The purpose of this study is to see the factors that shape and create the desirable child in the teachers' speech regarding conflict and conflict management. We have chosen to use discourse analysis based on social constructionism and poststructuralistic language theory to see the discourses that had an active part in the teachers' approach.  We have chosen to use Foucault's power theory to investigate what power structures and power relationships are shown in the pedagogues' speech about conflicts. We have also chosen to use Eva Johansson's study (2013) on children's perspective to investigate whose perspective is expressed in conflict management situations. To collect the empirical data, we have chosen to use qualitative interviews that we analyzed from a discourse analysis perspective. What we have found in the study is that the desirable child is created in conflicts through interconnected discourses that reacts and interacts. These discourses are based on the educators' views on conflicts, rules and the environment, and form the corners of our model which can be seen in the discussion where we highlighted this. The pursuit of the desirable and democratic child as an ideal is conveyed by the curriculum and followed by the educators. The study's results show that the educators assume a traditional view of conflicts and their management, despite attempting to approach an alternative view.

Some business leaders find it challenging to manage individuals from different age groups; this is an issue, as organizations in many developed countries become more age-diverse. The purpose of this single case study was to provide business leaders with information about strategies top-level business executives and team leaders at a large company in Curaçao (a developed island nation in the Caribbean) use for enhancing productivity of an age-diverse workforce. The conceptual framework of this study consisted of generational theory of Mannheim. A key tenet of the generational theory includes that belonging to the same generational unit, generational location, and generational actuality shapes the beliefs, values, and attitudes of members of a generational cohort collectively. Data from interviews and company documentation that included an annual report, business guide, and performance management documentation were coded and analyzed using NVivo software, and member checking was used to enhance the trustworthiness of interpretations. Key themes that emerged from data analysis include the need to use communication strategies, foster equal treatment of employees, implement employee development plans, and adopt a structured approach for addressing issues related to age-diversity. Implementation of the different strategies and recommendations identified in this study might aid business leaders in their effort to manage an age-diverse workforce and increase workplace productivity. Implications for social change include the potential to improve empathy and relations between individuals from different generations and the cultivation of a more cohesive society.

投資型保險商品乃為因應市場利率走低，提高壽險業之競爭力而設計之產品，適逢主管機關修正保險業資金運用之相關法令限制，投資型保險商品在台灣市場推行之時機似已來臨。 本文根據英、美發展投資型保險商品之金融、產業環境背景，檢視當前環境狀況，評估我國是否具有發展投資型保險商品之條件與需求；並透過個案研究方式，對八家壽險公司進行深度訪談，以了解壽險業者對投資型保險商品之經營策略，經由個案分析比較，依循研究架構發展出相關命題，並據此歸納出研究結論及建議。 本研究主要結論如下：(1)利率持續走低與法令的開放，象徵投資型保險商品時代臨。(2)外商公司未來將以經營投資型保險商品為主，本土公司將採取投資型保單與傳統保單並重的經營策略。(3)外商公司競爭優勢為擁有國外經驗，本土公司優勢為擁有較大的通路。(4)高所得、有投資共同基金或股票經驗、有退休金規劃者為業者主要的目標市場。(5)目標客戶及通路的選擇將影響產品策略。(6)公司業務員為主要行銷通路，銀行、證券公司為積極開發的次要通路(7)壽險公司今後的競爭取決於管理、服務和資金運用績效。 / To comply with the down trend of market interest rates, enhance the competibility of insurance industry, at this time the governmental institutions revised investment limitation of the related laws & regulations, it seems the time to promote investment linked insurance products is comming. This study will help us to overview current situation and evaluate whether Taiwan owns enough criteria and demand to develop investment linked insurance products based on the financial environmental background to develop investment linked insurance products. By extensive interviews with the major of eight insurance companies, the case study oriented approach will help us better understand the operation strategies of investment linked insurance products whatever insurance companies will take. We will build up key points following study structure and come out conclusions and related suggestions through case study comparisons. The main conclusion of this study are described as followings: (1) Due to going down interest rates and the regulation liberalization, this trend symbolically indicates that the era of investment linked insurance products is coming. (2) Foreign insurance companies will mainly focus on running investment linked insurance product business in future; local insurance companies will involved in both investment linked insurance product business and traditional insurance products business. (3) The competitive advantage of foreign companies is that they have strong international experiences; the strength of local companies is having sales channel infrastructure. (4) The target market will focus on those who have higher income, have experiences in mutual funds and stock investment, and have planning for pensions. (5) The choice of target market and channels will affect product strategies. (6) The agents are main marketing channels; bank and security companies will be subsequent channels we have to aggressively target on. (7) The competitive strength of insurance companies depends on management, services, and performances of utilizing capitals since now.

21世紀是服務的年代，在企業追求成長，人人重視服務的同時，企業也紛紛轉型為客戶導向型的組織，客戶服務中心也成為企業轉型的引導中心。客戶服務中心是企業的聯繫中心、互動中心、管理中心，所以，當客戶服務中心在企業中地位日益重要的情況下，客服中心如何運用管理策略來提升客服中心的服務品質也日顯重要。客戶服務中心以客戶為主，為顧客提供正確及可靠的產品相關資訊，並展現良好的服務給予顧客，以獲得較佳的經營績效。 本研究以A壽險公司為例，透過實際訪談及觀察，探討客服中心的運作管理模式，在組織中的定位，專業客服人員的教育訓練，以及目標管理績效指標評估等。了解客戶服務的重要關鍵以及提供服務的能力，另外服務系統相關的部門對客服中心支援程度也是影響服務品質關聯性的要因。 在個案探訪後發現，客服中心的營運與策略定位有絕大的關聯性，要有熱忱的客服中心專業人才，對客戶服務的認知深入與領導才能的管理者，加上適當的組織授權與資訊整合的幫助，乃是成功客服的必備條件。服務品質管理方面，須訂定適當的關鍵衡量標準，現場管理程序，質量監控規範，以及完善的服務作業流程。根據業務發展需要及環境改變狀況，持續不斷的改進。 關鍵詞：客服中心、管理策略、 服務品質、顧客滿意度、目標管理 / The 21 century is an age of services. Enterprises pursues growth and people demand services. At the same time, enterprises transform themselves into customer-oriented entities in succession. Customer service center leads enterprise transformation. Customer service center is centers of communication, interaction, and management in the enterprise. When the customer service center is gaining significance, therefore, how to utilize management strategies to improve the customer service quality becomes increasingly important. Customer service center focuses on customers. It provides customers with correct and reliable product related information and good services in order to improve the operational performance. This study uses company A as an example. With field research and observation, this study analyzes the operational and managerial patterns of the customer service center, the position in an organization, the trainings of professional customer service personnel, and the evaluation of objective management and performance management. This study shows how the customer service center understands the key factors of customer services and the ability to provide services. In addition, the supports from other service related departments are also key factors of customer service quality. The discovery of the case study shows that the operation of the customer service center and enterprise strategic positioning are closely related. Enthusiastic customer service professionals, deeply understanding of customer services and leadership, and appropriate organizational empowerment and information technology integration are essential requirements of a successful customer service center. In the aspect of customer service quality management, proper evaluation standards, line management procedures, quality control standards, and complete customer service workflow are required. Continuous improvements are applied in accordance with the needs of operation development and the changes in the environmental status quo. Keywords：Customer Service Center, Management Strategies, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Objective Management.

本研究旨在比較分析國民小學優良教師與一般教師的班級經營策略與班級氣氛的關係，以供增進國民小學教師班級經營效能之參考。 研究者透過推薦程序，選定優良教師的班級學生及一般教師的班級學生合計979位為施測調查對象，並應用次數分配、積差相關、t考驗、多變量變異數分析、多元迴歸分析等統計方法，進行各項考驗分析，最後歸結出以下的主要研究發現： 一、在「開學第一週班級經營策略」、「整學期班級經營策略」、「班級氣氛」等三方面，優良教師的表現均優於一般教師。 二、「認識策略」、「偏差行為輔導策略」、「教師支持」與「革新」的班級氣氛等方面，均具有區分優良教師或一般教師的較佳指標。 三、「教師支持」與「革新」是良好班級氣氛的最佳指標。 四、「教師控制」的班級氣氛，一般教師高於優良教師。 五、「開學第一週班級經營策略」愈好，「整學期班級經營策略」就愈好，「班級氣氛」也愈好。 六、「開學第一週班級經營策略」對班級氣氛的預測力，優良教師高於一般教師。 七、「人口變項」對班級氣氛的預測力，一般教師高於優良教師。 八、「開學第一週常規教導策略」對優良教師的反向意義性大於一般教師。 最後，本研究分別針對優良教師、一般教師、國民小學、師資培育機構、教育行政機關提出增進國小教師班級經營效能之具體建議，同時也建議未來進一步研究方向。 / The purpose of this study aimed to understand the relationship of teachers’ classroom management strategies with classroom climate, and to explore the differences of good teachers and general teachers in classroom management strategies and classroom climate. 14 good teachers’ classrooms and 20 general teachers’ classrooms were recommended. The subjects were fifth grade of 979 student in their classrooms. Date of this survey were analyzed by Frequencies, t-test, MANOVA, Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression. The major findings were： 1.In “the classroom management strategies in the first week”,”the classroom management strategies in the whole semester” and “classroom climate”, good teachers performed better than general teachers. 2.”The strategies of recognition”, “handling deviated behavior” and the climate of “teacher support”, “innovation” were the most significant differences between good and general teachers. 3.The “teacher support” and “innovation” were best indicators of the classroom climate. 4.General teachers performed higher “teacher control” than good teachers. 5.The better “the classroom management strategies in the first week” performed, the better “the classroom management strategies in the whole semester” and “classroom climate”. 6.”The classroom management strategies in the first week” were better predictors for classroom climate among good teachers than general teachers. 7.”The demographic variables” were better predictors for classroom climate among general teachers than good teachers. 8.”The teaching rules strategies in the first week” were more opposite predictors for classroom climate among good teachers than general teachers. This paper made some concrete suggestions based on the results of this study for practical and further study.

No description available.

The issue of rapid change in environmental conditions under which ecosystem processes and human interventions will take place in the future is relatively new to forestry, whereas the provision of ecosystem services, e.g., timber or fresh water, is at the very heart of the original concept of forest management. Forest managers have developed ambitious deterministic approaches to provide the services demanded, and thus the use of deterministic approaches for adapting to climate change seem to be a logical continuation. However, as uncertainty about the intensity of climate change is high, forest managers need to answer this uncertainty conceptually. One may envision an indeterministic approach to cope with this uncertainty; but how the services will be provided in such a concept remains unclear. This article aims to explore the fundamental aspects of both deterministic and indeterministic approaches used in forestry to cope with climate change, and thereby point out trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. A forest owner needs to be able to anticipate these trade-offs in order to make decisions towards sustainable forest management under climate change.

A coastal lagoon is a landform that is influenced by natural processes and human activities. All human activities at the upstream, particularly agriculture and cultivation bring soil, waste, and other materials to the downstream area through the river drains into the lagoon. Even though its position is inland of water bodies, the lagoon is still affected by waves and winds from the sea. Additionally, coastal lagoon will be the depository place for sedimentation from the upland area. Segara Anakan (SA), which is located in Indonesia, is an example of a coastal lagoon area, which has a unique biophysical characteristic. The region has a great natural ability to ensure the sustainability of the interrelationships between terrestrial, estuarine and marine ecosystems in harmony and balance as a habitat for flora and fauna. The region is an area of migration of various types of protected animals and it is a place of breeding for diverse species of the shrimp and fish, which have a highly economical value. Segara Anakan lagoon (SAL), currently experiencing acceleration narrowed on its area due to a very intensive sedimentation from the mainland. The research aims to answer the question of how ecological dynamic occurs in the SAL area due to sedimentation. Achieving the objectives of this study required examining the morphology and land use changes with multitemporal remote sensing approaches. While, to assess the role of community participation and planning management strategies is using qualitative descriptive methods and SWOT analyze. The using of multitemporal remote sensing Landsat images is possible to analyze the morphological and land use changes with different time and sensors. These Landsat has image accuracy about 92.66%. It can be used for image interpretations resulting 13 classes of land use. The morphodynamics of SAL indicated by the changes of area of lagoon and accreted land and also the distance of coastlines during the periods 1979-2013. In addition, the land use or land cover also changes during that time. The bigger portions of land use changes are in the tropical and mangrove\'s forests. There are distinctive forms of participation in conservation efforts. The upstream community involvement in conservation tends to be different participating in the way of ideas, money, materials, properties, skills and expertise or social activities. In addition, the community at downstream area has a sufficiently high level of participation in environmental conservation. There are also strong relationships between the level of education and level of income and basic knowledge in conservation with the participation of SA conservation. The ecological dynamics of the SAL area are described with a historical time line. It is divided into three time periods: the 1970s - 1980s, the 1990s and from 2000 onwards. Each of these has occurrences that can lead to changes in the environment. The implementation of appropriate conservation technique can reduce the sedimentation rate. Hence, the synergic coordination measures between upstream and downstream regions are necessary in the future. Increasing community awareness and participation in the conservation by improving educational sector, providing information, and applying sustainable development land use are the ways to match human activities with the temporal and spatial dynamics of the coastal resources.

本研究旨在探討國民小學教師運用學習型班級經營策略之情況，及學習型班級經營策略與班級經營效能之關係。除探討國民小學教師學習型班級經營策略、班級經營效能的內涵及現況，並瞭解教師背景變項及學校背景變項在學習型班級經營策略與班級經營效能得分上的差異情形，另外，亦分析學習型班級經營策略與班級經營效能之相關程度，及學習型班級經營策略對班級經營效能的預測情形。本研究主要採文獻分析、問卷調查及深度訪談法進行，並根據研究結果做成結論，並提出具體建議。 本研究對象為臺北市、臺北縣、基隆市、桃園縣及宜蘭縣五縣市之公立國民小學教師，抽樣調查100所公立國民小學共1200位教師為研究對象，調查結果以平均數、標準差、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、多元迴歸分析等統計方法，進行資料處理分析。在訪談對象方面，共計訪談臺北縣、市公立國民小學教師五位。 根據文獻分析、問卷調查以及訪談分析所得資料，本研究主要發現如下： 一、國民小學教師運用學習型班級經營策略情況良好。 二、國民小學教師班級經營效能情況良好。 三、不同年齡、服務年資、學校地區國民小學教師在學習型班級經營策略 量表上的得分，達到顯著差異。 四、不同年齡、服務年資、學校地區、學校規模國民小學教師在班級經營 效能量表上的得分，達到顯著差異。 五、學習型班級經營策略表現程度越高，班級經營效能也越佳。 六、學習型班級經營策略與整體班級經營效能及各向度具有正相關。 七、學習型班級經營策略對班級經營效能具有預測作用。 根據上述研究結果，針對題升學習型班級經營策略之運用，提出幾點建議： 一、對國民小學教師的建議 （一）瞭解學習型班級經營策略內涵，並善用團隊互動學習策略。 （二）班級共同願景的擬定應透過與全班學生討論而訂定，並融入教師對 班級的期望。 （三）教師可召集數位教師成立班群，相互協助支援班級或全校學習活 動。 （四）透過多重管道強化親師溝通管道，善用家長協助及資源。 （五）建立班級規則以有效處理班級事務，並尋求適當舒壓管道。 二、對國民小學學校行政的建議 （一）鼓勵教師成立相關學習型班級經營團隊以獲得資源協助。 （二）學校各處室相互配合及支援，共同建構學習型班級計畫。 （三）由學校辦理專業學習型班級經營講座，並由具相關豐富帶班經驗教 師主講。 三、對教育行政機關建議 （一）辦理學習型班級經營相關教學策略研習課程並彙整成手冊發送於學 校教師。 （二）建立網路講座平臺，分享學習型班級相關資源。 四、對未來研究的建議 （一）擴大研究範圍，增加研究樣本。 （二）問卷的編製對象可分教師及學生部分。 （三）學習型班級經營策略內涵向度的再釐清。 / This study aimed at the current situation of the application of learning classroom management strategies for elementary school teachers and the relationship between learning classroom management strategies and classroom management effectiveness. Furthermore, the analyses of how the differences of demographic variables and school's background variables influenced teachers’ learning classroom management strategies and classroom management effectiveness were also investigated. Finally, the relationship between learning classroom management strategies and classroom management effectiveness was surveyed in this study. The questionnaire survey was the main research method of the study. There were 1200 sampled teachers from 100 public elementary schools in northern Taiwan (Includes Taipei County, Taipei City, Kee-Lung City, Tao-Yuang County and Yi-Lang County). Moreover, the interview method was also conducted to probe further information. In total, 5 elementary school teachers were interviewed in the study. The data were analyzed by employing the arithmetic average, standard deviation, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s product- moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The results of the research were as follows: 1.The application of learning classroom management strategies for elementary school teachers is above the average level. 2.The present situation of classroom management effectiveness for elementary school teachers is above the average level. 3.There are significant differences in learning classroom management strategies among the age, seniority and school location 4.There are significant differences in classroom management effectiveness among the age, seniority, school location and school size. 5.The higher learning classroom management strategies, the better classroom management effectiveness . 6.There is a positive correlation between the whole and each dimension of learning classroom management strategies and classroom management effectiveness. 7.Learning classroom management strategies was the significant predictor of classroom management effectiveness. Based on the conclusions of this study, several concrete recommendations were made for elementary school teachers, elementary school administration, the institution of educational administration and further researchers.

This research was geared towards the investigation of management strategies (factors) that affect the performance ofMSMEs in Kenya. Many developed countries record a time in history when entrepreneurial activities led to revival of economical growth after decline. This implies MSMEs is a very vital sector especially for a developing country like Kenya. MSMEs stagnate and their performance is uncertain according to writers such as Namusonge, Management inadequacies have been suggested in several studies. The objectives of this research was to, 1. To identifY the critical management factors affecting the performance of MSMEs in Kenya; ii. To establish the process through which managerial factors affect the performance of a MSMEs in Kenya ; m. To determine the integrative effect of various management factors in the MSMES in Kenya; IV. To establish the effect of demographics and management factors on performance, v. To establish effects of external environment on internal management factors A conceptual model was formulated from the literature review showing relationships of the management strategies and the environment they operate in. These relationships became the basis for the hypotheses which were later tested. In chapter 4, a mini research (pilot study) was conducted in May 2007,whose main aim was to test the reliability and validity of the research instruments. The 36 questionnaires returned were analysed through descriptive method. Results obtained indicated the instruments were reliable and the results valid. A few corrections suggested were made. The major correction was addition of question 35 to collect financial information. The data collection was done between mid August and mid October 2007.In chapter 5, the researcher analysesd the results of the survey after receiving 180 questionnaires. Time was a constraint. In chapter 6, the hypotheses and conceptual model were analysed and the results obtained suggested that, most strategies did not affect the profitability separately but severally. The integrated effect of the management strategies and the associated factors had a higher impact on performance of the MSMES than any individual strategies. In chapter 7, the conclusions, summaries and Recommendations are given. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management and Policy)