Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2541438 bytes, checksum: 3021b7eac444d5cb5c5fef224aa0a913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation proposes to sketch a historical, aesthetic and literary framework of the Aldravismo, a literary and artistic movement developed in the region of the Inconfidentes in the XXI century, in Mariana, Minas Gerais. Appearing in 2000, the Aldravismo explicit the proposition of poets who gathered to experience a way of provoking meaning without imposing the will of the author or disregarding the will of the reader, opening a possibility to produce something that could be complemented by the reader in the process of signification. Thus, it was born the proposition of Metonymic Literature , in which the producer presents a clue, a portion of what is represented and the reader/spectator is free to make up its complement of significance. The first part of this research develops a reflection on the historical context of the Aldravismo movement, pamphlets and newspapers from the pre-Aldravismo period to the consolidation of the movement (1995-2000). The second one traces the concept to interdiscursivity of the manifests published in the printed editions of the Jornal Aldrava Cultural (from 2000 to 2003) and on the book of base Aldravismo The literature of the subject (2002). The third one examines the literary production in newspapers published from 2000 to 2012, to explain the effectiveness of the concept of semiotic metonymy, i.e., the manner of its textual realization, in which a portion of something assumes significance of a totality, a hint that becomes discourse and a form that results from it. The analytical cycle of Aldravismo closes with the presentation of a new form of poetry the Aldravia , created in 2010 by poets of Mariana, consolidating the Aldravismo as a literary movement of the XXI century. / Esta Dissertação propõe traçar quadro histórico, estético e literário do Aldravismo; movimento literário e artístico que se desenvolveu na Região dos Inconfidentes, no século XXI, na cidade de Mariana, Minas Gerais. Surgido no ano de 2000, o Aldravismo explicita a proposta de poetas que se reuniram para experimentar uma forma de provocar significação sem impor a vontade do autor, nem desconsiderar a vontade do leitor, abrindo uma possibilidade de produção de algo que pudesse ser complementado pelo leitor, no processo de significação. Nascia a proposta de Literatura Metonímica, em que o produtor apresenta um indício, uma parcela da coisa representada e o leitor/espectador é livre para compor seu complemento de significação. A primeira parte desta pesquisa desenvolve reflexão sobre o contexto histórico do movimento aldravista,nos panfletos e jornais; do período pré-aldravista até a consolidação do movimento (1995-2000). A segunda traça o conceito de interdiscursividade dos manifestos publicados nas edições impressas do Jornal Aldrava Cultural (período: 2000 a 2003) e no livro de base Aldravismo A literatura do sujeito (2002). A terceira analisa a produção literária nos jornais publicados no período de 2000 a 2012, para explicitar a efetividade do conceito semiológico de metonímia, ou seja, o modo de sua realização textual, em que uma parcela de algo assume significação de uma totalidade, uma insinuação que se faz discurso e uma forma que se faz resultado. O ciclo analítico do Aldravismo se fecha com a apresentação da nova forma de poesia a aldravia, criada em 2010 pelos poetas de Mariana, consolidando, assim, o Aldravismo como o movimento literário do século XXI.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research has as its theme the construction of identity of science in the media. It is justified in the context of mediatization, where the media acquires a central role in constructing representations of reality and of identities which influence the way the subjects represent the social world (SODRÉ, 2002). The central objective is to analyze the construction of identity of science in Galileu magazine by the theoretical and methodological basis of Discourse Analysis. We evaluated the extent to which the publication adopts a monophonic or polyphonic tone according to Bakhtin. The corpus covers six cover reports of Galileu with the subject of health and cognition, selected from April 2010 to July 2011. The analysis is divided into: analysis of the context of discourse production and discourse analysis. The context analysis used an interview with the current managing editor of the magazine as a tool for data collection. The discourse analysis is divided into four steps: 1) identification of speakers and enunciators of the corpus, 2) description of the ideological formations (IFs) of which these views (enunciators) originate themselves and 3) materialization of these IFs in discourse by the localization of discursive formations (DFs) that compose Galileu and 4) analysis of the relation that DFs build between each other in the discourse. The results show the discursivity of Galileu constructed by a confluence of voices and identities of science related to the IFs of modernity and postmodernity. Its discursivity comes as polyphonic in most of the corpus, due to equipollence, plenivalence and immiscible among these voices. Voices from scientific community are shown as plenivalents, while voices from common sense illustrate and support scientific discourse. / Essa pesquisa tem como tema a construção da identidade de ciência na mídia. Ela se justifica no contexto da midiatização, no qual a mídia adquire papel central na construção de representações do real e de identidades, as quais influenciam no modo como os sujeitos sociais representam o mundo (SODRÉ, 2002). O objetivo central consiste em analisar a construção de identidade de ciência na revista Galileu por meio do aporte teórico metodológico da AD. Avaliamos em que medida a publicação adota um tom monofônico ou polifônico segundo Bakhtin. O corpus da pesquisa abrange seis reportagens de capa da revista Galileu com o tema saúde e cognição, selecionadas no período de abril de 2010 a julho de 2011. A análise se divide em: análise do contexto de produção do discurso e análise do discurso. A análise do contexto utilizou uma entrevista com o atual diretor de redação da revista como instrumento de coleta de dados. A análise do discurso está dividida em quatro etapas: 1) a identificação dos locutores e enunciadores no corpus; 2) a descrição das formações ideológicas (FIs) das quais esses pontos de vista (enunciadores) se originam; 3) a materialização dessas FIs no discurso por meio da localização das formações discursivas (FDs) que compõem a Galileu e 4) análise da relação que as FDs constroem entre si no discurso. Os resultados apontam a discursividade de Galileu como construída numa confluência de vozes e identidades de ciência relacionadas às FIs da modernidade e da pósmodernidade. A sua discursividade ocorre como polifônica na maioria do corpus, devido à equipolência, plenivalência e imiscibilidade entre essas vozes. As vozes da comunidade científica mostram-se plenivalentes, enquanto as vozes do senso comum ocorrem em lugar de ilustração e apoio ao discurso científico.

The aim for this study is to research Oatlys advertising campaign Help Dad from the perspective of how their values concerning sustainability are shown through the campaign. Based on the findings and result of the analysis, a discussion is held on if and how Oatly create discussions within society. The empirical material for the study is the Help Dad campaign which consists of four television commercials and an editorial piece from The Guardian. To examine the material, the critical discourse analysis along with the multimodal critical discourse analysis is applied. Interdiscursivity, theories in framing, semiotic theories and concepts in brand communications are used to understand Oatlys campaign, to deepen the discussion on how they market their values. The results show that Oatly equip a type of woke branding and even some “woke-washing” aimed to make a statement and seemingly influence young people to discuss sustainability with their parents. Parents are portrayed as unaware of social and political struggles in the world, while youths are portrayed as clever and strong. Oatly uses different techniques to build a loyal and friendly relationship to their young audience, while trying to convince them to take on more power within their family. They also send a strong message which shows their negative views on dairy products, by comparing drinking milk to alcohol abuse. Lastly Help Dad is criticized for capitalizing on difficult issues and because of the polarizing rhetoric used throughout the campaign. Even though the campaign has gotten a lot of negative reactions, Oatly won a prestigious marketing prize for the commercials. Since this campaign can be seen as polarizing and capitalizing on vulnerable groups, it sets a tone that doesn’t seem like the direction marketing should strive for.

This thesis explores the practice of “youtubing Sápmi”, which entails Sámi decolonial mobilization, multisemiotic and multilingual language use on YouTube. The aim is to understand how YouTube videos can function as a tool for discursive mobilization and as a complement or alternative to linguistic and cultural revitalization. In recent years, more interest has been directed towards Sámi music and media. While such research has explored acts of resistance, anti-colonial counter-narratives and negotiations of identity in Sámi music and media, few studies have investigated the discursive strategies used in Sámi performance in the Swedish context. In addressing this research gap, drawing from sociolinguistic research on interdiscursivity, indexicality and sociolinguistic scales, this thesis analyses how multisemiotic resources are used in discursive strategies of Sámi decolonial mobilization on YouTube. The analysis reveals that a variety of multisemiotic resources and discourses are used to construe type and token interdiscursivity that establish connectivity across time, space and scales that connect local issues to the national and the global. Furthermore, the deployment of different language repertoires – North Sámi, Swedish and English – point to the multi-scalar aspects of Sámi decolonial mobilization. These results indicate that the practice of youtubing Sápmi is a powerful tool for raising awareness, challenging coloniality and creating space for Sámi linguistic and cultural practices. In sum, the thesis provides insights into the potentials for agentive and creative use of interdiscursivity, as well as the affordances for creative multisemiotic language use on YouTube.

Research within the interdisciplinary field of linguistic landscapes, traditionally concerned with the study of language on fixed signage in public places, has under the last decade broadened its focus to transient linguistic landscapes, including those that unfold during acts of protests and demonstrations. The present study examines a linguistic landscape of protest in a context that has previously been overlooked within the field, namely the Syrian revolution and the case of Kafr Nabl, a town that over several years attracted international attention to the creative protest signs displayed during weekly anti-regime demonstrations. Through a qualitative analysis of a sample of 177 protest signs from a six-month period in 2013, this study explores the discursive and linguistic resources and strategies employed in the protest signs. Focusing on a selection of actors identified in the data set and using the concepts of intertextuality, interdiscursivity, resemiotization, and entextualization, the analysis shows how different discursive and linguistic strategies were employed to counter other actors’ discourses about the Syrian revolution, and to construct images of the involved actors and of Kafr Nabl itself. The study contributes to research on linguistic landscapes of protests, especially in the Arab world, as well as to further an understanding of the use of discursive strategies in both textual and visual modes, multilingualism, and varieties of Arabic in protest discourse.

The aim of this thesis is to historize discourses of parenthood by analyzing how they are negotiated and legitimized in Swedish non-literary and wide spread texts published in the 1870s, 1940s and 2010s. The analyzed corpus consists of the following: family and women’s movement magazines from the 1870s; a public counseling brochure and weekly magazines from the 1940s; blog texts; online health counseling; parent magazines; and public welfare information from the 2010s. The study moreover aims to make an inventory of which visual and lexico-grammatical resources realize legitimating strategies in the texts. Theoretically, the thesis draws on constructivist and feminist discourse theories and social semiotics. There is an emphasis on subject positions and power relations. The thesis investigates which parental subject positions are legitimized in the corpus, what power relations they reproduce, and furthermore how different positions are transformed as discontinuities of each other and over time. The results are presented in four analytical chapters. In the first of these, findings derived from the legitimation analysis of the 1870s are presented. The following two chapters present the results derived from the analysis of the 1940s and 2010s. The fourth research chapter presents an inventory of semiotic resources with the potential to realize legitimating strategies. One crucial discourse-historical result regards how the position of the mother as primary caretaker predominates in the research data. However, the position is mainly legitimized during the 1870s and transformed into legitimacy during the 1940s and 2010s. The analysis furthermore captures how the same position is legitimized during the 1870s with reference to a discourse concerning a divine order of things. Although this divine discourse is muted during the 1940s and 2010s, it continues to imprint the representations. Moreover, the analysis captures how discourses of legitimate parenthood constitute discourses of manhood, Swedishness, expert knowledge, responsiveness to children, consumption and risk management throughout the investigated periods, yet in discontinuous ways. The overall conclusion drawn is that legitimized discourses from one historical setting can constitute silent foundations for representations in later historical contexts. By unraveling history from past to present, the thesis shows how it is possible to identify presupposed lineages of today’s ideas and discourses, and thereby to deconstruct hegemonic truths and the power relations they reproduce.

Le parcours d’Assia Djebar est frappé du sceau de la multidisciplinarité. L’écrivaine algérienne d’expression française a en effet toujours voué un intérêt particulier à la littérature, mais également aux arts. Son engouement pour ces derniers n’a pas été sans influencer son écriture. Ce fait est a priori remarquable au niveau des nombreuses références explicites (tant intertextuelles qu’interdiscursives) que ses récits font tour à tour au cinéma, à la peinture, à la musique, à la photographie et à la mosaïque. C’est à partir de ces renvois que nous posons l’hypothèse d’une relation aux arts mise à l’œuvre de manière plus implicite dans la prose de Djebar, c’est-à-dire susceptible de définir sa poétique. Il s’agira donc pour nous de mettre au jour des procédés d’écriture qui, dans le récit djebarien, sont aptes à créer ─ moyennant leur déplacement et leur transformation ─ des effets que des techniques en usage dans d’autres arts produisent habituellement. L’intermédialité permet d’envisager ce travail : là où l’intertextualité insiste surtout sur la question des textes ; l’interdiscursivité sur celle du discours ; et l’interartialité sur celle de l’esthétique caractéristique des productions artistiques, l’intermédialité rassemble ces préoccupations en ne négligeant pas de considérer la dimension technique inhérente aux phénomènes de signification, qui prête forme à leur matière sémiotique. / Multidiscipline has definitely marked the journey of Assia Djebar. The Algerian French writer has devoted interest in literature as well as the arts. Her infatuation with the arts hasn’t been without influence towards her writing. The fact is above all remarkable in the level of numerous explicit references, both intertextual and interdiscursive, that her stories have made their rounds in cinema, in art, in music, in photography and in mosaics. It is from these references that we hypothesize a relation to the arts, implemented in a more implicit style in Djebar’s prose, that is to say an openess to defining her poetics. Therefore, for us it is a matter of putting into place writing procedures, in the Djebarian style, which in return for their movements and changes, are capable of creating effects as well as techniques that will be used in other art forms that are generally produced. Intermediality allows us to envision this type of work. Whereas, intertextuality puts emphasis above all on texts, interdiscursivity on discourse, and interartiality on the esthetical characteristics of artistic productions ; intermediality gathers these concerns, without neglecting to consider the technical dimension inherent to the phenomena of meaning which lends shape to their semiotic subject matter.

Cette étude répond à l’intitulé suivant : La fiction romanesque de la postmodernité et ses labyrinthes. L’exemple des textes d’Alain Robbe-Grillet (France, 1922-2008), de Juan José Saer (Argentine, 1937-2005) et de Boubacar Boris Diop (Sénégal, 1947-). Elle se propose de cerner, sous l’autorité méthodologique de la poétique textuelle, les diverses modalités par lesquelles le motif du labyrinthe s’impose comme substrat privilégié de la poétique du récit chez trois écrivains appartenant à des aires linguistiques et culturelles différentes. Le choix et l’examen des textes de ces trois écrivains reposent sur la volonté de montrer le déploiement de ce motif dans l’organisation interne de la fiction romanesque postmoderne. En effet, intégré dans la dynamique interne de l’oeuvre de manière très diversifiée, le motif du labyrinthe surgit dans toutes les problématiques qui traversent l’écriture romanesque postmoderne. Par commodité méthodologique et rigueur scientifique, cette étude se déploie suivant trois axes complémentaires. Tandis que le premier qui s’intitule « Le labyrinthe comme invariant obsessionnel de la fiction romanesque de la postmodernité » s’attache à faire ressortir les diverses facettes sous lesquelles ce motif se déploie dans la dynamique textuelle du récit fictionnel postmoderne ; le deuxième qui a pour titre « Le labyrinthe comme modalité constitutive de la narrativité du récit : la fiction romanesque de la postmodernité à l’épreuve de la discontinuité », s’attèle quant à lui, à examiner en quoi ce motif participe d’un projet d’écriture qui revendique la discontinuité comme principe narratif ; enfin, le troisième qui a pour intitulé « Le labyrinthe comme modalité caractéristique de l’interdiscursivité et de l’intergénéricité de la dynamique textuelle : la fiction romanesque de la postmodernité à l’épreuve de la polyphonie », entreprend pour sa part de démontrer en quoi ce motif est constitutif de la polyphonie qui gouverne la dynamique textuelle du récit fictionnel postmoderne. / This study answers the following title: Romantic fiction of postmodernity and its mazes. The example of the texts of Alain Robbe-Grillet (France, 1922-2008), of Juan José Saer (Argentina, 1937-2005) and of Boubacar Boris Diop (Senegal, 1947-). It intends to identify, under authority methodological of poetic text the various modalities by which the pattern of the labyrinth becomes established as privileged substrate of the poetic narrative in three writers belonging to different linguistic and cultural areas. The choice and examination of the texts of these three writers rest on the will to show the deployment of this pattern in the internal organization of the postmodern romantic fiction. Indeed, integrated in the internal dynamic of writing in a very diversified way, the pattern of the maze appears in all the problems which cross the romantic writing. For methodological convenience and scientific rigour, this study deploys according to three complementary axes. While the first is entitled "The labyrinth as obsessive invariant of the romantic fiction of postmodernity" sets out to bring out the different aspects in which this pattern unfolds in dynamic textual postmodern fictional narrative, the second which is entitled "The labyrinth as constitutive modality of the narrativity of the story : romantic fiction of postmodernity to the test of discontinuity", gets down to examine how this pattern is part of a writing project that claims the discontinuity principle as narrative, and the third which is entitled "The labyrinth as a characteristic modality of interdiscursivity and intergenericity textual dynamic : romantic fiction of postmodernity to the test of polyphony" undertakes to show how this pattern is constitutive of polyphony which governs the dynamic of textual postmodern fictional narrative.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Losana Hada de Oliveira Prado.pdf: 22639405 bytes, checksum: e25b5e8599eb0b046be5ad8b714ce3fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research is to reflect about the interdiscourse and intertextuality in the constitution of the chronicles journalistic writing. Based on the relation between the different planes of discourse, including intertextuality, the intention is to verify the space exchange (interdiscourse) preceding the genesis of discourses present in the chronicles. For this, the study of global semantic, by applying different textual clues, is taken as evidence that helps to understand the functioning of interdiscourse. The theoretical framework of the research are included in Literary Theory, in Textual Linguistics, French Discourse Analysis and more specifically in-discursive enunciation proposed by Dominique Maingueneau in Genesis of Discourse (2007). His theory is the basis for the analysis of a discursive practice which are imbricated verbal and non-verbal, the text that constitute the chronic and the image that dialogues to the speech of this genre. According to the principle of the Global Semantic, the discourse must be taken in the multiplicity of its dimensions. Based on that premise, the initial hypothesis of this thesis is: 1) There is a set of restrictions that are specifics of the genre analyzed; 2) The interdiscourse and intertextuality are principles that rule the verbal-visual textualization of the chronicles and journalistic; 3) it is not possible to separate the operation of interdiscourse of its materialization in the order of the language. The corpus of reference of the research consists of seven journalistic chronicles of the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo, between the months of June and July during the South Africa World Cup in 2010. This research has pervaded also a corpus of intersemiotic nature, however, it was considered that is not possible to endorse one idea over another. It is possible to enlace them in the same movement, which implies to claim that the meaning or meanings are not in a specific section of the text. They are in directions that emanate from set and organized according to the same rule set, the global semantics / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo refletir acerca do interdiscurso e da intertextualidade na constituição das crônicas jornalísticas. Tendo como base a relação entre os diferentes planos do discurso, entre eles a intertextualidade, procura-se verificar como se constitui o espaço de trocas (interdiscurso) que antecede a gênese dos discursos presentes nas crônicas. Para tanto, o estudo da semântica global, feito com base na análise de diferentes pistas textuais, é visto como um indício que ajuda a compreender o funcionamento do interdiscurso. Os referenciais teóricos da pesquisa inserem-se na Teoria Literária, na Linguística Textual, na Análise do Discurso de linha francesa e mais especificamente no dispositivo enunciativodiscursivo proposto por Dominique Maingueneau em Gênese dos Discursos (2007), base para a análise de uma prática discursiva, na qual estão imbricados o verbal e o não-verbal, o texto que constitui a crônica e a imagem que dialoga com o discurso desse gênero. Partindo do princípio da Semântica Global, segundo a qual o discurso deve ser tomado na multiplicidade de suas dimensões, as hipóteses iniciais desta tese são as seguintes: 1) há um conjunto de restrições próprias do gênero analisado; 2) o interdiscurso e a intertextualidade constituem-se em princípios que regem a textualização verbo-visual das crônicas jornalísticas e; 3) não é possível separar o funcionamento do interdiscurso de sua materialização na ordem da língua. O corpus de referência da pesquisa é constituído por sete crônicas jornalísticas, do caderno Ilustrada, do jornal Folha de S. Paulo, compreendendo os meses de junho e julho de 2010, período em que ocorreu a Copa do Mundo na África do Sul. Esta investigação perpassou também um corpus de natureza intersemiótica, no entanto, verificou-se que não é possível privilegiar um plano em detrimento de outro, mas enlaçá-los em um mesmo movimento, o que implica afirmar que o significado ou os sentidos não se encontram em uma parte específica do texto, mas nos sentidos que emanam do conjunto e organizados de acordo com um mesmo conjunto de regra, a semântica global

O estudo ora desenvolvido parte do pressuposto segundo o qual o texto é entendido como o lugar de constituição e de interação de sujeitos sociais, como um evento no qual convergem ações linguísticas, cognitivas e sociais, segundo uma concepção dialógica do texto (BAKHTIN, 1992). Nos dias atuais, os livros didáticos continuam, em muitas das salas de aula brasileiras, a ditar os procedimentos de ensino (MESERANI, 2001 e MARCUSCHI apud DIONÍSIO; BEZERRA, 2005) e entende-se que a articulação das atividades de trabalho com textos, encontradas em tais materiais para o Ensino Fundamental (EF), a recursos como a intertextualidade e a interdiscursividade, importantes para a construção da textualidade e para a produção de sentidos, configura-se como um tema de pesquisa relevante. Assim, nessa investigação analisam-se a) as instruções metodológicas presentes no Manual do Professor e b) as atividades de produção e recepção textual retiradas de duas coleções de livro didático de Ensino Fundamental (6 ao 9 anos). Tal investigação prioriza o aspecto qualitativo, a natureza analítico-descritiva e o caráter interpretativista de pesquisa e visa a trazer novas referências para pesquisas em Língua Portuguesa no nível estudado, estabelecendo um diálogo com as práticas de ensino de leitura e escrita na escola, além de permitir uma análise crítica da forma como o livro didático é utilizado em sala. A análise apoia-se, principalmente, na Semiolinguística, uma vertente da Análise de Discurso Francesa (ADF), que constitui um olhar sobre o discurso, entendido como um processo interativo em uma determinada situação, resultante de um contrato (CHARAUDEAU, 2008) atribuído por um determinado grupo social, em uma dada situação sociointerativa. Considerando-se a análise dos LDP, observa-se a pouca ênfase que os autores dão ao papel da intertextualidade como recurso coesivo, tendo em vista a coerência textual, e como modo de manifestação da argumentatividade inerente a qualquer texto; da mesma forma, em relação à interdiscursividade, ressalta-se a falta de menção aos pressupostos discursivos e aos outros índices de polifonia, assim como à ironia, nas atividades de leitura e de produção escrita / It is an assumption herein that any text is the place of constitution and interaction of social subjects, an event in which converge linguistic, cognitive and social actions, according to a dialogical conception of text (BAKHTIN, 1992). Nowadays, textbooks still prescribe teaching procedures in many Brazilian classrooms (MESERANI, 2001; MARCUSCHI apud DIONÍSIO; BEZERRA, 2005) and it is understood herein that the articulation of activities related to texts, found in those materials designed for Junior High students, to linguistic-discursive resources such as intertextuality and interdiscursivity, is necessary to the construction of textuality and meaning and it can be considered a relevant research topic. Thus, we analyze: a) the methodological instructions present in the Teacher's Manual and b) reading and writing activities extracted from two collections of textbooks, designed for Junior High school (6th to 9th grades). This investigation highlights the qualitative aspect, the analytical-descriptive nature and the interpretive character of research and aims to bring new references to descriptive research on Portuguese language, in the studied school level, establishing a dialogue with the teaching approaches of reading and writing in school, besides enabling a critical analysis of how Portuguese textbooks are used in class. The analysis is theoretically supported by Semiolinguistic, a development of the French Discourse Analysis (FDA), which focuses on discourse as an interactive process, existing in a specific context, resulting from a contract (CHARAUDEAU, 2008), assumed by a particular social group, in a given social-interactive situation. Considering the analysis of the textbooks, it is highlighted the little emphasis given to the role of intertextuality as a cohesive resource, also helping in the construction of textual coherence, and as a way of manifesting the argumentative dimension in any text; in the same way, in relation to the interdiscursivity, it is highlighted the lack of reference to the discursive presuppositions and other markers of polyphony, as well as to irony, in reading and writing activities, in the textbooks investigated