L’application du concept de développement durable à l’urbanisme suscite de nombreuses questions tant les contours de « l’urbanisme durable » et des « quartiers durables » paraissent flous. De nombreux outils ont été développés pour aider à la conception des « quartiers durables », souvent dérivés des outils de conception des bâtiments (LEED, BREAAM, HQE etc…) ; ils restent largement proposés et conduis par les Maîtres d’Oeuvre (MOE) et les Assistants à Maîtrise d’Ouvrage (AMO). Dans ce contexte, une question émerge, celle de savoir quel peut-être l’impact de ces outils sur les décisions et la conduite du projet urbain par la Maîtrise d’Ouvrage Urbaine (MOU). De plus, le projet urbain qui a pour objet la création d’un quartier ou « morceau de ville », fait appel à un large jeu d’acteurs et les questions soulevées par les outils d’aide à la conception dépassent largement le champ d’action de la MOU. Ceci posé, si le couple MOE et AMO peut « se contenter » de l’utilisation d’outils existants au regard de leurs missions respectives, la MOU, du fait de son rôle central et moteur dans le « quartier durable » a de son côté besoin de nouveaux process pour répondre aux enjeux de la durabilité posés par ces outils : comment travailler avec les différents acteurs en vue d’objectifs communs et/ou convergeants ? Se pose alors la problématique de l’évolution des méthodes de travail de la MOU au fil des opérations d’aménagement durable ; comment ne pas avoir de « pertes en ligne » et ainsi continuer à progresser entre deux opérations d’aménagements : la capitalisation des savoir-faire du « chef d’orchestre » qu’est la MOU est alors un questionnement central. / The application of the concept of sustainable development to urban planning raises many questions as the contours of "sustainable urbanism" and "sustainable neighborhoods" appear to be unclear. Many tools have been developed to help design "sustainable neighborhoods", often derived from building design tools (LEED, BREAAM, HQE etc ...); they remain largely proposed and led by the Project Managers (MOE) and the Assistants to Project Managers (AMO). In this context, a question arises, which is to know what may be the impact of these tools on the decisions and the conduct of the urban project by the Urban Contractor (MOU). In addition, the urban project, which aims to create a neighborhood or "piece of town", involves a wide range of actors and the questions raised by the Neighborhood Sustainable Assement (NSA) go well beyond the scope of action of the MOU. If the MOE and AMO couple can "be satisfied" using the existing tools regarding their respective missions; the MOU, because of its central role and driving force in the "sustainable neighborhood" is in need of new processes to meet the challenges of sustainability requested by these tools: how to work with the different actors aiming a shared vision with common and / or converging objectives? Then naturaly the problem of the evolution of the working methods of the MOU is posed: during the conduct of the neighborhood development, how not to have "losses online" and thus continue to progress between two neighborhood development: the capitalization of the know-how of the MOU starts to become the central question.

Conservatoires all over the world are re-examining their educational roles and practices in a changing cultural and economic context, including re-evaluating their function as sites of relevant learning. This dissertation by publication contributes to this re-examination by investigating understandings of assessment, evaluative reflection, the relationship between know-how and knowledge, autonomous learning, community of practice and the student experience of these pedagogies in one Queensland conservatorium. The study is presented in the form of a synopsis and five publications, with additional data that will form the basis of further post-doctoral publication. It is focused on non-traditional pedagogical processes operating within a bachelor of popular music program, processes that have been intuited by the academic teacher who is also the author of this dissertation. What these processes have in common is the philosophical rejection of teacher-led pedagogy and an insistence upon, and scaffolding of, self-directed student action and reflection. The aim of the dissertation, in keeping with the rationale for a professional doctorate, is to subject this approach to systematic theoretical and empirical scrutiny, and thereby to further refine and strengthen the practices in terms of their capacity to engage young people in self-directed approaches to quality music making. John Biggs's presage/process/product learning model (1999) provides a structure for this systematic evaluation of the pedagogical work. The study understands the learning characteristics that students bring to the program, combined with the structures and pedagogical approaches in place in the program, to be the key presage elements; the learning activities (including assessment as learning) that occur within the program are the key process elements; the key products are the learning outcomes for the students and the ongoing development of the program and pedagogical approaches informed by reflection on empirical data including data collected as part of this research. The study demonstrates the significance of recognising and valuing presage and process elements that enable students to perform from the basis of their intuitive know how while being recorded, and then apply their knowledge-based critical reflection skills to an appraisal of their own work and the work of their peers while hearing the recording played back. While not displacing the teacher as mentor and critical friend, this moves responsibility for learning to the student as a self-monitoring, strategic decision-maker about the nature and quality of their learning products. The program requirement that students write meaningfully about the process appears to encourage the embracing of both conscious and unconscious ways of knowing and doing. As a documentation of this type of teaching, the study presents an argument for a broader incorporation of student-led pedagogy into higher education in general and conservatoria in particular. It concludes that aspects of education that enhance students' abilities to learn, including self- and peer assessment, self-directed learning, reflective practice, and both independent and collaborative work that incorporates program-wide learning, are likely to enhance integrated creative practice. This project has made it possible to disseminate a scholarly engagement with such processes through publication in academic and professional contexts.

Submitted by Caio Melo (caiocmm@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T16:27:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Das.Veredas.as.Vitrines.Tese.pdf: 47242392 bytes, checksum: d630cc145149698b0c91038db69f9270 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2017-09-18T20:22:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Das.Veredas.as.Vitrines.Tese.pdf: 47242392 bytes, checksum: d630cc145149698b0c91038db69f9270 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T20:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Das.Veredas.as.Vitrines.Tese.pdf: 47242392 bytes, checksum: d630cc145149698b0c91038db69f9270 (MD5) / Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre o artesanato de capim-dourado na Comunidade Quilombola Mumbuca do estado do Tocantins e suas adaptações agregadas ao design relatadas pelas artesãs. São apontados aspectos estéticos do artesanato intrafamiliar e a criação do produto voltado para as vitrines das cidades. Como método, foi realizado levantamento de pesquisas sobre o tema, atuação direta com os interlocutores, realização de entrevistas e observação. Diante dos indícios verificados, utilizou-se a teoria polilógica como caminho investigativo ao considerar o artesanato exemplo de representação do conhecimento com várias lógicas, em trânsito, em constituição e envolvido em múltiplos sentidos, dos quais as artesãs puderam expor suas opiniões sobre como se veem e analisam sua prática no mundo contemporâneo. Suas falas foram organizadas de modo que revelaram aspectos significativos que envolveram a projeção, a adaptação, a exposição e a autorização do que tem sido a relação das artesãs de Mumbuca com o artesanato destinado ao mercado. Suas opiniões demonstraram pontos que tangenciam a produção do atual artesanato de capim-dourado que envolve suas relações com governo do Estado do Tocantins, designers, empresários, atravessadores e pessoas da região. Constatou-se que o artesanato de capim-dourado inserido esteticamente no mercado global, tem se reinventado pelas mãos das artesãs, ao mesmo tempo aponta problemas pela dificuldade de acesso a matéria prima, o que tem colocado em questão a continuidade da prática em Mumbuca. / ABSTRACT This thesis presents a study about the golden grass (capim-dourado) craftwork of the Mumbuca Quilombola Community, in Tocantins state, and its adaptations to design as reported by the craftswomen. Aesthetic components of the intrafamilial craftwork and product creation for the city’s window displays were highlighted. The research method included a survey of research around the theme, direct interaction with the interlocutors, interviews and observation. Given the evidence, polylogic theory (teoria polilógica) was used as an investigative path by considering craftwork to be an example of representation of knowledge with various logics, in transit, being constituted and involved in multiple meanings. Among these, the craftswomen were able to present their opinions regarding how they see themselves and analyze their practices in the contemporary world. Their talks were organized so as to reveal significant aspects that involved projection, adaptation, exhibition and authorization of that which has become the relationship between the craftswomen of Mumbuca and the craftwork produced for the market. Their opinions demonstrated points that touch upon the production of the current golden grass craftwork, which involves their relationship with the government of the state of Tocantins, designers, businesspeople, middlemen, and people from the region. It was found that golden grass craftwork, aesthetically placed into the global market, has been reinvented in the hands of craftswomen. At the same time, there are problems due to difficulty accessing the raw material, which has raised the question of the continuity of this practice in Mumbuca. / RESUMEN Esta tesis presenta un estudio acerca de la artesanía de pasillo de oro (capim-dourado) en la Comunidad Quilombola Mumbuca del Estado de Tocantins y sus adaptaciones añadidas al diseño relatadas por las artesanas. Son apuntados aspectos estéticos de la artesanía intrafamiliar y la creación del producto volcado hacia las vitrinas de las ciudades. Como método fue realizada una encuesta acerca del tema, actuación directa con los interlocutores, realización de entrevistas y observación. De acuerdo a los indicios verificados, se ha utilizado la teoría polilógica como camino investigativo al considerar la artesanía ejemplo de representación del conocimiento con varias lógicas, en tráfico, en constitución e involucrado en múltiples sentidos, de los cuáles las artesanas pudieron exponer sus opiniones sobre cómo se ven y analizan su práctica en el mundo contemporáneo. Sus hablas fueron organizadas de modo que revelaron aspectos significativos que involucraron la proyección, la adaptación, la exposición y el permiso de lo que ha sido la relación de las artesanas de Mumbuca con la artesanía destinada al mercado. Sus opiniones han demostrado puntos que tocan la producción de la actual artesanía de capim-dourado que involucra sus relaciones con el gobierno del Estado de Tocantins, diseñadores, empresarios, intermediarios y personas de la región. Se ha constatado que la artesanía de capim-dourado inserto estéticamente en el mercado global, se ha reinventado por las manos de las artesanas, al mismo tiempo apunta problemas por la dificultad de acceso a la materia prima, lo que ha puesto en cuestión la continuidad de la práctica en Mumbuca.

Le franchisage est un contrat qui est rarement équilibré. Il en est ainsi à cause d'une relation où l'on trouve une partie, généralement le franchiseur, qui domine le rapport contractuel. Cette relation économique et juridique appelle la plus grande attention en raison des investissements massifs qui y sont engagés. On verra souvent le franchisé assujetti à de nombreuses contraintes économiques, techniques et juridiques pratiquement exagérées sinon injustifiées. Cette situation n'est surtout pas sans solution. Cette étude s'efforce de trouver des remèdes aux problèmes posés par ce jeu de domination en examinant le contrat ainsi que ses différentes composantes. La méthode suivie consiste à examiner tout d'abord le concept relatif à chaque élément pris dans ce cadre contractuel précis tout en remontant à la définition de la franchise ainsi qu’à son objet, tout cela à la lumière de la notion d'équilibre et dans un souci de restaurer une certaine égalité de principe satisfaisant aux exigences de la justice contractuelle.Des définitions, des critères, des solutions, ainsi que des modifications y sont proposés à cette fin. / Franchising is a contract that is not always balanced. This is due to a relationship where one can find a party, usually the franchisor, dominating the contractual bond. The economic and legal relationships call for much more attention due to the massive investments involved. One will often notice the franchisee being subject to many economic, technical and legal constraints that are practically exaggerated if not unjustified. This is certainly not without any solution. This study attempts to find remedies to the problems raised by this game of domination through examining the contract as well as its various components. The followed method consists of, primarily, the examination of the concept behind each element in this precise contractual framework, to then go back to the definition of franchising, as well as its object; all in light of the concept of equilibrium in order to restore some equality of principle in accordance with the requirements of contractual justice.Definitions, criteria, solutions, and amendments are proposed to serve this purpose.

A transferência internacional de tecnologia é operação que serve como base para o desenvolvimento tecnológico. Muito além da dicotomia desenvolvimento autóctone versus importação de tecnologia, verificamos que a importação de tecnologia é, também, geradora de parte das condições precedentes para o desenvolvimento de inovação localmente. Componente-chave de qualquer processo de transferência de tecnologia é a efetiva transferência de habilidades e know-how intangível que assegurem a capacidade produtiva. O canal de transferência de tecnologia não é uma forma fácil de construir capacidade de inovação. Por meio deste, as conseqüências da transferência de tecnologia serão determinadas pelos objetivos gerais das corporações que contratam, os quais certamente não englobam a disseminação da tecnologia para potenciais concorrentes. Dentro do contexto de conflito tecnológico norte-sul ainda existente, a harmonização do direito da concorrência e da propriedade intelectual em torno do interesse coletivo concentra-se justamente na administração da intenção dos países detentores da tecnologia de manter o seu monopólio e acesso restrito à tecnologia e o dos países receptores de terem amplo acesso e utilização da tecnologia. A política de intensificação da transferência de tecnologia internacional depende não somente de políticas regionais e internacionais, mas também de políticas nacionais. É preciso analisar caminhos viáveis para as políticas dentro da moldura nacional e internacional existente. A industrialização brasileira orientou-se no sentido de gerar capacidade produtiva com adoção de padrões tecnológicos relativamente atrasados e imposição de elevadas barreiras à entrada, impactando significativamente a capacidade do país de gerar, transferir e introduzir inovações tecnológicas. A regulação da transferência de tecnologia que a acompanhou tinha como vetores principais a substituição de importações paralelamente a controles fiscais e cambiais dos pagamentos das contratações, como forma de promover o equilíbrio da balança de pagamentos do país. Esta permanece em vigor, com alterações mínimas. Ao Governo cabe delinear de forma mais clara em sua política industrial o tipo e maneira de controles que pretende exercer sobre a importação de tecnologia para o país, e com qual finalidade. Adicionalmente, é preciso promover uma harmonização dos vários diplomas legais incidentes na operação para que expressem coerência entre si. A coerência será atingida na medida em que se escolham os vetores definidores da regulação de forma consistente. A regulação deve concentrar-se na absorção da técnica pela mão-de-obra local, sem desestimular o fornecedor estrangeiro. Ambos objetivos serão atingidos com a (i) matização da regulação na área tributária e cambial e a (ii) promoção de maior interatividade entre a regulação pela propriedade industrial e o direito concorrencial, que devem focar nos termos das contratações. Quanto à política da concorrência, é preciso distinguir entre uma política de concorrência baseada somente em inovação e aquela baseada em disseminação da inovação. Quando se foca somente na inovação e se impede a disseminação, esquece-se de que o bônus que se concede hoje à inovação implicará um preço no futuro. Uma política de concorrência com a intenção de promover a disseminação e absorção de tecnologia não pode ser tarefa para as autoridades da área concorrencial, somente. / The international transfer of technology is an operation that serves as a basis for technological development. Well beyond the contrast indigenous development versus importation of technology, the importation of technology also generates preconditions for the development of local innovation. A key component of any transfer of technology process is the effective transfer of expertise and intangible know-how that ensure the production capacity. The transfer of technology vehicle is not a simple form of building innovation capacity. Through it, the consequences of the transfer of technology are determined by the overall purposes sought by the companies that convene this and certainly does not cover the dissemination of the technology to potential competitors. Within the context of the northsouth technological conflict that still exists, streamlining of antitrust law and of intellectual property law considering the public interest lays precisely on the management of the intention of the countries that own the technology to sustain their monopoly and restrict the access to the technology and the intention of the acquiring countries to have broad access and use of the technology. The policy of incrementing transfer of international technology depends not only on regional and international policies, but also on national policies, being necessary to analyze viable courses for the policies in the existing national and international framework. The Brazilian industrialization was guided in the direction of generation of production capacity adopting international standards that were relatively obsolete and by imposing obstacles to imports, substantially affecting the countrys capacity to generate, transfer and adopt new technologies. The technology transfer regulations that accompanied it had as its main pillars the replacement of imports and tax and currency exchange controls over the payments of the agreements to stabilize the countrys foreign trade deficit. This continues to exist, with minimal changes. It is incumbent on the Government to clearly outline in its industrial policy the type and form of the control that it intends to use in the importation of technology into Brazil and with what purpose. Further, it is necessary to harmonize the several statutes that apply to the operation so that they reflect coherency among each other. Coherence shall be attained upon selecting the vectors that define the regulation in a consistent manner. The regulation should concentrate on the absorption of the know-how by the local workers, but without discouraging the foreign supplier. Both goals would be met upon (i) softening the regulation under the tax and exchange aspects, and (ii) fostering greater interaction between the regulation in the intellectual property and antitrust laws areas, which should focus on the contractual clauses. As regards the antitrust policy, it is necessary to distinguish between an antitrust policy that is based solely on innovation and that which is based on the dissemination of the innovation. When only innovation is focused and dissemination is hindered, the bonus that is now being conferred to innovation and that will have a toll in the future is ignored. An antitrust policy that is intended to foster the dissemination and absorption of technology cannot be a task borne only by the antitrust authorities.

Ce travail se situe à la croisée de la didactique des langues étrangères [L2], des sciences de l'éducation et de la psychologie sociale. L'hypothèse de départ porte sur la possibilité que des enseignants de L2 montrent, face aux apprenants et au cours d'une rencontre en classe de L2, des comportements allant au-delà de leurs fonctions institutionnelles d'organiser, faciliter et participer à la communication. Il est question caractériser la manière dont des enseignants de L2 se représentent leur métier. Nous travail adhérons ainsi au courant des études sur la cognition des enseignants qui explorent leurs croyances hétéroclites. Nous avons d'abord observé des rencontres en classe de L2 en présentiel que nous avons ensuite analysées à la manière de l'analyse conversationnelle. Le recours à l'analyse conversationnelle nous a permis de déterminer la manière dont les participants co-construisent la rencontre en classe de L2. Certaines des pratiques repérées chez l'enseignant, telles que la désaffiliation, la légitimation du rire, ont été caractérisées comme des actions motivées par ses croyances. Enfin, le recours à des entretiens d'auto-confrontation a permis de confronter les enseignants avec leur propre pratique afin qu'ils la commentent selon leur logique et leur ressenti. Ce dispositif a rendu possible un dialogue entre le chercheur et les enseignants grâce auquel leur savoir-être enseignant a été caractérisée finement. / This work is at the crossroads of applied linguistics – namely foreign language [L2] teaching – education studies and social psychology. Its ultimate goal is to characterize the way in which L2 teachers represent their profession. This work draws on teachers' cognition studies in order to explore the heterogeneous beliefs of teachers. It also draws on conversation analysis [CA]: the classroom observation conducted in four fields has produced recordings that have become L2 classroom transcripts. The use of CA has helped to determine the participants' attitude as they coconstruct the situation in which they participate – namely a L2 classroom, which constitutes, in principle, an institutional setting. As regards the L2 teachers, the identification of certain practices – their disaffiliation, their choice of subject, their legitimation of laughter – indicates the possibility that they have made certain decisions according to the manner in which they co-manage the classroom situation, but also in relation to their own beliefs. Finally, we use recall-interviews, by means of which the teachers are confronted the teachers with their own practice; this may conduce to their characterising their own actions according to a certain pedagogical logic, but also according to their feelings. By means of integrating these three sources of information a dialogue between the teachers and the researcher has become possible; this dialogue has allowed for a fine description of the teachers' teaching know-how.

La recherche a pour objectif d’examiner les pratiques scripturales d’étudiants du cours « séméiologie médicale » inscrits en troisième année de Médecine et de Pharmacie, mais aussi de décrire leurs savoir-faire, les genres d’écrits sollicités, leurs performances et leurs erreurs d’un point de vue compréhensif. Nous avons choisi le domaine médical parce que c’est un contexte où subsiste une multitude de genres d’écrits pratiqués et parce que les études en médecine peuvent donner une image sur ce qui se passe dans une formation disciplinaire à orientation professionnalisante et professionnelle, les études associant à la fois une formation théorique universitaire et une formation pratique professionnelle dont chacune à ses propres spécificités. Ces deux caractéristiques font que le fonctionnement du système disciplinaire médical pose des questions intéressant les didacticiens et les linguistes qui peuvent le décrire et proposer des pistes d’amélioration. Le concept théorique capital de cette étude sur l’écrit disciplinaire et sur la transition vers les pratiques et les genres d’écrits professionnels est celui du « genre disciplinaire » (que nous différencions du genre linguistique fonctionnel ou rhétorique communicatif). Un autre outil théorique convoqué dans cette recherche est le concept de « dysfonctionnement », utile pour une analyse du comportement discursif d’étudiants qui ne soit pas ancré dans une conception déficitaire au regard de la norme. / The research has as objective to examine the scriptural practices of 'medical semeiology' students enrolled in their third year of Medecine and Pharmacy, but also to describe their know-how, the writing types solicited, their performances and their mistakes from a comprehensive point of view. We have chosen the medical domain because it is a field where a multitude of practical writing styles persist and because studies in medecine can illustrate what happens in disciplinary practices with professional-qualification and professional orientation, the studies combining theoretical university practices and practical professional, each having its owns specificities. Questions raised on how the disciplinary medical system functions based on these two characteristics interest didacticiens and linguists who can describe it and propose paths of improvement. The major theoretical concept of this study on disciplinary writing and the transition towards practices and professional kinds (genres) of writing is 'le genre disciplinaire' (that we differentiate from the functional linguistic kind (genre) or the communicative rhetoric). Another theoretical tool used throughout this research is the concept of 'dysfonctionnement', useful for an analysis of students' discursive behaviour, which is not anchored in an over drawn conception of the standard. / اللذين يتناولان "CIREL-Théodile" هذه الدراسة تدخل في إطار برنامج البحث للمختبرين "اللغة والمجتمع" و(DAUNAY , FLUCKIGER والمحتويات المتخصصة (MESSAUDI ,2010a, 2010b, 2013a) اللغيات التقنية.)& HASSAN, 2015C. الممثلة من طرف السيدة " Composition Theory" كما تتعلق هذه الدراسات أيضا بالميدانية الأمريكية2008 ) التي ترتكز أعمالها في دراسة العلاقة بين "الكتابة والمناهج " و "الكتابة , 2010) DONAHNEالتي تعتمد على تحليل الممارسات في إطار وصفي وليس " Les littéracies Universitaires" والتخصصات " ونقديا.وتتناول هذه الأطروحة الممارسات الكتابية للطلبة المسجلين بالسنة الثالثة بكلية الطب والصيدلة بالرباط، تخصص"السينمائية الطبية". كما تقوم هذه الدراسة بوصف مهارات وقدرات الطلبة في الكتابة وأجناسها مبرزة الجوانب الإيجابيةفي ممارساتهم.لقد اخترنا الميدان الطبي لأنه مجال يتضمن العديد من أجناس الكتابة ولأن الدراسة في هذا المجال جديرة بإعطاءصورة واضحة عما يجري في التخصصات ذات الطابع المهني.هذه الدراسة تجمع بين الممارسة النظرية الجامعية والممارسة التطبيقية المهنية، اللتين لكل منهما ميزاتها الخاصة فيماللممارسات، وهاته الميزات تثير أسئلة أخصائيي التعليم (Le système disciplinaire) يتعلق بالنظام الضابط(الديداكتيكيين) واللسانيين فيما يخص النظام التعليمي بغية تدقيق الوصف واقتراح ممارسات بهدف التحسين.إن المفهوم النظري الرئيسي في هذه الدراسة، فيما يخص الكتابة المتخصصة وكذا فيما يتعلق بالانتقال من الممارساتوأجناس الكتابة النظرية الجامعية إلى الممارسات وأجناس الكتابة المهنية، هو " الجنس" ) الذي نفرقه عن الجنس اللغويوالبلاغي التواصلي(.حيث (Le dysfonctionnement) " كما يعالج البحث - وإن كان بدرجة أقل - مفهوما أساسيا آخر ألا وهو " الخللأنه ضروري لتحليل السلوك الكتابي للطلبة في إطار تحليلي ووصفي بغض النظر عن تقويمه والحكم عليه.

Dans les grandes entreprises industrielles, la transmission des savoirs incorporés dans les gestes professionnels s’opère traditionnellement au sein d’une articulation de stages de formation animés par d’anciens opérateurs, et de pratiques de compagnonnage réalisées directement sur site. Cette situation est amenée à évoluer car aujourd’hui, beaucoup d’entreprises industrielles sont confrontées au problème d’un départ à la retraite massif d’opérateurs. Cela nécessite, d’une part, la conservation des gestes professionnels adaptés au maintien des installations techniques vieillissantes, et d’autre part une adaptation des gestes professionnels à la mutation technologique. Dans le secteur de l’énergie, Electricité de France (EDF) est confrontée à cette problématique d’évolution du compagnonnage. Pour cette entreprise, la situation est complexifiée par la variabilité des pratiques : présence d’un parc de près d’une centaine de centrales de production électrique fortement distribuées géographiquement avec des modes de production énergétique diversifiés impliquant des pratiques culturelles différentes (nucléaire, thermique, hydraulique).Le présent travail de recherche vise deux objectifs :(1) Sur le plan théorique, nous avons cherché à comprendre, à partir de données de terrain, la nature de la transmission et de la formalisation des savoirs – aussi bien explicites qu’implicites – sous-jacents à l’exécution des gestes professionnels. Cela passe : - d’une part, par la confrontation des approches existantes dans les différentes écoles, au niveau international, à la réalité empirique ; - et d’autre part, par l’identification du fossé existant dans la littérature quant au traitement et à la modélisation des connaissances tacites et des savoirs incorporés par rapport aux nécessités pratiques de la transmission.(2) Sur le plan pratique, nous avons cherché à développer une approche de capture située des savoirs incorporés en explorant le recours aux instruments d’ethnographie numérique. Ceci vise :-d’une part, à pérenniser les connaissances liées aux gestes ;-et d’autre part, à concevoir une méthode de création de supports pédagogiques structurés, à base de vidéo. Cette phase pratique a permis de tester nos modèles sur des cas réels. L’articulation des outils techniques, théoriques et méthodologiques que nous avons appliqués a conduit à la conception de plusieurs produits.Nous avons conçu et confronté au terrain une méthode de capture et d’analyse des gestes professionnels. Cette méthode s’appuie sur un double enregistrement vidéo : caméra externe et caméra subjective embarquée sur le casque de l’opérateur réalisant le geste. Cet enregistrement est couplé à un protocole de verbalisation spécifique en situation de réalisation du geste.Nous avons également maquetté, testé en situation pédagogique, et formalisé une ressource didactique : le Multimédia Apprenant (MAP). Ce dernier se base sur une décomposition et une structuration du geste illustrée principalement par de la vidéo annotée mais aussi par des schémas fonctionnels, des images, des photos, etc. Cette décomposition du geste est issue de l’analyse réalisée en amont sur fond de théorie russe de l’activité et de qualité perçue.Ces deux produits fournissent une chaîne opérationnelle, à destination des formateurs de la branche formation d’EDF, pour la capture et la transmission du savoir tacite et explicite incorporé dans les gestes professionnels. L’insertion du MAP dans le dispositif pédagogique d’EDF, au sein des sessions de formation réelles, a été évaluée et accueillie très positivement par les formateurs et les stagiaires. Il a été décidé au mois de mai 2011 de lancer la phase d’industrialisation de la méthode et du MAP dans l’entreprise. / In large industrial companies, the transmission of the embodied in professional practices traditionally takes place as part of a series of training courses given by former operators and of journeyman practices implemented directly on site. This situation will undoubtedly change, because nowadays many companies are facing the problem of a massive departure of operators into retirement. This requires, on the one hand, the preservation of the appropriate professional gestures for the maintenance of aging technical plant, and on the other hand an adaptation of the professional gestures to technological evolution. In the energy sector, Electricité de France (EDF) is also confronted with this issue of the evolution of these journeyman practices. For the company, the situation is rendered more complex as a result of highly variable practices due to the presence of almost one hundred power generation plants with a wide geographic distribution, and with diversified generation methods involving different cultural practices (nuclear, thermal, hydraulic).The present research addresses two objectives:(1) On the theoretical level, we sought to understand, based on field data, the nature of the explicit and implicit transmission and formalization of knowledge underlying the performance of professional gestures. This takes place: - on the one hand, by means of the confrontation of the existing approaches in the different schools, at international level, with the empirical reality; - and, on the other hand, by means of the identification of the gap in the literature as concerns the treatment and modelling of tacit knowledge and embodied know-how as compared to the practical requirements of transmission.(2) On the practical level, we sought to develop an approach to situational learning of embodied know-how by exploring the recourse to digital ethnography tools. This aims:- on the one hand, to perpetuate the knowledge linked to the gestures;- and, on the other hand, to devise a method for the creation of structured, video-based educational supports. This practical phase has afforded the opportunity to test our models on real life cases. The combination of technical, theoretical and methodological tools we applied has led to the design of several products.We designed, and tested on the field, a method for the capture and analysis of professional gestures. This method is based on dual video recordings: an external camera and a subjective camera mounted on the safety helmet of the operator performing the gesture. This recording is coupled to a specific protocol of oral expression whilst performing the gesture.We also modelled, tested and formalised a teaching resource in an educational setting: the Multimedia platform for APprenticeship (MAP). It is based on a decomposition and structuring of the gesture illustrated primarily by annotated video but also by means of functional schematics images, photos, etc. This decomposition results from the analysis of the gesture carried out upstream and based on Russian Activity Theory and Perceived Quality.These two products provide an operational chain intended for the trainers of EDF’s Training Division, for the capture and transmission of the tacit and explicit knowledge involved in professional gestures. The incorporation of the MAP into EDF’s educational system, in real life training sessions, has been very positively evaluated and received by both trainers and trainees. In May 2011 it was decided to launch the industrialization phase of the method and the MAP throughout the company.

L'accord ADPIC a été accepté par la Tunisie comme un mal nécessaire afin d'obtenir des bénéfices commerciaux dans les secteurs de grand intérêt. Il était également considéré comme bien pensé car il accordait une période de transition aux PED afin qu'ils puissent adapter leurs systèmes à cet instrument exhaustif et établir un standard minimum qui pourrait s'appliquer à tous les pays et rattacher les DPI au commerce. La Tunisie constitue un cas d'analyse intéressant et ce, surtout comparativement aux autres pays qui ont maintenu une attitude de rejet par rapport aux traités classiques de PI. Notre pays était membre aux conventions de Paris et de Berne depuis plus d'un siècle. Il était certes le bon élève qui s'est harmonisé en développant une nouvelle culture de protection à la PI conformément au nouveau système international. La raison est que la PI est conçue afin d'être, dans la nouvelle économie cognitive, un outil important dans la compétitivité internationale. Elle constitue également un instrument pour attirer les IDE. En même temps, et comme le stipule l'ADPIC, la PI serait un composant essentiel dans la promotion de l'innovation et la facilité du transfert de technologie. Mais ce schéma d'harmonisation sur la base de prétendus standards minimums n'a pas satisfait l'engouement des pays industrialisés qui se sont lancés dans la conclusion d'accords commerciaux bilatéraux au-delà de l'ADPIC. Notre objectif est donc d'analyser ces présupposés et d'essayer d'expliquer ce qui s'est passé depuis l'accord ADPIC. La question est de savoir si le pays, en procédant de cette manière, avait réussi à établir cette articulation entre les considérations commerciales qu'exige l'ADPIC et les préoccupations internes se rapportant à la santé, l'agriculture, la diversité culturelle et l'environnement. Vingt trois ans après, le pays a-t-il tiré profit de l'alignement de son régime de PI sur l'accord ADPIC ? L'un des objectifs avoués de l'ADPIC était la diffusion du savoir et par là, l'amélioration des capacités R & D. Cependant, très peu de progrès a été réalisé, il semble même que la situation ait empiré. / The TRIPS agreement has been accepted by Tunisia as a necessary evil in order to obtain commercial benefits in sectors of great interest. It was also considered well thought out because it provided a transition period for developing countries to adapt their systems to this comprehensive instrument and establish a minimum standard that could apply to all countries and link IPR to trade. Tunisia is an interesting case of analysis, especially in comparison with other countries maintaining an attitude of rejection towards the traditional treaties of IP. Our country has been a member of the Paris and Berne Conventions for more than a century. It was, of course, the right student who harmonized by developing a new culture of IP protection in accordance with the new international system. The reason is that IP is designed to be, in the new cognitive economy, an important tool in international competitiveness. It is also an instrument for attracting FDI. At the same time, and as stipulated in TRIPS, IP would be an essential component in promoting innovation and ease of technology transfer. But this pattern of harmonization on the basis of so-called minimum standards has not satisfied the enthusiasm of the industrialized countries that have embarked on the conclusion of bilateral trade agreements beyond TRIPS. Our objective is therefore to analyze these assumptions and try to explain what has happened since the TRIPS agreement. The question is whether, in doing so, the country has succeeded in establishing this link between the trade considerations required by TRIPS and the internal concerns related to health, agriculture, cultural diversity and environment. Twenty-three years later, has the country benefited from the alignment of its IP regime with the TRIPS Agreement? One of the stated objectives of TRIPS was the spread of knowledge and thereby the improvement of R & D capabilities. However, very little progress has been made, and it seems that the situation has worsened.

The aim of this thesis is not only to characterise the key terms related to this field, but also to analyse the possible solutions to the area in a particular industrial enterprise in the Czech Republic by means of a case study which is a reliable method of qualitative research. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part the terms such as information, electronic data, know-how, enterprise information systems, cybercrime, and cyberterrorism are defined. The practical part drawing on the theoretical part gives a thorough analysis of the initial state of an industrial enterprise in food industry. Furthermore, it deals with the implementation of the ECM (Enterprise Content Management) which is considered a possible solution to the security of work with electronic data in industrial enterprise.