The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse the significance of economic thinking and arguments in the treatment of licence agreements in EC competition law. A central question is to what degree the concept of competition in EC law reflects an economically realistic approach to competition. The study also investigates to what degree the economic functioning of intellectual property is considered in competition regulation and how much the economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered. The investigation mainly consists of a comparative analysis of EC competition law and American antitrust law concerning the economic arguments and their importance. The treatment of territorial restrictions, field of use restrictions, quantity clauses, tie-outs, tie-ins, grant back, no-challenge clauses and price restrictions are of special interest here. This study shows that an economically realistic view of competition has influenced current EC competition law, especially in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER). Exceptions from this development in the EC law are mainly due to the goal of integration of the common market. Territorial restrictions are strictly regulated in the TTBER even when the parties’ market shares are below the market thresholds defined in the regulation. The function of intellectual property rights are not much considered in EC competition law but there are general remarks about the economic functioning of patents in the Guidelines for the TTBER. However, it is difficult to find evidence for economic reasoning about patents in the formation of concrete rules. On the contrary, patents are weakened by the widened concept of exhaustion presented in the Guidelines. The economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered in the rules of TTBER and the economic arguments for clauses which create incentives for making investments or give the possibility of control are acknowledged. However, the free riding argument has a weak position when applied to territorial restrictions, which are more formalistically regulated. The EC competition law has become more similar to American antitrust law. The decisive difference consists in the judicial treatment of territorial restrictions, where the goal of integration is still of central importance in EC law.

The objective of this study is to analyse the formation of older and ageing drivers in Swedish transportation policy. Documents from the Swedish Government, the Riksdag and, in a few cases, public authorities and newspapers are analysed. The discourse-analytical framework is inspired by Foucault’s archaeology, which is used as a tool box. The study identifies/constructs three periods in the formation of older and ageing drivers. In the first period (1934–1967) there is a discursive gap between statements about driver selection and traffic safety. Driving in ‘old age’ is a problem for medical expertise and mandatory tests are proposed. The proposals are rejected, as older people’s driving is not a problem in the discourse of traffic safety. In the second period (1967–1991) ‘older drivers’ is made up as a category of interest. ‘Older drivers’ become an accident population in the discourse of traffic safety due to changes in statistical practices. In the third period (1991–2006) a discourse of older peo-ple’s mobility is appearing alongside the discourses of traffic safety and driver selection. Moreover, the study traces how the statements of older and ageing drivers are ordered by more general ideas of the aged and ageing. Double discourses of ageing are followed by a dichotomisation in ‘healthy’ and ‘sick older drivers’ in the 1990s. The idea of an abrupt exit in old age alters to a more gradual exit, in its turn followed by challenging the very idea of exit.

Resumé Dans ces études sur le droit de la propriété intellectuelle on essaye désigner comment fonctionne l‘interception des principes géneraux de droit d’auteur. Dans le cadre de législation national et international l‘oeuvre qui était créé pendant le travail intellectuel et créatif. Appliqué la protection au droit auteur, le droit du public à l’information viendra protéger les intérets des utilisateurs des oeuvres. Cependent, suite à une évolution récente, le champ de protection du droit d’auteur a été démesurément étendu, ce qui a eu pour effet de remettre en cause cet équilibre, de sorte que le droit public à l’information est à présent insuffisamment pris en compte au sein de la législation du droit d’auteur. En l’espèce on a comparé le droit lituanien avec le droit français pour decouvrir les différences entre les législations, comment on désigne le droit d’auteur, la protection des ces droits appliqués. La question posée: avons-nous réussi dresser le bilan entre les droits d��auteur et les droit des utilisateurs, la question reste encore ouverte, les principes fundamentales sont instaurés dans les normes juridiques, pourtant le jurisprudence doute et ne peut pas décrire les limites des termes.

Ce texte a pour ambition d'expliquer les tenants et aboutissants de la brevetabilité des logiciels. Dans cette optique, notre première partie consistera à poser les bases du débat. Cela sera notamment fait en analysant les raisons pour lesquelles la brevetabilité des logiciels a été consacrée. Le texte mettra ainsi l'emphase sur l'inefficacité du droit d'auteur à protéger les logiciels. En outre, l'étude du mécanisme du brevet nous montrera que ce dernier constituait une solution plus adaptée que le droit d'auteur à la protection des logiciels. Ensuite, dans le cadre d'une seconde partie, il s'agira d'analyser le phénomène de la brevetabilité en tant que telle, au travers de notre champ d'étude, en l'occurrence le Canada, les États-Unis et les États européens. Cela consistera tout d'abord à apprécier l'ampleur du phénomène, à savoir s'il s'est plus ou moins développé en fonction de tel(s) ou tel(s) État(s). Les États-Unis ayant pleinement consacré la brevetabilité des logiciels, quand d'autres l'ont plus ou moins rejeté, le texte, se focalisant principalement sur la société américaine, analysera les conséquences engendrées par cette adoption, notamment en terme de concurrence et d'innovation. En outre, afin de pouvoir apprécier l'opportunité de la brevetabilité des logiciels, une comparaison de l'état du système de brevet américain avec les systèmes canadien et français sera nécessaire. Un constat assez pessimiste à l'égard de l'actuelle brevetabilité des logiciels étant alors établi, le texte proposera des aménagements au système des brevets afin que l'innovation et la concurrence dans le secteur du logiciel soit préservée ou rétablie. / The purpose of this text is to explain the issues of software patentability. From this perspective our first part will set up the background of the debate. It will be done in particular by analysing the reasons why software patentability was adopted. The text will thus emphasize the ineffectiveness of copyright in protecting software. Moreover a study of the patent mechanism will reveal that this system is better suited to protect software than copyright is. Next, within the second part we will analyse the patentability phenomenom as it relates to our field of study, namely, Canada, the United States of America and European countries. First of aIl, this will consist in assessing the scope of the phenomenom, that is to say if it is more or less developed in a given country. Insofar as the United States of America has totally accepted the patentability software, while sorne other countries have more or less rejected it, the text, focusing mainly on the American society, will analyse the consequences generated by the adoption of this notion (i.e., the patentability of software), in particular considering competition and innovation. Moreover, in order to evaluate software patentability is a more opportune choice, a comparison between the American patent system with the Canadian and French ones will be necessary. A rather pessimistic conclusion regarding the current acceptance of software patentability being drawn, the text will suggest sorne adjustments to the patent system in order to preserve or restore innovation and competition into the software market. / Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.LM.)

This thesis explores how massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), as an exemplary new media form, disrupt practices associated with more conventional media. These intensely social games exploit the interactivity and networks afforded by new media technologies in ways that generate new challenges for the organisation, control and regulation of media. The involvement of players in constituting these games - through their production of game-play, derivative works and strong social networks that drive the profitability of the games - disrupts some of the key foundations that underlie other publication media. MMOGs represent a new and hybrid form of media - part publication and part service. As such they sit within a number of sometimes contradictory organising and regulatory regimes. This thesis examines the negotiations and struggles for control between players, developers and publishers as issues of ownership, governance and access arise out of the new configurations. Using an ethnographic approach to gather information and insights into the practices of players, developers and publishers, this project identifies the characteristics of the distributed production network in this experiential medium. It explores structural components of successful interactive applications and analyses how the advent of player agency and the shift in authorship has meant a shift in control of the text and the relations that surround it. The integration of social networks into the textual environment, and into the business model of the media publishers has meant commerce has become entwined with affect in a new way in this medium. Publishers have moved into the role of both property managers, of the intellectual property associated with the game content, and community managers. Intellectual property management is usually associated with the reproduction and distribution of finished media products, and this sits uneasily with the performative and mutable form of this medium. Service provision consists of maintaining the game world environment, community management, providing access for players to other players and to the content generated both by the developers and the other players. Content in an MMOG is identified in this project as both the 'tangible' assets of code and artwork, rules and text, and the 'intangible' or immaterial assets of affective networks. Players are no longer just consumers of media, or even just active interpreters of media. They are co-producing the media as it is developed. This thesis frames that productiveness as unpaid labour, in an attempt to denaturalise the dominant discourse which casts players as consumers. The regulation of this medium is contentious. Conventional forms of media regulation - such as copyright, or content regulation regimes are inadequate for regulating the hybrid service/publication medium. This thesis explores how the use of contracts as the mechanism which constitutes the formal relations between players, publishers and developers creates challenges to some of the regimes of juridical and political rights held by citizens more generally. This thesis examines the productive practices of players and how the discourses of intellectual property and the discourses of the consumer are mobilised to erase the significance of those productive contributions. It also shows, using a Foucauldian analysis of the power negotiations, that players employ many counter-strategies to circumvent the more formal legal structures of the publishers. The dialogic relationship between players, developers and publishers is shown to mobilise various discursive constructions of the role of each. The outcome of these ongoing negotiations may well shape future interactive applications and the extent to which their innovative capacities will be available for all stakeholders to develop.

Vortrag über aktuell bedeutsame Probleme des Urheberrechts mit dem Schwerpunkt Open Access-Lizenzierung

Det ingår i ögonsjuksköterskans arbetsuppgifter att mäta synfunktioner och att informera om undersökningsresultat. Det kan kännas svårt att lämna information om att patientens syn inte uppfyller gällande synkrav för körkort, då informationen kan påverka patientens livskvalité negativt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka ögonsjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att informera patienten om att synkraven för körkort inte uppnås. En intervjustudie genomfördes där nio ögonsjuksköterskor medverkade. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys utfördes sedan på insamlad data. Tre kategorier framkom: personcentrering vid informationstillfället, patientreaktioner påverkar informationstillfället samt omständigheter påverkar informationstillfället. Resultatet visade att ögonsjuksköterskorna var djupt involverade i körkortsärenden och de flesta kände ansvar att informera patienten när synkraven för körkort inte uppnåddes. Genom ett personcentrerat förhållningsätt försökte ögonsjuksköterskorna skapa de bästa förutsättningarna för att göra patienten delaktig. Informationstillfället påverkades av patientens reaktioner samt andra omständigheter så som vilken diagnos patienten hade och vilka konsekvenser informationen skulle kunna innebära för patienten. Det visade sig vara av betydelse att ögonsjuksköterskorna hade goda kunskaper i handhavande och bedömningar i körkortsfrågor varför sådan utbildning rekommenderas. Oftalmologiska verksamheter bör avsätta tillräckligt med tid till dessa patientbesök då även detta visade sig vara viktigt. För att ytterligare förbättra den oftalmologiska omvårdnaden är det angeläget att i kommande studier belysa patientens upplevelse av informationstillfället. / It is part of the ophthalmic nurse’s duties to measure functions relating to sight and to report outcomes of such examinations. It can feel difficult to deliver information about sight no longer being sufficient to fulfil the requirements for a drivers’ licence, as such information may negatively impact quality of life. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of ophthalmic nurses in informing the patients that their vision no longer fulfils the requirements for holding a drivers’ license. The study comprised interviews in which nine nurses participated. A qualitative content analysis of the collected data was conducted. Three categories emerged: person-centering the delivery of information, reactions of patient affect the delivery of information and circumstances affect the delivery of information. The results show that ophthalmic nurses were deeply involved in drivers’ licence cases, and most of them felt a responsibility to inform patients when their sight fell short of requirements for drivers’ license. By means of a person-centred approach, nurses attempted to create the best conditions in which to involve patients. The time of information delivery was impacted by the reactions of patients, as well as other circumstances such as the type of patient diagnosis and the consequences this information might have for the patient. It was deemed significant that ophthalmic nurses had good knowledge of process and judgment in matters of drivers’ licenses, why such education is recommended. Sufficient time for those meetings was shown to be important. In order to further improve ophthalmic caring, it is important to also highlight the patients’ experience at the time of information.

Dans le Cloud, peu de travaux traitent de l’analyse de l’usage réel et dynamique des logiciels consommés afin de déterminer les coûts réels engendrés et le respect des droits acquis auprès des fournisseurs de ces ressources. L’émergence de la pratique du Software Asset Management (SAM) traduit pourtant la préoccupation grandissante des industriels et des ‘Telcos’ (Entreprises de télécommunications) face à la complexité des modèles de licences dans des environnements virtualisés qui bouleversent nos usages de logiciel.La réponse des éditeurs de logiciel est souvent une incitation à ne plus suivre la consommation de licences, par le biais de contrats onéreux de consommation illimitée, rendant impossible une politique de maîtrise des coûts. Pour les utilisateurs finaux comme pour les fournisseurs de services cloud, il devient impératif de maîtriser et d’optimiser le déploiement des licences dans le Cloud.L’objectif devient celui de maitriser les besoins logiciels, au plus proche du temps réel, puis de générer des scénarii d’optimisation basés sur l’évolution de la consommation en modélisant les coûts réels afférents. Cela représente un levier de gains considérables pour tous les acteurs du cycle de vie du logiciel.Le contexte d’étude couvre l’ensemble du scope du Cloud (applications, plateformes, infrastructures et réseaux). Les travaux présentés ici s’attache à reconstituer tout le cycle de vie du logiciel, de l’achat jusqu’à la désinstallation, en intégrant les contraintes liées à sa nature ou à son usage. Nous proposons de résoudre le verrou majeur de l’identification du logiciel et de ses droits d’usage par la création et le suivi d’un tag.Nous proposons également une modélisation innovante s’appuyant sur une base de données graphe qui permet d’intégrer l’instantanéité des changements de configuration, de prendre en compte les différentes responsabilités impliquées par les niveaux de services offerts, tout en offrant la souplesse nécessaire pour supporter à la fois des modèles de licence classiques, ou à l’usage.Deux cas d’usages seront envisagés pour juger de la pertinence des modèles proposés : la gestion des licences dans un contexte de Plateforme as a Service (PaaS) et dans un cas de virtualisation de réseau (NFV). / Bout Cloud, only few works deals with dynamic and real usage analyse of deployed software in order to determine the true related costs, and licensing compliance with acquired rights from the software editors.However, the emergence of Software Asset Management (SAM) shows the growing concerns of the industry and carriers facing the licensing model complexity especially in virtualized environments where the software usage is disrupted.Editor’s answer consists in proposing to stop following this consumption via very expensive illimited-usage contracts. It makes impossible implementation of true cost management policies. For final users like for cloud service providers, it is crucial to manage and optimize license deployment in cloud environments.The aim is first to control Software need, as close as possible to real time, then to generate optimization scenario based on consumption evolution by cost modelization.It represents a valuable saving leverage and may let spring up new licensing model, more profitable for each software lifecycle’s stakeholders.Usage context covers all scope of Cloud (application, infrastructure and network). Our works propose to rebuild the Software life-cycle, from procurement to deinstallation, encompassing the constraints of it nature and usages. We propose to solve software identification issue by creation and monitoring of tags.Additionally, we propose an innovative modeling based on a graph database which allows instant integration of configuration changes, to take into account the different level of responsibility induced by the different level of granted services. It offers enough flexibility to handle classical licensing models as use-based model which are often more attractive for cloud-users.Two use-cases will be developed to evaluate our models ‘efficiency : the software licensing management in PaaS (Plateform as a Service) context and in NFV environments (Network Function Virtualization).

The licence is a regulatory tool that regulatory use to assist in their regulatory functions. Licences restricts operator’s’ functions, but also serve as a guideline of acceptable conduct because a licence is a legally binding document containing prescribed conditions that the licencee must meet. If the licencee does not comply with these prescribed obligations and requirements, the licence may be revoked or the licencee may be penalized (Bladwin & Cave 1999). However, in order fro the mechanism of issuing a licence to be an effective mechanism of regulation, the regulator needs to regulate effectively in order to ensure that the licencee’s performance is of acceptable standard. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between issuing a licence and the licencee’s performance; to investigate whether the performance indicators, as defined by ICASA, are adequate, and to develop appropriate performance indicators in order to evaluate Cell C’s performance. Issuing a licence to licencee does not guarantee that the performance of the licencee, such as Cell C, will be effective. Thus, the licencee needs to be evaluated. The case study design has been used for this project. The methodology includes in-dept interviews, documentary analysis, and implementation evaluation research. The report concludes that Cell C has met its licence obligations, that licencing is coupled with effective mechanisms to ensure that the licencee complies with performance requirements, but that, in order for the licencee to improve its performance, effective regulatory intervention is needed. / Communication Science / MA (International Communication)

Cette thèse étudie le phénomène de la présence et de la circulation de la littérature de développement personnel destinée à l’éducation dans les licences de Pédagogie. Elle se propose de comprendre et de problématiser l’insertion du genre développement personnel parmi les pratiques de lecture d’étudiants en formation pour l’exercice de la profession d’enseignant. Elle a pour objectifs d’analyser les modes par lesquels les étudiantes établissent des rapports avec ces lectures, leurs motivations et les répercussions dans leurs pratiques, ainsi que la problématisation des significations attribuées à l’ascension de la littérature de développement personnel tournée vers la profession d’enseignant. L’enquête a rassemblé des informations sur les pratiques de lecture de deux cents vingt-quatre (224) étudiantes de licence en Pédagogie dans cinq Institutions d’Enseignement Supérieur (IES), situées dans l’État de Rio Grande do Sul. L’empirie est constituée de données quantitatives et qualitatives, issues des réponses obtenues à partir d’un questionnaire et d’entretiens semi-directifs avec les étudiantes et les chefs de département de licence de Pédagogie. La problématisation théorique s’appuie sur des auteurs thématisant la littérature de développement personnel, la formation d’enseignants et les pratiques de lecture, dont Roger Chartier, Bernard Charlot, Francisco Rüdiger, Fernando Ampudia de Haro, Arquilau Romão e Dora Marín-Díaz. Les données recueillies nous permettent d’affirmer que la littérature de développement personnel pour les enseignants intègre les pratiques de lecture d’étudiantes de la licence de Pédagogie, soit comme lectures de formation, suggérées par les professeurs de la licence en question, soit comme lecture professionnelle ou lecture du temps libre. D’après les étudiantes, la littérature de développement personnel se présente comme une lecture accessible, pratique, facile à comprendre, stimulante et agréable. Une approche émotionnelle est évoquée par la discursivité caractéristique du genre et est fortement présente dans les publications d’Augusto Cury, Içami Tiba, Gabriel Chalita e Hamilton Werneck. D’après les récits des étudiantes, ces publications suscitent une réflexion sur leurs pratiques d’enseignement et les aident dans la préparation des cours. En outre, les ouvrages de développement personnel ont été indiqués par quelques professeurs de licence de Pédagogie, ce qui rend évident l’urgence de dialogues et d’appréciations critiques dans les licences des IES qui ont participé à cette étude sur les effets de légitimité produits à partir des indications issues du corps enseignant dans la formation initiale. / Trata-se de tese que investiga o fenômeno da presença e circulação da literatura de autoajuda voltada à educação em cursos de Pedagogia. Propõe compreender e problematizar a inserção do gênero autoajuda entre as práticas de leitura de estudantes em formação para o exercício da profissão docente. Dentre os objetivos, destaca-se a análise dos modos como as estudantes se relacionam com essas leituras, suas motivações e as repercussões em suas práticas, bem como a problematização dos significados que assume o ascenso da literatura de autoajuda considerando a profissão docente. A investigação reuniu informações sobre práticas de leitura de duzentas e vinte e quatro (224) estudantes de cursos de Pedagogia de cinco Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), situadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A empiria está composta por dados quantitativos e qualitativos, resultantes de respostas obtidas a partir da aplicação de questionário e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com estudantes e coordenações de cursos de Pedagogia. A problematização teórica se pauta em autores que tematizam a literatura de autoajuda, a formação de professores e as práticas de leitura, em especial Roger Chartier, Bernard Charlot, Francisco Rüdiger, Fernando Ampudia de Haro, Arquilau Romão e Dora Marín-Díaz. Os dados coletados permitem afirmar que a literatura de autoajuda para professores integra as práticas de leitura de estudantes de cursos de Pedagogia, seja como leitura de formação, sugerida pelos docentes do curso, seja como leitura profissional ou de tempo livre. Segundo as estudantes, a literatura de autoajuda apresenta-se como leitura acessível, prática, fácil de entender, motivadora, prazerosa. Uma abordagem emocional é evocada pela discursividade característica do gênero e está fortemente presente nas publicações de Augusto Cury, Içami Tiba, Gabriel Chalita e Hamilton Werneck. Ainda segundo os relatos das estudantes, estas promovem a reflexão sobre suas práticas docentes e auxiliam no planejamento pedagógico. As narrativas das estudantes apontaram que títulos de autoajuda foram indicados por alguns professores de seus cursos de Pedagogia, o que evidencia a urgência de diálogos e apreciações críticas nos cursos das IES participantes sobre os efeitos de legitimidade que são produzidos a partir das indicações vindas do corpo docente na formação inicial. / This is a thesis that investigates the phenomenon of the presence and circulation of Education-focused self-help literature in Pedagogy courses. It aims to understand and discuss the inclusion of self-help genre among reading practices of students working to become teachers. Among the objectives, the highlight is the analysis of the ways in which students relate to these readings, their motivations and the impact on their practices, as well as the discussion of the meanings of the rise of self-help literature considering the teaching profession. The research gathered information about reading practices of two hundred and twenty four (224) students of Pedagogy courses from five Higher Education Institutions (HEI), located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The empiria is composed of quantitative and qualitative data resulting from responses to questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with students and coordinators of Pedagogy courses. The theoretical discussion is based on authors who thematise self-help literature, teacher education and reading practices, especially Roger Chartier, Bernard Charlot, Francisco Rüdiger, Fernando Ampudia de Haro, Arquilau Romao and Dora Marín-Díaz. The collected data enables to state that the self-help literature for teachers is part of the reading practices of Pedagogy students, both as class readings, recommended by the course teachers, and as professional or free time readings. According to the students, the self-help literature is easy to read and understand, practical, motivating, enjoyable. An emotional approach is evoked by the typical discursivity of this genre and is strongly present in publications of Augusto Cury, Içami Tiba, Gabriel Chalita and Hamilton Werneck. According to the students’ statements, these publications promote reflections on their teaching practices and are helpful for the pedagogic planning process. The students’ narratives indicated that self-help books were suggested by some of their teachers from the Pedagogy courses, which highlights the urgent need for dialogue and critical assessment in the participating HEI’s courses about the effects of legitimacy that are produced by course teachers’ reading suggestions in the early years of teacher education.