Studiens syfte är att undersöka och belysa de normer kring femininitet som modemagasinet ELLE förmedlar genom text och bild. Genom kritisk diskursanalys av text och semiotisk bildanalys av annonser ämnar vi belysa hur tidningen konstruerar kön ur ett genusperspektiv. Vi har använt oss av tre metoder för att studera detta, kvantitativ innehållsanalys, kritisk diskursanalys och semiotisk bildanalys. För attanalysera vårt resultat har vi använd oss av fyra olika teorier; Laclau och Mouffe’s diskursteori, Yvonne Hirdmans genussystem, Elwin-Nowak & Thomsson’s Att göra kön samt Judith Butlers modell om den heterosexuella matrisen. Studien bekräftade vår tes att modemagasinet ELLE föreskriver en rad olika normer kring hur en kvinna bör vara, se ut och agera. Det blev tydligt att ELLE långt ifrån omedvetet konstruerar könen man och kvinna och visar upp en normerande vithet och heterosexualitet där fokusligger på framgång och lycka via heterosexuella relationer, klassisk femininitet och maskulinitet. Vi såg också en markant skillnad i hur tidningen porträtterar män och kvinnor. / The Purpose of this study is to examine and highlight the norms of femininity that the fasion magazine ELLE communicates through text and image. Through critical discourse analysis of the texts and semiotic analysis of the advertisements we intend to illustrate how the magazine constructs maskulinity and femininity from a gender perspective. To study this, we have used three methods; quantitative content analysis, critical discourse analysis and semiotic analysis. We used four different theories to analyze our results: Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory, Yvonne Hirdman’s gender system, Elwin-Nowak & Thomsson's making gender and Judith Butler's model of the heterosexual matrix. The study confirmed our thesis that the fashion magazine ELLE provides a wide range ofstandards on how a woman should be, look and act. It became clear that ELLE far from unknowingly constructs gender roles and presents a normative whiteness and heterosexuality where the focus is put on success and happiness through heterosexual relations, classic femininity and masculinity. We also saw a marked difference in how the magazine portrays men and women.

The electricity demand of a waste water treatment plants follows the diurnal pattern of society, and this generally leads to higher demand when the market price is high. The possibility to adapt the operation after price variation has been known since long, but few studies have been published. It has been suggested that the influent can be redistributed using an equalization basin, and one study showed 16 % reduction in cost with equalization to constant flow. Oxygen supply by aeration uses the major part of electricity, and adaptation of aeration intensity has also been suggested. However, this requires respect for effluent limits, especially for nitrogen, as larger plants are often equipped with nitrogen removal. In this study, optimal control of aeration was used to evaluate the potential of adapted aeration. Use of an equalization basin was also studied. A reduced version of Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 was used, with only one basin. Aeration was optimized for minimal cost given a price profile for 24 hours, under a constraint on ammonia discharge. Cost was reduced with 1-2.5 % compared to energy-optimal control. Constant flow equalization showed an energy reduction of 2.5-12 %, and a cost reduction of additionally up to 5 %. Control adapted after price gave another 1-3 % savings. The nitrification process is sensitive to oxygen and ammonia concentration. This makes it difficult to redistribute nitrification over the day, especially with a one basin model. It is therefore motivated to study a model with more basins.

La proximité constitue l’une des préoccupations stratégiques actuelles majeures de la distribution alimentaire. Cette recherche porte sur les raisons de la réhabilitation des formats de proximité et s’intéresse aux représentations de la proximité d’un magasin par les distributeurs et par les consommateurs. Il ressort des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives menées auprès des distributeurs et des consommateurs que cette distance spatiale, temporelle, fonctionnelle et social qui unit un magasin et ses clients est multidimensionnelle. Sept dimensions ont été identifiées : la proximité d’accès, la proximité fonctionnelle, la proximité de processus, la proximité relationnelle, la proximité identitaire, la proximité d’intégration et la proximité d’assortiment. Certains points de convergence et divergence apparaissent dans les représentations de la proximité d’un magasin par les distributeurs et les consommateurs. Plus généralement, tous deux perçoivent les aspects symboliques et fonctionnels du magasin de proximité. Les représentations de la proximité d’un magasin du point de vue des distributeurs sont plus complètes et positives ; les consommateurs se concentrent davantage sur les aspects fonctionnels et utilitaires du magasin de proximité. Le test des hypothèses du modèle théorique (PLS) nous amènent finalement à identifier les antécédents de la proximité perçue d’un magasin (positionnement perçu et localisation géographique) et ses conséquences (intentions d’achat futures, évaluation positive et attachement). Nos résultats démontrent que la localisation géographique ne suffit pas à créer une relation entre client et le magasin. Le distributeur ne doit pas se contenter d’être géographiquement près de son client pour être proche de lui ; il doit dépasser la vision géographique de la proximité pour valoriser d’autres aspects fonctionnels et symboliques / Getting close to the consumer is one major concern in retailing. This research tries to understand the rehabilitation of small food stores in the French retailing context and explores the notion of closeness in all in its dimensions from a retailer as well as a consumer perspective. The research involves data collection from both retail companies and consumers. The qualitative and quantitative analysis show that creating closeness with the customer can be defined as the management of the spatial, temporal, functional and social distance that links a store to its customers. Seven dimensions can be identified: the access closeness, the functional closeness, the process closeness, the relational closeness, the identity closeness, the integration closeness and the assortment closeness. Some convergence or difference points between the retailers and the consumers perceptions can be describe. In general, managers and consumers both establish a dichotomy between practical and symbolic aspects of closeness. We can observe that managers see the relationship between the store and its clients in a more positive and global way whereas consumers are more rational and focus on practical elements. The tests of the hypothesis show us that the retailer image and the geographical location of the store have both a positive effect on perceived closeness to a store. Also, perceived closeness to a store increases consumer’s loyalty to the store. Our results demonstrate that location of the store is not enough to create a close relationship between the customer and the store; the closeness between a customer and a store is not only based on a spatial distance but also on a temporal, functional and social distance. Being close to its consumers not only means being close to them geographically. The consumer prefers a broader vision of closeness including practical and symbolic aspects

Malgré que le Vietnam quitte le haut de 30 pays dans le monde en termes d’attraction, le marché de détail vietnamien est évalué à avoir un grand potentiel pour les détaillants étrangers à exploiter. Plusieurs détaillants vietnamiens reconnaissent cela comme une menace et font de leur mieux pour établir leurs marques dans le pays. Cependant, dans cette situation difficile, la formation et le développement des supermarchés locaux sont presque spontanés (Nhieu, 2006). Les responsables des supermarchés locaux n'étudient pas prudemment le comportement des consommateurs ainsi que la concurrence des supermarchés étrangers. Ces problèmes ci-dessus nous motivent à établir un système de soutien comme un outil de gestion de vente au détail pour les gestionnaires. Grâce à ce système de soutien, les gestionnaires de détail non seulement pénètrent facilement le comportement de leurs consommateurs en gérant l’attraction de magasin, mais aussi tiennent compte de la concurrence de leurs rivaux. Notre objectif principal est d'identifier les dimensions de l’attraction de magasin et de développer les modèles prédictifs pour expliquer l'importance des variables d’attribut afin de prédire l’attraction de magasin par la fréquentation. Bien que le choix de point de vente par les consommateurs ait fait l'objet de nombreuses recherches, encore qu'il semble y avoir un grand débat sur la signification et le sens des déterminants du choix de magasin. Nous avons cherché à enquêter sur cette question controversée dans notre thèse, dans le but de fournir une vue plus complète sur la fréquentation de détail. Le prochain objectif de notre recherche est d'étudier le comportement de choix de magasin des consommateurs et la politique commerciale des distributeurs au travers de la promotion. La théorie de la politique de promotion des détaillants nous conduit à une approche globale. Nous considérons l’ensemble des éléments de la politique commerciale des détaillants tels que la qualité du produit, le niveau des prix, etc, et bien évidemment la promotion. En outre, nous tenons compte de la concurrence des rivaux dans les zones géographiques que nous étudions. / Despite leaving the top of 30 countries in the world in terms of attractiveness, Vietnamese retail market is evaluated to have a great potential for the foreign retailers to exploit. Many Vietnamese retailers recognize this as a threat and are doing their best to establish their brands in the country. However, in this difficult situation, the formation and development of the local supermarkets are almost spontaneous (Nhieu, 2006). The managers of the local supermarkets do not study prudently the patronage behavior of the consumers as well as the competition of the foreign supermarkets. These above problems motivate us to establish a support system as a retailing management tool for the retail managers. Thanks to this support system, retail mangers not only penetrate easily their consumers’ behavior by management of store attraction but also take into account the competition of their rivals. The primary objective is to identify the dimensions of store attraction and to develop predictive models to explain the importance of store attributes variables in predicting store attraction through store patronage. Though the choice of retail outlet by consumers has been subject of a considerable amount of research, still there seems to be a huge debate on the significance and the direction of store choice determinants. We aimed to investigate this controversial issue in our thesis, for the purpose of providing a more comprehensive view on retail patronage. The next objective of our research is to study the store choice behavior of the consumers and the commercial policy of the retailers through the promotion. The theory of the promotional policy of the retailers leads us to a global approach. We consider total of the elements of the commercial policy of the retailers such as the product quality, the price level, etc. and obviously the promotion. In addition, we take into account the concurrence of the rivals within the geographical areas that we study.

This bachelor thesis has been carried out in collaboration with Nitator at Oskarström, Elvis Vodenicarevic has acted as the contact person from the company. Håkan Petersson has acted as responsible supervisor from Högskolan i Halmstad. The purpose of the project is to automate the welding process for two articles. The considered method and equipment will result in cost savings and quality assurance. Currently the welding operation is done manually, where the purpose of the project lies within automation of the welding process. The process will be mostly handled by robots the only human interaction, except for service and maintenance, will be operators feeding material to the magazine. During the time spent at Halmstad University, the students have accumulated the information and experience in design and production that have been the basis for the design of the work. The understanding is based on courses that include mechanics, strength, production development, machine elements, solid modeling and structural analysis. The foundation of the working methodology is based on Fredy Olsson's methods of principle and primary construction. With these methods as support, a complete fixture and magazine has been designed as part of an automated welding process. During the development, the strength and fatigue resistance of the components were checked in Catia V5's analysis function Generative structural analysis. This is to ensure a product that is capable of the loads that occur. This report will mainly deal with the work that has been done regarding the development of the fixture solution. From page 20-23 comes a summary of the most vital parts of the design of the magazine.

I samband med kommande klimatförändringar kommer antalet skyfall och perioder av torka att öka i världen vilket i sin tur ställer större krav på städers dagvattenhantering. Ett sätt att förbättra dagvattenhanteringen är att införa vattenåteranvändning i byggnader. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att utreda olika referensobjekt inom Norden som planerar att införa denna sorts teknik, eller som redan etablerat tekniken på marknaden. Arbetet ämnar även att utforska olika driftrelaterade frågor samt utreda vilken teknik som är mest lönsam utifrån faktorerna effektiv återvinning av dagvatten, projektkostnad samt poänggivande möjligheter inom olika miljöcertifieringssystem. För att besvara de formulerade frågeställningarna utfördes fem intervjuer baserat på en semistrukturerad intervjuteknik med individer insatta i de olika referensobjekten. Därutöver granskades ett flertal dokument som införskaffats från de olika företagen, både från intervjuobjekten men även från andra inblandade. En modell i programmeringsprogrammet MATLAB togs fram för att beräkna antalet dagar då det insamlade dagvattnet täcker behovet i byggnaderna övriga beräkningar gjordes i Excel där data inhämtats från SMHI:s hemsida över historisk data. Efter vidare undersökning framkom det att det inom Norden finns fem aktuella projekt varav ett är i projekteringsfasen, ett i byggnadsfasen och tre är i drift. Sergelhuset i Stockholm är det största projektet sett till takyta. Huset försörjer systemet flest antal dagar av året med tillräckligt dagvattenmängd för att täcka upp det dagliga vattenbehovet i byggnaden. Citypassagen i Örebro bedömdes vara minst kostnadseffektivt då projektet hade högst kostnader samtidigt som byggnaden hade minst antal dagvattenförsörjningsdagar. Då information saknas för Skanskas huvudkontor och Humlehuset kunde dessa referensobjekt inte jämföras på likartat sätt. Det framkom även att det vanligaste förekommande miljöcertifieringssystemet var LEED som tillämpats inom både Sergelhuset, Celsius och Skanskas huvudkontor. Samtliga projekt har ambitioner om att nå den högsta nivån, platinum, främst på grund av kommersiella skäl. Citypassagen hade ansökt om Miljöbyggnad och beräknas att certifieras enligt näst högsta nivån - Silver. / Due to future climate change, the number of downpours and periods of drought will increase which in turn will put greater demands on urban stormwater management. One way to improve stormwater management is to implement water recycling in buildings. The purpose of this essay is therefore to investigate projects in the Nordic region who are planning to implement this kind of technology or already have implemented it. The essay also aims to explore various connected operational issues and see which technology is most profitable based on the factors; efficient stormwater recycling, project cost and the possibility to give points in different environmental certification systems. In order to fulfil the purpose of the essay, five interviews were conducted based on a semi-structured interview technique with individuals familiar with the projects. In addition, several documents collected from the same individuals and others involved were also examined. A model in the programming software MATLAB was generated to enable calculation of the number of days the buildings were able to provide the storm water system with a volume of rainwater large enough to cover the daily need. Other calculations were performed in Excel where data over downpour has been obtained from SMHI’s website over historical data. Only five current projects could be found within the Nordic region, one of which is in the planning phase, one in the construction phase and three are in operation. Sergelhuset in Stockholm is the largest project based to roof area. The building provides the stormwater system with rainwater large enough to cover the water requirement during the highest number of days. Citypassagen in Örebro was the least cost-effective since the project had the highest costs while at the same time it had the least number of water supply days, only 69 days of the year the system was provided only with rainwater. Skanska's head office and Humlehuset were not included in the comparison since essential information was missing. It also emerged that the most common environmental certification system was LEED, which was used in both Sergelhuset, Celsius and Skanska's head office. All projects have ambitions to reach the highest level, platinum, mainly because of commercial reasons. Citypassagen has applied for Miljöbyggnad - level Silver.

La question de l’assortiment des produits dans les magasins est devenue un enjeu stratégique majeur pour pénétrer les nouveaux marchés et fidéliser les clients. La forte progression des marques de distributeur (MDD) face aux marques nationales (MN) et l’internationalisation croissante des enseignes de distribution sont deux bouleversements qui ont particulièrement retenu l’attention des chercheurs et des praticiens ces dernières années.Dans ce contexte, la problématique centrale de cette thèse est de comprendre les facteurs explicatifs du comportement d’achat envers les produits MDD. Dans le cadre d’une posture épistémologique hypothético-déductive, nous adoptons une approche psycho-cognitive tout en prenant en compte les travaux issus de l’achat impulsif. Dans ce sens, une revue des travaux antérieurs combinée à une étude qualitative exploratoire multi-méthodes (étude documentaire, entretiens avec 24 consommateurs et entretiens 8 managers) a été effectuée au Brésil. Nous avons par la suite conçu un modèle conceptuel intégrateur des déterminants du choix de la MDD, formulé des hypothèses de recherche et effectué les tests de validation avec un échantillon de 600 consommateurs brésiliens. Les résultats ont permis de valider une nouvelle échelle de mesure bidimensionnelle de l’image prix perçue des MDD. Ils montrent aussi que les facteurs explicatifs du choix de la MDD sont multiples et de nature diverse (perception de la valeur des MDD, attitude générale envers les MDD, perception de l’image du magasin, image prix perçue des MDD, familiarité avec le magasin, etc.). Ils indiquent également que l’importance des relations structurelles du modèle varie en fonction du caractère international ou local de l’enseigne.La discussion des résultats aboutit à la formulation de recommandations managériales (variables qui affectent le plus le comportement d’achat envers les MDD des enseignes étudiées et la perception de l’image du magasin) et méthodologiques (orthogonalisation pour tester la modération des variables latentes de second ordre). La conclusion synthétise les apports, limites et voies de recherche futures. / The question of product and brand assortment within the stores has become a major strategic challenge to penetrate new markets and retain customers. Two changes that have particularly caught the attention of researchers and practitioners are the strong growth of store brands (SBs) compared to national brands (NB) and the increasing internationalization of retail chains.In this context, the central issue of this thesis is to understand factors explaining purchase behavior toward SB products. In this sense, a review of previous work combined with a qualitative multi-method study (desk research, interviews with 24 consumers and 8 managers) was conducted in Brazil. We then developed an integrated conceptual model of the determinants of SB choice, proposed research hypotheses and performed the validation tests with a sample of 600 Brazilian consumers.The results allow us to validate a new two-dimensional scale of SB perceived price-image. They also show that factors explaining SB choice are numerous and diverse in nature (SB perceived value, general attitude towards SBs, store image perceptions, perceived SB price-image, etc.). They also indicate that the importance of the structural paths in the model depends on the retailer as local or international.The discussion of the results leads to managerial recommendations (variables that most affect purchase behavior toward SBs and store image perceptions) and methodological ones (orthogonalization to test the moderation of second order latent variables). The conclusion summarizes the contributions, limitations and future research avenues.

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L’une des voies d’innovation plébiscitées par les détaillants pour orchestrer l’évolution de leur proposition de valeur consiste à réviser le design des espaces de vente. Les contributions académiques sur l’expérience en magasin se sont concentrées sur les perceptions des consommateurs ainsi que sur le repérage de pratiques managériales significatives. En prenant pour objet la traduction du repositionnement d’une enseigne par le design expérientiel des espaces de vente, la thèse propose de suivre le processus au cœur même du marché et de mettre à jour les mécanismes qui le sous-tendent. La conduite d’une étude longitudinale de cas enchâssés dévoile une conception holistique, basée sur l’interaction souhaitée du chaland avec le magasin. L’analyse relate l’enchâssement des quatre phases du cycle de vie et permet de recenser pour chaque phase les événements et problématiques associés aux six dimensions du processus. La thèse établit le rôle prégnant de la vision entrepreneuriale du dirigeant, clé de voûte de l’innovation. La proposition de valeur se matérialise par trois composantes gigognes que sont l’intrigue, l’action et le décor. Pour chacune des cinq étapes du parcours-client, des éléments de décor sont implantés pour relayer ou renforcer l’action souhaitée. Ces éléments constituent des mécanismes ou dispositifs destinés à stimuler le système expérientiel du chaland. L’évaluation, qui porte sur la mesure du positionnement perçu et vécu, contribue à ajuster la proposition de valeur au regard de quatre niveaux de cohérence et de la flexibilité du design. Enfin, les logiques de coproduction occasionnent une possible co-destruction de valeur, intentionnelle ou accidentelle. / One of the innovative ways favoured by retailers to drive change in their value proposition is to review the design of their stores. Academic contributions to the in-store experience have mostly focused on consumer perspective and identifying relevant managerial practices. The core of this research studies how repositioning a retail brand translates into the experiential design of retail spaces. To this end, the research follows the repositioning process from a managerial perspective and updates the mechanisms that underlie it. The longitudinal study of embedded cases reveals the importance of an holistic design that takes into account the desired interactions between the shopper and the store. The analysis shows the four overlapping phases of the store’s life cycle, and breaks down the process into six dimensions, each with its own events and issues. The six dimensions are vision, plotline, action, decor, assessment and coproduction.The entrepreneurial vision of the leader is the cornerstone of the whole innovation process. The value proposition is embodied by three components, namely plotline, action and decor. For each of the five stages of the shopper’s journey, elements of the decor are implemented to relay or reinforce the desired action. These are mechanisms or devices meant to stimulate the shopper’s experiential system. The assessment, which involves measuring the perceived and experienced positioning, helps to adjust the value proposition in terms of four levels of consistency and flexibility of design. Finally, the coproduction of store design between different stakeholders can cause a co-destruction of value, whether intentional or accidental.

In previous research in this field of study, the messages from the female magazines have often been aimed at bodily changes in the woman. The opinions that exist about what a woman should look like and what kind of body corrections are accepted in society is of different character. Likewise, opinions differ on the impact from the media in this context. Our survey is based on a constructivist approach where we believe that the media creates a need for the reader to want to change their looks as well as it encourages to consume.   In our survey, we used a quantitative content analysis where we analyzed 93 covers of Amelia, Tara and M-magasin – lifestyle magazines aimed at women of different ages. The theories that we decided to use are gender and female representation, consumer culture and constructivism. With the selected theories we have analyzed the result which has shown that there is a difference between how the magazines form their messages. Something that is common between the three analyzed magazines is that they use a famous model with several messages on the covers. What differs most between the different magazines is how often they send messages about body corrections to the reader. / I den tidigare forskning som vår undersökning har tagit avstamp i hur ofta kvinnomagasinens budskap syftat till kroppsliga förändringar hos kvinnan. De åsikter som finns om hur en kvinna bör se ut och vilka kroppskorrigeringar som är accepterade i samhället skiljer sig åt. Likaså skiljer sig meningarna om vilken påverkan medierna har i detta sammanhang. Vår undersökning utgår från ett konstruktivistiskt synsätt där vi menar att medierna skapar ett behov hos läsaren till att vilja förändra sitt yttre samt en uppmaning till att konsumera.   Vi har i vår undersökning använt oss av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys där vi har analyserat 93 omslag på magasinen Amelia, Tara och M-magasin – livsstilsmagasin riktade till kvinnor i olika åldrar. De teorier som vi har valt att använda oss av är genus och kvinnlig representation, konsumtionskultur samt konstruktivismen. Med de utvalda teorierna har vi analyserat resultatet som har visat att det skiljer sig åt mellan hur magasinen utformat sina budskap i textpuffarna. Något som är gemensamt mellan de tre analyserade magasinen är att de använder sig av en känd modell tillsammans med många textpuffar på omslagen. Det som skiljer sig mest åt mellan de olika magasinen är hur ofta de använder sig av textpuffar med budskap om kroppskorrigering.