e, especialmente, o direito à saúde têm sido fortalecidos nos âmbitos constitucional e internacional dos direitos humanos. Nesse cenário, emerge o desafio de articular os postulados constitucionais e internacionais, com o propósito de concretizar o direito indígena à saúde. É imperioso, para tanto, investigar a definição jurídico-constitucional de índioindígenas; a evolução constitucional dos direitos indígenas; os vetores constitucionais do direito à saúde indígena; a afirmação internacional dos direitos humanos dos povos indígenas e a proteção internacional do direto à saúde

Os guarani possuem concepções diferentes da sociedade não indígena dos conceitos de sociedade, natureza, território e saúde, o que caracteriza sua cosmologia perspectivista, que compreende essas noções de maneira integrada. Esses conceitos e lógicas guarani caracterizam o seu modo de ser guarani ou mbyá reko. Visando a compreensão da relação estabelecida entre o Estado e o modo de ser guarani, a partir das políticas públicas, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as interfaces e descompassos entre o modo de ser guarani, as políticas públicas e os direitos dos povos indígenas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este objetivo desdobrou-se em: a) caracterizar o modo de ser guarani e a rede de instituições na região metropolitana; b) caracterizar as instituições e políticas públicas de habitação, saúde, ambiente e agricultura, relacionadas aos guarani; e, c) analisar as interfaces e descompassos entre as políticas públicas efetivadas na região metropolitana em relação aos direitos e demandas guarani. Para atingir tal objetivo, fez-se o uso dos referenciais do Etnodesenvolvimento, os quais baseiam-se nos princípios da ética discursiva e da simetrização da posição dos pesquisadores/mediadores e dos povos indígenas. A metodologia constou da etnografia dos espaços públicos onde se acompanhou o desenvolvimento de programas e ações institucionais na região metropolitana em parceria com os coletivos guarani, entre novembro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. Nestas ocasiões pôde-se identificar as demandas, reivindicações e lógicas guarani sobre as políticas públicas, bem como a relação entre os guarani, técnicos e pesquisadores, formadora do tecido social das redes entre os guarani e instituições. Também foram realizadas quatorze entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os pesquisadores e técnicos das instituições e lideranças guarani que atuam nesta rede. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo; também foi elaborada a rede entre instituições e os guarani, através do Software Ucinet 6 for Windows, versão 6.325; e Netdraw versão 2.28. A situação guarani na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre é de falta de terras, convivendo em uma região rururbana com uma complexidade de atores sociais que não estão conscientes da questão indígena. Contudo, a proximidade com a capital, facilita o acesso a técnicos, pesquisadores e instituições capacitados e comprometidos com a efetivação dos direitos guarani, permitindo o estabelecimento e fortalecimento de sua rede de instituições. Nela são reconhecidas doze instituições, com maior proximidade, que atuam em uma realidade de escassez de recursos, cujos gestores buscam estabelecer o diálogo com os guarani, a partir dos princípios do Etnodesenvolvimento. Em relação ao diálogo das políticas públicas com o modo de ser guarani, ressalta-se que o maior descompasso relaciona-se ao fato das políticas públicas partirem de pressupostos e conceitos da sociedade ocidental para solucionar os “problemas dos guarani”. Nesse sentido, é necessário que as políticas públicas não apresentem projetos já delimitados. Outro avanço necessário seria uma maior comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos públicos, para que as diversas áreas de ação desses possam ter uma atuação conjunta, assim considerando os conceitos guarani, onde terra, saúde, habitação, agricultura, natureza, bem-estar estão integrados. Está-se iniciando uma nova fase na evolução dos direitos indígenas, com sua integração à Legislação e sua concretização através de políticas públicas, desenvolvidas no âmbito do Etnodesenvolvimento, o que está presente na região metropolitana na implementação das políticas de saúde e agrícola. Embora submetidos a esta situação, os guarani demonstram muita resistência e autonomia em relação aos padrões ocidentais de vida e bem estar. Os guarani, buscando seus direitos, acionam sua rede de instituições, estabelecidas através de relações de reciprocidade interpessoais, buscando a garantia do direito ao mbyá reko. Entende-se que apenas quando se compreender, através da convivência, diálogo e respeito, o mbyá reko e do que o mundo guarani é feito é que se poderão desenvolver políticas públicas adequadas ao modo de ser guarani, a serem implementadas de forma integrada às políticas de Estado, efetivando a construção de um país plural e multicultural. / The guarani have different conceptions of non-indigenous society of the concepts of society, nature, health and territory, which characterizes its perspectival cosmology, which includes such notions in an integrated manner. These concepts and logical guarani characterize its “mode of being” or mbyá reko. Aiming the understanding of the relationship established between State and guarani “mode of being”, through public policy, this dissertation sought to understand the interfaces and mismatches between the mode of being guarani, public policies and the rights of indigenous peoples in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. This objective was divided into: a) describe the mode of being guarani and the network between the guarani and institutions in the metropolitan region, b) characterize institutions and public policies on habitation, health, environment and agriculture, related to the guarani and c) analyze the interfaces and mismatches between public policies in the metropolitan region in relation to the rights and demands guarani. To achieve this objective, it was used the referential of Ethnodevelopment, which are based on the principles of discoursive ethics and the symmetrization of the position of researchers / mediators and indigenous peoples. The methodology consisted of an ethnographic study of public spaces where were accompanied the development of institutional programs and activities in the metropolitan region in partnership with the collective guarani, between November 2009 and September 2010. On these occasions it was possible to identify the demands, claims and guarani logical about the public policies, and the relationship between the guarani, technicians and researchers, teacher of the social networks between the guarani and institutions. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were also conducted with researchers, technicians from the institutions and guarani leaders, who work in this network. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative approach, using content analysis; a network between institutions and the guarani was also elaborated, through the software Ucinet 6 for Windows, version 6325, and Netdraw version 2.28. The situation guarani in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is the lack of land, living in a rururban region with a complexity of social actors who are not aware of indigenous issues. However, the proximity to the capital, facilitates access to technicians, researchers and institutions trained and committed about the effectuation of the guarani rights, allowing the establishment and strengthening of its institutions network. It is recognized twelve institutions, with close proximity, acting in a reality of scarce resources, whose representatives are seeking to establish dialogue with the guarani, from the principles of Ethnodevelopment. Regarding the public policy dialogue with the guarani mode of being, it is emphasized that the biggest gap is related to the fact that public policies are panned from the concepts and assumptions of Western society, that wants to solve the "problems” of the guarani. Thus, it is necessary that public policies have not already defined projects. Another necessary advance would be more communication and coordination among government agencies so that the various areas of action of these institutions may have a joint performance and, so, considering the concepts guarani, where land, health, habitation, agriculture, nature, wellness are integrated. It’s starting a new phase in the evolution of indigenous rights, their integration in the legislation and its implementation through public policies, developed under the Ethnodevelopment, a reality that is present in the metropolitan region, in the implementation of health and agriculture policies. While undergoing this reality, the guarani show much strength and autonomy in relation to Western standards of living and welfare. The guarani, seeking their rights, activate its network of institutions, with wich they established reciprocal interpersonal relationships, seeking to guarantee the right to mbyá reko. It is understood that only when we understand, from dialogue and respect, mbyá reko and of what the Guarani world is done, it will be possible to develop appropriate public policies to guarani reality, to be implemented in an integrated way to the State policies, effecting the construction of a plural and multicultural country.

Os guarani possuem concepções diferentes da sociedade não indígena dos conceitos de sociedade, natureza, território e saúde, o que caracteriza sua cosmologia perspectivista, que compreende essas noções de maneira integrada. Esses conceitos e lógicas guarani caracterizam o seu modo de ser guarani ou mbyá reko. Visando a compreensão da relação estabelecida entre o Estado e o modo de ser guarani, a partir das políticas públicas, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as interfaces e descompassos entre o modo de ser guarani, as políticas públicas e os direitos dos povos indígenas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este objetivo desdobrou-se em: a) caracterizar o modo de ser guarani e a rede de instituições na região metropolitana; b) caracterizar as instituições e políticas públicas de habitação, saúde, ambiente e agricultura, relacionadas aos guarani; e, c) analisar as interfaces e descompassos entre as políticas públicas efetivadas na região metropolitana em relação aos direitos e demandas guarani. Para atingir tal objetivo, fez-se o uso dos referenciais do Etnodesenvolvimento, os quais baseiam-se nos princípios da ética discursiva e da simetrização da posição dos pesquisadores/mediadores e dos povos indígenas. A metodologia constou da etnografia dos espaços públicos onde se acompanhou o desenvolvimento de programas e ações institucionais na região metropolitana em parceria com os coletivos guarani, entre novembro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. Nestas ocasiões pôde-se identificar as demandas, reivindicações e lógicas guarani sobre as políticas públicas, bem como a relação entre os guarani, técnicos e pesquisadores, formadora do tecido social das redes entre os guarani e instituições. Também foram realizadas quatorze entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os pesquisadores e técnicos das instituições e lideranças guarani que atuam nesta rede. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo; também foi elaborada a rede entre instituições e os guarani, através do Software Ucinet 6 for Windows, versão 6.325; e Netdraw versão 2.28. A situação guarani na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre é de falta de terras, convivendo em uma região rururbana com uma complexidade de atores sociais que não estão conscientes da questão indígena. Contudo, a proximidade com a capital, facilita o acesso a técnicos, pesquisadores e instituições capacitados e comprometidos com a efetivação dos direitos guarani, permitindo o estabelecimento e fortalecimento de sua rede de instituições. Nela são reconhecidas doze instituições, com maior proximidade, que atuam em uma realidade de escassez de recursos, cujos gestores buscam estabelecer o diálogo com os guarani, a partir dos princípios do Etnodesenvolvimento. Em relação ao diálogo das políticas públicas com o modo de ser guarani, ressalta-se que o maior descompasso relaciona-se ao fato das políticas públicas partirem de pressupostos e conceitos da sociedade ocidental para solucionar os “problemas dos guarani”. Nesse sentido, é necessário que as políticas públicas não apresentem projetos já delimitados. Outro avanço necessário seria uma maior comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos públicos, para que as diversas áreas de ação desses possam ter uma atuação conjunta, assim considerando os conceitos guarani, onde terra, saúde, habitação, agricultura, natureza, bem-estar estão integrados. Está-se iniciando uma nova fase na evolução dos direitos indígenas, com sua integração à Legislação e sua concretização através de políticas públicas, desenvolvidas no âmbito do Etnodesenvolvimento, o que está presente na região metropolitana na implementação das políticas de saúde e agrícola. Embora submetidos a esta situação, os guarani demonstram muita resistência e autonomia em relação aos padrões ocidentais de vida e bem estar. Os guarani, buscando seus direitos, acionam sua rede de instituições, estabelecidas através de relações de reciprocidade interpessoais, buscando a garantia do direito ao mbyá reko. Entende-se que apenas quando se compreender, através da convivência, diálogo e respeito, o mbyá reko e do que o mundo guarani é feito é que se poderão desenvolver políticas públicas adequadas ao modo de ser guarani, a serem implementadas de forma integrada às políticas de Estado, efetivando a construção de um país plural e multicultural. / The guarani have different conceptions of non-indigenous society of the concepts of society, nature, health and territory, which characterizes its perspectival cosmology, which includes such notions in an integrated manner. These concepts and logical guarani characterize its “mode of being” or mbyá reko. Aiming the understanding of the relationship established between State and guarani “mode of being”, through public policy, this dissertation sought to understand the interfaces and mismatches between the mode of being guarani, public policies and the rights of indigenous peoples in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. This objective was divided into: a) describe the mode of being guarani and the network between the guarani and institutions in the metropolitan region, b) characterize institutions and public policies on habitation, health, environment and agriculture, related to the guarani and c) analyze the interfaces and mismatches between public policies in the metropolitan region in relation to the rights and demands guarani. To achieve this objective, it was used the referential of Ethnodevelopment, which are based on the principles of discoursive ethics and the symmetrization of the position of researchers / mediators and indigenous peoples. The methodology consisted of an ethnographic study of public spaces where were accompanied the development of institutional programs and activities in the metropolitan region in partnership with the collective guarani, between November 2009 and September 2010. On these occasions it was possible to identify the demands, claims and guarani logical about the public policies, and the relationship between the guarani, technicians and researchers, teacher of the social networks between the guarani and institutions. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were also conducted with researchers, technicians from the institutions and guarani leaders, who work in this network. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative approach, using content analysis; a network between institutions and the guarani was also elaborated, through the software Ucinet 6 for Windows, version 6325, and Netdraw version 2.28. The situation guarani in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is the lack of land, living in a rururban region with a complexity of social actors who are not aware of indigenous issues. However, the proximity to the capital, facilitates access to technicians, researchers and institutions trained and committed about the effectuation of the guarani rights, allowing the establishment and strengthening of its institutions network. It is recognized twelve institutions, with close proximity, acting in a reality of scarce resources, whose representatives are seeking to establish dialogue with the guarani, from the principles of Ethnodevelopment. Regarding the public policy dialogue with the guarani mode of being, it is emphasized that the biggest gap is related to the fact that public policies are panned from the concepts and assumptions of Western society, that wants to solve the "problems” of the guarani. Thus, it is necessary that public policies have not already defined projects. Another necessary advance would be more communication and coordination among government agencies so that the various areas of action of these institutions may have a joint performance and, so, considering the concepts guarani, where land, health, habitation, agriculture, nature, wellness are integrated. It’s starting a new phase in the evolution of indigenous rights, their integration in the legislation and its implementation through public policies, developed under the Ethnodevelopment, a reality that is present in the metropolitan region, in the implementation of health and agriculture policies. While undergoing this reality, the guarani show much strength and autonomy in relation to Western standards of living and welfare. The guarani, seeking their rights, activate its network of institutions, with wich they established reciprocal interpersonal relationships, seeking to guarantee the right to mbyá reko. It is understood that only when we understand, from dialogue and respect, mbyá reko and of what the Guarani world is done, it will be possible to develop appropriate public policies to guarani reality, to be implemented in an integrated way to the State policies, effecting the construction of a plural and multicultural country.

Os guarani possuem concepções diferentes da sociedade não indígena dos conceitos de sociedade, natureza, território e saúde, o que caracteriza sua cosmologia perspectivista, que compreende essas noções de maneira integrada. Esses conceitos e lógicas guarani caracterizam o seu modo de ser guarani ou mbyá reko. Visando a compreensão da relação estabelecida entre o Estado e o modo de ser guarani, a partir das políticas públicas, essa dissertação objetivou compreender as interfaces e descompassos entre o modo de ser guarani, as políticas públicas e os direitos dos povos indígenas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este objetivo desdobrou-se em: a) caracterizar o modo de ser guarani e a rede de instituições na região metropolitana; b) caracterizar as instituições e políticas públicas de habitação, saúde, ambiente e agricultura, relacionadas aos guarani; e, c) analisar as interfaces e descompassos entre as políticas públicas efetivadas na região metropolitana em relação aos direitos e demandas guarani. Para atingir tal objetivo, fez-se o uso dos referenciais do Etnodesenvolvimento, os quais baseiam-se nos princípios da ética discursiva e da simetrização da posição dos pesquisadores/mediadores e dos povos indígenas. A metodologia constou da etnografia dos espaços públicos onde se acompanhou o desenvolvimento de programas e ações institucionais na região metropolitana em parceria com os coletivos guarani, entre novembro de 2009 e setembro de 2010. Nestas ocasiões pôde-se identificar as demandas, reivindicações e lógicas guarani sobre as políticas públicas, bem como a relação entre os guarani, técnicos e pesquisadores, formadora do tecido social das redes entre os guarani e instituições. Também foram realizadas quatorze entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os pesquisadores e técnicos das instituições e lideranças guarani que atuam nesta rede. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo; também foi elaborada a rede entre instituições e os guarani, através do Software Ucinet 6 for Windows, versão 6.325; e Netdraw versão 2.28. A situação guarani na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre é de falta de terras, convivendo em uma região rururbana com uma complexidade de atores sociais que não estão conscientes da questão indígena. Contudo, a proximidade com a capital, facilita o acesso a técnicos, pesquisadores e instituições capacitados e comprometidos com a efetivação dos direitos guarani, permitindo o estabelecimento e fortalecimento de sua rede de instituições. Nela são reconhecidas doze instituições, com maior proximidade, que atuam em uma realidade de escassez de recursos, cujos gestores buscam estabelecer o diálogo com os guarani, a partir dos princípios do Etnodesenvolvimento. Em relação ao diálogo das políticas públicas com o modo de ser guarani, ressalta-se que o maior descompasso relaciona-se ao fato das políticas públicas partirem de pressupostos e conceitos da sociedade ocidental para solucionar os “problemas dos guarani”. Nesse sentido, é necessário que as políticas públicas não apresentem projetos já delimitados. Outro avanço necessário seria uma maior comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos públicos, para que as diversas áreas de ação desses possam ter uma atuação conjunta, assim considerando os conceitos guarani, onde terra, saúde, habitação, agricultura, natureza, bem-estar estão integrados. Está-se iniciando uma nova fase na evolução dos direitos indígenas, com sua integração à Legislação e sua concretização através de políticas públicas, desenvolvidas no âmbito do Etnodesenvolvimento, o que está presente na região metropolitana na implementação das políticas de saúde e agrícola. Embora submetidos a esta situação, os guarani demonstram muita resistência e autonomia em relação aos padrões ocidentais de vida e bem estar. Os guarani, buscando seus direitos, acionam sua rede de instituições, estabelecidas através de relações de reciprocidade interpessoais, buscando a garantia do direito ao mbyá reko. Entende-se que apenas quando se compreender, através da convivência, diálogo e respeito, o mbyá reko e do que o mundo guarani é feito é que se poderão desenvolver políticas públicas adequadas ao modo de ser guarani, a serem implementadas de forma integrada às políticas de Estado, efetivando a construção de um país plural e multicultural. / The guarani have different conceptions of non-indigenous society of the concepts of society, nature, health and territory, which characterizes its perspectival cosmology, which includes such notions in an integrated manner. These concepts and logical guarani characterize its “mode of being” or mbyá reko. Aiming the understanding of the relationship established between State and guarani “mode of being”, through public policy, this dissertation sought to understand the interfaces and mismatches between the mode of being guarani, public policies and the rights of indigenous peoples in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. This objective was divided into: a) describe the mode of being guarani and the network between the guarani and institutions in the metropolitan region, b) characterize institutions and public policies on habitation, health, environment and agriculture, related to the guarani and c) analyze the interfaces and mismatches between public policies in the metropolitan region in relation to the rights and demands guarani. To achieve this objective, it was used the referential of Ethnodevelopment, which are based on the principles of discoursive ethics and the symmetrization of the position of researchers / mediators and indigenous peoples. The methodology consisted of an ethnographic study of public spaces where were accompanied the development of institutional programs and activities in the metropolitan region in partnership with the collective guarani, between November 2009 and September 2010. On these occasions it was possible to identify the demands, claims and guarani logical about the public policies, and the relationship between the guarani, technicians and researchers, teacher of the social networks between the guarani and institutions. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were also conducted with researchers, technicians from the institutions and guarani leaders, who work in this network. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative approach, using content analysis; a network between institutions and the guarani was also elaborated, through the software Ucinet 6 for Windows, version 6325, and Netdraw version 2.28. The situation guarani in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is the lack of land, living in a rururban region with a complexity of social actors who are not aware of indigenous issues. However, the proximity to the capital, facilitates access to technicians, researchers and institutions trained and committed about the effectuation of the guarani rights, allowing the establishment and strengthening of its institutions network. It is recognized twelve institutions, with close proximity, acting in a reality of scarce resources, whose representatives are seeking to establish dialogue with the guarani, from the principles of Ethnodevelopment. Regarding the public policy dialogue with the guarani mode of being, it is emphasized that the biggest gap is related to the fact that public policies are panned from the concepts and assumptions of Western society, that wants to solve the "problems” of the guarani. Thus, it is necessary that public policies have not already defined projects. Another necessary advance would be more communication and coordination among government agencies so that the various areas of action of these institutions may have a joint performance and, so, considering the concepts guarani, where land, health, habitation, agriculture, nature, wellness are integrated. It’s starting a new phase in the evolution of indigenous rights, their integration in the legislation and its implementation through public policies, developed under the Ethnodevelopment, a reality that is present in the metropolitan region, in the implementation of health and agriculture policies. While undergoing this reality, the guarani show much strength and autonomy in relation to Western standards of living and welfare. The guarani, seeking their rights, activate its network of institutions, with wich they established reciprocal interpersonal relationships, seeking to guarantee the right to mbyá reko. It is understood that only when we understand, from dialogue and respect, mbyá reko and of what the Guarani world is done, it will be possible to develop appropriate public policies to guarani reality, to be implemented in an integrated way to the State policies, effecting the construction of a plural and multicultural country.

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For a long time, the indigenous Sami of northern Sweden have had little influence within planning processes. This problem have in recent years been highlighted both in legal terms and through practices for developing Impact Assessments (IA), and has led to increasing conflict between reindeer herders and mining corporations. This thesis uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the IA documents for three mining concessions within Sami Reindeer Herding Communities (samebyar). The discourse analysis found that there were some differences in methodology and language between the documents, especially relating to if the assessments evaluated impacts to reindeer husbandry using a quantitative or a qualitative approach. The documents would also tend to downplay the impacts of the mines on reindeer husbandry, while highlighting the benefits of the mines for the local economy, and dispute the concerns of the affected reindeer herders. The thesis concludes by stating that an increased awareness of positionality among IA authors would be beneficial to promote transparency when indigenous or other vulnerable stakeholders are likely to be negatively affected. / Den samiska ursprungsbefolkningen i norra Sverige har under lång tid haft enbart lite inflytande inom planprocessen. Detta problem har under senare år belysts både i lagliga kretsar och genom metoder för att framställa miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB), och har lett till en ökad mängd konflikter mellan renskötare och gruvbolag. Denna uppsats använder kritisk diskursanalys för att undersöka MKB:na för tre gruvkoncessioner i samebyars renskötselområden. Resultaten pekade på att det fanns vissa skillnader i metodik och språk mellan dokumenten, särskilt när det gällde om bedömningarna utvärderade konsekvenserna på rennäringen genom en kvantitativ eller ett kvalitativ vetenskaplig metod. MKB:na tenderade även att tona ned gruvornas inverkan på renskötseln, samtidigt som de lyfte fram gruvornas fördelar för den lokala ekonomin, och ifrågasatte de berörda renskötarnas bekymran. Avslutningsvis konstateras att en ökad medvetenhet bland MKB-författare om hur deras subjektiva tillhörighet kan påverka deras bedömningar skulle vara fördelaktigt för att öka transparensen när ursprungsinvånare eller andra berörda sannolikt kommer att påverkas negativt.

The Nordic countries continued disregard for their colonial past and persistent discrimination and forced assimilation has created a hostile environment for the indigenous population within the nation-states. The contemporary situation faced by the Sámi peoples of northern Europe is beset with inadequate political representation, an unequal hieratical structure, and a neglect of the Sápmi region's nature preservation. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a contemporary perspective on the protection of indigenous rights as well as the political emancipation of the national Sámi communities contrasted against the academic research on the topic. Through the use of interviews with Sámi political and cultural figures various themes were developed that concerned the current situation. These were then used in the analysis to create a red thread through the academic literature and its connection and points of contention with the perception presented by the interviewees. This analysis showcases the hierarchical structure and subsequent insufficient political representation of the Sámi peoples and the current movement to reject the nation-states' agendas and challenge their policies rather than comply and try to negotiate for influence on matters that concern the indigenous group. Additionally, the green colonialism that continues the Nordic countries’ neglect and discrimination is outlined, as well as how international organisations work towards improving indigenous rights by criticizing the nation-states. The interviews confirm how the national assemblies operate and regard Sámi interests as non-issues. This is further reflected in the academic literature that showcases the insufficient political representation and better chances of influence on the international scene.