Children with phonological problems often come in contact with a speech and language pathologist for intervention. The intervention can be based on different theoretical frameworks, whereof non-linear phonology is one. The present study was carried out as a multiple single-case study with three participants aged 4;3-4;4 years. They had all been diagnosed with speech sound disorder but not yet been given any treatment. Before the intervention was started, three baseline measurements were made with the Swedish phonology test LINUS. The intervention took place once a week for five weeks and ended with two follow-up measurements. The first follow-up measurement occurred in connection to the last intervention and the other one after three weeks. The children’s caretakers filled in a questionnaire about their perception of the intervention at the last follow up measurement. Correctly produced segments and clusters in the words in LINUS were calculated and compared to the children’s productions at the base-line measurements. Percentage Phonemes Correct and Reliable Change Index were calculated to check whether any change was reliable. The targeted segments and clusters improved to a greater extent than other segments. Clusters demonstrated greater result regarding to the segments. The RCI-index was >1,96 for all participants indicating that the results were reliable in terms of improved phonological ability. In the parental questionnaire, it was indicated that the caretakers thought that the treatment was valuable, that they perceived improvements in their children’s speech and that the children thought that the treatment was funny. The study shows that an intervention based on a nonlinear phonological analysis is effective and can be used clinically. / Barn som har fonologiska svårigheter kommer ofta till en logoped för utredning och eventuell intervention. Den logopediska utredningen och efterföljande intervention kan utgå från olika teoretiska ramverk, varav icke-linjär fonologi är ett. Föreliggande studie var en multipel fallstudie med tre deltagare i åldern 4;3-4;4 år. Deltagarna hade fått diagnosen fonologisk språkstörning men ännu inte erhållit någon behandling. Före interventionsstart gjordes tre baslinjemätningar med det svenska fonologiska bedömningsmaterialet LINköpingUnderSökningen (LINUS). Interventionen gavs sedan en gång i veckan i fem veckor och avslutades med två uppföljande mätningar. Den första uppföljande mätningen skedde i samband med sista behandlingstillfället och den andra uppföljande mätningen skedde efter tre veckor. Vårdnadshavarna till barnen fick vid sista uppföljande mätningen även fylla i en utvärdering om hur de upplevde behandlingen. Korrekt producerade segment och kluster i orden i LINUS beräknades och jämfördes med barnens produktion vid baslinjemätningarna. Percentage Phonems Correct och Reliable Change Index för deltagarnas samtliga bedömningar beräknades för att ta reda på om eventuell förändring var reliabel. De segment och kluster som utgjorde mål för interventionen förbättrades mer än andra segment och kluster. Kluster förbättrades i högre grad än enskilda segment. RCI-index var >1,96 för samtliga deltagare, vilket innebär att förbättringen var reliabel. Baserat på vårdnadshavarnas utvärdering framkom det att behandlingen varit värdefull för dem, att de hörde en förbättring hos barnen samt att de upplevde att barnen fann behandlingen rolig. Studien visar att en intervention baserad på en icke-linjär fonologisk analys är effektiv och med fördel kan användas kliniskt.

The thesis reports on specific language impairment (SLI). First part of the thesis summarizes first the current theoretical knowledge about this issue. It reviews terminology, classification, etiology, symptoms, diagnostic, therapy and association SLI with developmental dyslexia. The thesis then refers about search for diagnostic markers of SLI in pre-school age. The empirical part of the thesis summarizes the research conducted. Three groups of children were compared- 19 children with SLI, 19 peers without SLI (AC) and 19 younger language- matched children (LC). Four diagnostic methods were used - picture vocabulary test, number recall, sentence repetition and non-word recall. In all tests children with SLI performed poorly than AC-group and in some of them also poorly than LC-group. Limitation in sentence repetition and non-word recall, omission of prepositions and clitics and also omission of verbs or using of incomplete infinitive forms in sentences were detected as possible relevant diagnostic markers.

The aim of the present study is to examine how schools organize the work with and for pupils with language disorder.  Further, it aims to find which role the Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO) and principal, respectively may have in the work with the pupils and give an insight into what knowledge about Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) personnel in schools have. The background of the study is that knowledge about DLD begins to diffuse at schools in Sweden today, but there is still a great deal of ignorance about what the diagnosis entails and how to work inclusive with these students in the classroom. The study was conducted with a qualitative method, semi-structured interviews with six special needs coordinators and five principals. The theoretical framework consist of Etienne Wenger’s Social theory of learning and the analysis was performed through a thematic content analysis. The results of the study indicate that none of the schools in the study have a particular organization for pupils with DLD. Half of the informants argue that they would like increased collaboration with speech therapists. The collaboration with guardians is another area that needs to improve in the schools. Enterprise in relation to engagement is most prominent in the schools, according to the analysis based on Wenger’s social theory of learning. All informants recognize gaps of knowledge regarding the definition of DLD, and how to work with pupils with the disability. Further education on the subject was requested by all informants.

Studiens övergripande syfte var att beskriva och analysera pedagogers uppfattningar om hur framgångsrik undervisning i klassrummet av elever med språkliga svårigheter kan se ut. Kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer ligger till grund för studiens diskussion och analys. Resultatet visar att fokus inte bör ligga endast på undervisning i klassrummet utan att pedagogerna behöver utgå från skolan som helhet i form av en inkluderande syn på undervisning, då det är i mötet mellan elev och miljö som språkliga svårigheter uppstår. På samma sätt som eleverna behöver känna trivsel och delaktighet i klassrummet behöver pedagogerna känna trivsel och delaktighet i skolan för att kunna utvecklas i sin profession. För att lyckas med detta behövs tydligare och gemensamma mål samt att det finns möjlighet till diskussion på och mellan alla nivåer i skolan. I dessa diskussioner är det viktigt att specialpedagogerna finns med då de har kunskapen om att medverka i det förebyggande arbetet med att undanröja hinder och svårigheter i skolans lärmiljöer för elever med språkliga svårigheter. / The overall aim of the study was to describe and analyze pedagogical beliefs about how successful teaching in the classroom by pupils with language difficulties can look like. Qualitative interviews and observations form the basis of the study's discussion and analysis. The result shows that the focus should not be solely on teaching in the classroom, but that the educators need to start from the school as a whole in the form of an inclusive view of teaching, as it is in the encounter between pupil and environment that language difficulties arise. In the same way that students need to feel well-being and participation in the classroom, the educators need to feel well-being and participation in the school in order to be able to develop in their profession. To succeed with this, clearer and common goals are needed and that there is the possibility of discussion at and between all levels in the school. In these discussions, it is important that the special educators are present as they have the knowledge of participating in the preventive work of removing obstacles and difficulties in the school's learning environments for pupils with linguistic difficulties.

Les modèles actuels de perception de la parole suggèrent un couplage étroit entre les rythmes cérébraux, caractérisés par les oscillations neuronales, et le rythme de la parole, permettant de segmenter le flux verbal continu en unités linguistiques pertinentes pour la reconnaissance. En particulier, les modulations lentes d’amplitude de l’enveloppe temporelle de la parole, véhiculant l’information syllabique et prosodique, sont capables d’« entrainer » les oscillations corticales auditives dans la bande de fréquence thêta (4-7 Hz), échantillonnant le signal verbal en unités syllabiques. L’information temporelle qui caractérise la parole joue un rôle fondamental dans l’acquisition et le développement du langage ; un déficit de traitement des indices rythmiques de la parole a d’ailleurs été décrit dans les troubles développementaux du langage. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de mieux comprendre les processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant la perception du rythme de la parole naturelle chez l’enfant présentant un développement langagier typique ou atypique (dysphasie) dans trois études. Une première étude en magnétoencéphalographie (MEG) a permis de dévoiler la dynamique corticale oscillatoire chez des enfants francophones neurotypiques (8-13 ans) lors de l’écoute de phrases naturellement produites à un débit normal ou rapide. Nos résultats suggèrent l’existence de deux phénomènes d’« entrainment » des oscillations sur l’enveloppe temporelle de la parole à débit normal, l’un dans la bande thêta au sein des régions auditives droites, l’autre dans une bande centrée sur le débit syllabique moyen des stimuli dans les régions temporales antérieures gauches. Dans la condition de parole rapide, une synchronisation cortico-acoustique a été mise en évidence dans la bande thêta au sein des régions (pré)motrices gauches, reflétant le rôle de la voie dorsale d’intégration sensori-motrice dans les conditions d’écoute difficiles mais aussi dans le développement du langage oral. Les deux études suivantes ont été réalisées chez des enfants présentant une dysphasie expressive (8-13 ans) afin de tester l’hypothèse d’un trouble de traitement du rythme syllabique chez ces enfants, potentiellement sous-tendu par une dynamique corticale oscillatoire atypique. Dans une étude comportementale, nous avons évalué les capacités des enfants dysphasiques à décoder de la parole naturellement produite à débit normal ou rapide, ou accélérée artificiellement. Nous avons montré des performances réduites chez ces enfants, en regard d’enfants neurotypiques, pour traiter des phrases accélérées naturellement et artificiellement, suggérant un déficit d’extraction du rythme de la parole lorsque la fréquence des modulations de l’enveloppe temporelle augmente. Une étude en MEG, identique à celle réalisée chez les enfants neurotypiques, nous a permis d’apporter de premiers éléments en faveur de cette interprétation en révélant un traitement cortical atypique de l’information syllabique dans la dysphasie, qui pourrait rendre compte des troubles phonologiques et morpho-syntaxiques souvent décrits dans ce trouble neuro-développemental. Une synchronisation réduite des oscillations thêta du cortex auditif a ainsi été mise en évidence chez les enfants dysphasiques par rapport à leurs pairs lors de la perception de parole à débit normal. L’absence d’alignement de l’activité oscillatoire des régions prémotrices sur l’enveloppe temporelle des phrases à débit rapide nous a en outre conduit à émettre l’hypothèse d’un dysfonctionnement de la voie dorsale chez ces enfants. Dans l’ensemble, ce travail de thèse fournit donc, pour la première fois à notre connaissance, des preuves expérimentales (i) de la synchronisation entre rythmes corticaux et rythme de la parole naturelle chez les enfants à développement langagier typique et (ii) d’une dynamique oscillatoire atypique lors de la perception de parole à débit normal et rapide chez les enfants dysphasiques. / Current models of speech perception suggest a close correspondence between brain rhythms, characterized by neuronal oscillations, and speech rhythm, which would allow the brain to parse the incoming speech signal into relevant linguistic units for decoding. Slow amplitude modulations in speech temporal envelope, which convey syllabic and prosodic information, have been shown to entrain oscillatory activity of auditory cortex in the theta frequency band (4-7 Hz), sampling the acoustic signal into syllable-sized units. Temporal information in speech is a foundation for oral language acquisition and development; accordingly, deficits in processing speech rhythmic cues have been described in developmental language disorders. This thesis sought to throw light on the neurocognitive processes underlying the perception of natural speech in children with typical and atypical language development (Specific Language Impairment – SLI – or Developmental Language Disorder – DLD) in three experimental studies. In a first magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we unraveled the oscillatory dynamics in a group of French-speaking typically-developing children aged 8 to 13 years old during listening to naturally-produced sentences either at a normal or fast rate. Our results suggested two types of entrainment of cortical oscillations on the temporal envelope of normal rate speech: the first one occurred in the theta band in right auditory cortex whereas the second one was found in a frequency band centered on the mean syllabic rate of our stimuli in left anterior temporal regions. As to the fast rate condition, we showed cortico-acoustic coupling in the theta band in left (pre)motor areas, reflecting the role of the sensorimotor dorsal pathway in challenging listening conditions as well as in language development. In two other studies, we tested the hypothesis of an impairment to process speech syllabic rhythm, potentially underpinned by atypical oscillatory cortical dynamics, in children with developmental language disorders mainly at the expressive level. In a behavioral study, we examined how French-speaking children with expressive DLD (8-13 years old) processed speech naturally produced at a normal or fast rate, or artificially accelerated. Our results showed poorer performance to decode fast sentences, either accelerated naturally or artificially, in these children as compared to their typically-developing peers, which suggests a deficit in extracting speech syllabic information with increased modulation frequency in the amplitude envelope. The last study, identical to the first one in MEG conducted in typically-developing children, provided the first piece of evidence in favor of this interpretation by showing atypical cortical processing of syllabic information in children with DLD, which may account for the phonological and morpho-syntactic deficits frequently described in this developmental disorder. Reduced alignment of theta oscillatory activity in auditory cortex to normal rate speech has indeed been evidenced in children with DLD as compared to typically-developing children. Lack of synchronization of oscillations in left (pre)motor regions to amplitude envelope of fast rate sentences was also observed, which we interpreted as potential dysfunction of the dorsal stream in this population. To the best of our knowledge, the findings obtained in this thesis therefore provide first experimental evidence for (i) coupling between brain rhythms and rhythm of naturally produced speech in typically-developing children and (ii) atypical oscillatory cortical dynamics underlying normal and fast rate speech in children with developmental language disorders.

Submitted by Luis Guilherme Macena (guilhermelg2004@gmail.com) on 2013-07-05T16:54:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Luciana Mayrink.pdf: 5548939 bytes, checksum: 5274ed2341bf891d3cedecabeefbf325 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-05T16:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Luciana Mayrink.pdf: 5548939 bytes, checksum: 5274ed2341bf891d3cedecabeefbf325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A linguagem desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento, é através da linguagem que a criança adquire novos conceitos sobre si mesma, objetos e o contexto socio-afetivo. Assim se constituindo como sujeito, socializa-se, integra-se à sua cultura, desenvolve o aprendizado e, posteriormente,vai para o mercado de trabalho. Todavia, existem alguns fatores que podem causar desvios na aquisição da linguagem. Entender por que e como os distúrbios de linguagem ocorrem não é tarefa de fácil. Como não é possível desenvolver homólogos de linguagem em outras espécies, o entendimento de suas habilidades e distúrbios ocorrem através das observações e estudos de indivíduos que apresentam comprometimento no desenvolvimento da linguagem5. Assim, os estudos das síndromes genéticas despertam interesse entre os pesquisadores, pois possuem características específicas e recorrentes que proporcionam o entendimento da organização funcional das alterações que expressam. A Síndrome de Williams é uma desordem genética que tem, como uma de suas características, déficits nos comportamento cognitivo e de linguagem. A partir do ano 2000, pesquisas demonstram que os indivíduos com Síndrome de Williams apresentam alteração no desenvolvimento de todas as habilidades de linguagem. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as alterações no desenvolvimento da semântica e da estrutura da linguagem na Sindrome de Willians. Inicialmente aplicamos uma bateria de testes padronizados composta pelo Clinical Evaluation Language Fundamentals Revided – CELF-R, Avaliação do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem – ADL e Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised – PPVT -R em uma população de 7 sujeitos (2 meninas feminino; 5 do sexo masculino) com faixa etária entre 7 a 16 anos. Os resultados da bateria de testes mostraram que os sujeitos, na aquisição semântica, alcançaram mediana de idade no desenvolvimento da linguagem bem abaixo da sua idade cronológica e que, na aquisição de conceitos de substantivos e verbos avaliada pelo PPVT -R, apresentaram uma mediana de idade superior ao ADL que avaliou a aquisição, também, dos conceitos de adjetivos, de relação espacial, de quantidade e de relação temporal. Procuramos investigar a sintaxe, aplicando o subteste Formulação de Sentença da bateria de testes do CEFL-R que identifica aspectos da formulação oral da sentença relacionados à capacidade em compreender o significado da palavra-chave e formular uma frase gramatical e semanticamente adequada. A análise das frases demonstrou que só 4 sujeitos utilizaram a palavra chave da categoria substantivo e 3 sujeitos da categoria verbo para formular sentenças com sintaxe e semântica adequadas, que são as primeiras categorias semânticas alcançadas no desenvolvimento típico da linguagem. Nossos dados sugerem que o nível de aquisição semântica está associado à habilidade para formulação de sentenças. / The language plays a fundamental role in the individual development. It is through the language that children acquire new concepts about themselves, objects and social -affective context. Thus, as persons, they socialize, integrate to their own culture, develop the learning and later go to labor market. However, there are some factors that may cause deviation in the language acquisition. Understanding why and how language disorder occur is not an easy task. As it is not possible to develop language homologos in other species, the understanding of their abilities and disturbances occur through observations and studies of individuals who show language development disorder . Thus, genetic syndrome studies arouse interest among scientists, because they have specific and repetitive characteristics that provide functional organization understanding of alterations they express. Williams Syndrome is a genetic disorder which presents as one of its characteristics, language and cognitive behavior deficits. From year 2000 and on, researches show that Williams Syndrome individuals exhibit development alterations in all languages abilities. This work aims to investigate semantic development and language structure alterations in Williams Syndrome. Initially a battery of standardized tests is applied comprising Clinical Evaluation Language Fundamentals Revised – CELF-R, Language Development Evaluation – ADL and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised – PPVT -R in a population of 7 people (2 female; 5 male) aged between 7 and 16 years old. The battery of tests results showed that individuals, regarding semantic acquisition, reached age median language development well bellow of chronological age and that verbs and substantives concept acquisition evaluated by PPVT -R show an age median above when compared to ADL, which also evaluates the acquisition of adjective concepts, spatial relation, quantity and time relation. The syntax was investigated by applying Sentence Formulation subtest of CEFL-R battery which identify aspects of oral sentence formulation related to the ability to comprehend the key-word meaning and construct a grammatical phrase using proper semantic. The phrases analysis showed that only 4 individuals employed the substantive category keyword and 3 individuals employed verb category to construct sentences with proper semantic and syntax, which are the first semantic categories obtained in the typical language development. The data suggest that the level of semantic acquisition is associated to the abilities of sentence formulation.

The diploma thesis deals the children with developmental language disorder, which are included in the regular type of school, and analysis of advantages and disadvantages resulting from this integration. The thesis includes a brief description of the development of a younger school age child, the possibilities of education in the Czech Republic and the complete terminological definition of developmental language disorder from etiology, diagnostics to therapies. The main objective of the thesis is to analyze the process of integration of pupils with developmental language disorder at the first stage of a basic elementary school and to find out the possibilities of their inclusive education. It may be an inspiration for pedagogues, speech therapists, parents, and caregivers of children with developmental language disorder. The thesis can be a starting point for further scientific work that deals with similar issues.

Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka om elever med funktionshinder får motsvarande utbildning och om undervisningen är kopplad till skolan som styrdokument. Undersökningen består av intervjuer med fyra lärare som alla arbetar med studenter med nedsatt språk i sin verksamhet. Utbildarna förklarar hur de uppfattar vad en motsvarande utbildning är för elever med funktionshinder och hur de arbetar för att dessa studenter får motsvarande utbildning enligt gällande styrdokument. Resultatet är att lärarna är överens om att eleverna i sin verksamhet inte får motsvarande utbildning. Dessa pedagoger har varierande kunskap om språkstörningar medan de tycker att problemet är att all relevant personal i skolan inte har tillräckligt med kunskap om språkstörningar och inte fullt ut vet hur man anpassar sig till eleverna behöver i förhållande till nuvarande styrdokument. Sammanfattningsvis anser alla intervjuade lärare att de har varierande kunskap om språkstörningar, men den kunskapen om studenter med nedsatt språk är för liten i skolan, och med större kunskap skulle fler studenter med språkförmåga få rätt anpassning och motsvarande utbildning. Skriv in abstrakt

Språkstörning innefattar större svårigheter att förstå och uttrycka sig på sitt eller sina modersmål jämfört med jämnåriga. Språkliga förmågor har stor betydelse i skolan både för måluppfyllelse och för socialt samspel. Skolan kan bli särskilt utmanade i de högre årskurserna när skolspråket, såväl avseende form som innehåll och användning, blir allt mer avancerat. Enligt skollagen i Sverige har alla elever rätt till det stöd de behöver för att så långt som möjligt kunna utvecklas utifrån sina förutsättningar. Förutom svårigheter relaterade till skolgången kan språkstörning även leda till svårigheter kopplade till arbetsliv och delaktighet i samhället i vuxen ålder.  Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med perspektiv om upplevelser och erfarenheter hos elever med språkstörning och deras vårdnadshavare gällande skolsituationen. Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta elever med språkstörning och deras vårdnadshavare. Intervjuerna analyserades med fokus på innehållsliga aspekter av deltagarnas berättelser.  Studiens resultat visade att språkstörningen upplevdes ha konsekvenser för skolarbetet för samtliga elever. På vilka sätt varierade dock mycket i grad och omfattning. Vårdnadshavarna och eleverna berättade om utmaningar i skolan vilka främst relaterade till att läsa och skriva, nå upp till godkända betyg, få tillräckligt med stöd i skolan och i viss mån psykiskt välmående under skolgången. I intervjuerna framkom även sådant som deltagarna upplevde fungerar väl. De mest framträdande välfungerande områdena kan kopplas till praktiska skolämnen, socialt samspel och trivsel i skolan.  Slutligen konstateras att på vilka sätt språkstörning tar sig uttryck och vilka konsekvenser den får för skolarbetet varierar mycket från elev till elev. Det förekommer även stora skillnader gällande vilket stöd elever med språkstörning får i skolan. Fler studier på området vore i framtiden värdefullt för att öka förståelse och kunskap kring elever med språkstörning och deras förutsättningar och behov i skolan. Detta är viktigt för att dessa elever ska få möjlighet att utvecklas utifrån sina förutsättningar och för att minska risken för språkliga, känslomässiga och sociala konsekvenser i ett långtidsperspektiv. / Developmental language disorder (DLD) involves difficulties with understanding and expressing oneself in one´s native language or languages to a greater extent compared to peers. Linguistic abilities are important for goal attainment and social interaction in school. School can be particularly challenging in higher grades as language in school becomes increasingly advanced. According to the Swedish Education Act, all students are entitled to the support they need to develop based on their individual conditions. DLD can also lead to difficulties later in life related to working life and participation in society.  The aim of this study is to provide perspectives of students’ and caregivers’ perceptions of DLD in school context. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with eight students and their caregivers. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the interviews. The results of the study showed that DLD was perceived to have consequences for different aspects of school for all participating students, however, with varied degree and extent. The participants talked about challenging areas related to school. These were mainly related to reading, writing, grades, support in school and mental health issues. The interviews also revealed aspects of school that the participants thought worked well, especially practical school subjects, social interactions, and well-being. The study strengthens the understanding that there is a great variety between students regarding how DLD appears and what consequences it has for school and learning. The students and caregivers also witness about differences regarding opportunities to receive support in school. Further studies in this area would be valuable to increase understanding and knowledge about students with DLD and their needs in school. This is important for students’ continuous development and for decreasing risk for linguistic, emotional, and social consequences in a long-term perspective. / Likvärdig utbildning för barn med språkstörning - En studie av måluppfyllelse, erfarenheter och deltagande

Det här är en uppsats som undersöker hur man kan underlätta och anpassa för elever med språkstörning i ämnet slöjd. Skolor har börjat uppmärksamma språkstörning mer, men okunskapen är fortfarande stor. I mina undersökningar har jag tittat på vad slöjdlärare känner att de saknar för att kunna ge eleverna det stöd de behöver, vad föräldrar önskar att deras barn får för hjälp i slöjden, samt vad specialpedagoger och speciallärare rekommenderar att lärare kan göra i undervisningen med elever med språkstörning. Det har resulterat i att lärare har behov av mer kunskap, mer stöd och mer tid i sin interaktion med elever med språkstörning. Eftersom man kan säga att språkstörning ligger på ett brett spektrum eftersom det finns så många olika inriktningar behöver man kunna individanpassa till varje elev för det finns inte ett färdigt koncept som fungerar för alla även om man med visuellt stöd kan gagna de flesta elever. / This is an essay that investigates how to make the sloyd subject more managable for students with a developmental language disorder (communication disorder). Schools have started to observe developmental language disorders more, but the lack of knowledge is still substantial. In my research I have looked at what teachers feel that they lack in order to provide these students with the support they need, what type of assistance parents would like see, and recommendations from special needs teachers. This research concludes that teachers need more knowledge, support and additional time in their interaction with students with developmental language disorders. Because there is a broad spectrum of developmental language disorders, you need to make individual adjustments because there is not a ready made concept that will work for everyone even though visual support will assist all students, not just those with developmental language disorder.