Föreliggande studie är en utvärdering av behandlingsmetoden Affektskola inom ramen för vuxenpsykiatrin. Syftet är att undersöka vilka effekter Affektskola har med avseende på psykisk ohälsa och affektmedvetenhet samt hur bestående dessa effekter är. Deltagarna är 13 patienter inom den psykiatriska öppenvården med varierande problematik, inkluderandes förstämningssyndrom, ADHD samt personlighetsstörningar. Mätningar med mätinstrumenten TAS-20, HADS samt KASAM-29 genomfördes vid fyra tillfällen; Affektskolas start, Affektskolans avslut samt åtta respektive sexton veckor efter avslut. Utöver detta distribuerades vid sista mättillfället ett kompletterande frågeformulär gällande subjektiv upplevelse av effekterna av Affektskolan. Resultaten tyder på tendenser till en ökad affektmedvetenhet samt en minskad psykisk ohälsa och att dessa effekter består och ökar över tid. Deltagarna rapporterar en måttlig grad av subjektivt upplevd förändring gällande känslor respektive psykisk hälsa samt att de i måttlig till stor grad tillskrev Affektskola dessa förändringar. Sammantaget indikerar studien att Affektskola har en positiv effekt på affektmedvetenhet och psykisk ohälsa. / The present study is an evaluation of the treatment method Affect School in the context of adult psychiatry. The aim is to examine the effects of the Affect School on mental ill-health and affect consciousness, and how stable these effects are. The participants consist of 13 patients in psychiatric outpatient care with varying disorders, including mood disorders, ADHD and personality disorders. Assessments with the instruments TAS-20, HADS and KASAM-29 were performed on four occasions; before the start and by the completion of the Affect School and eight and sixteen weeks after completion. At the end of the study, an additional questionnaire regarding subjective experiences of the effect of the Affect School was distributed. The results indicate trends of increased affect consciousness as well as reduced mental ill-health and that these effects are stable and increases over time. Participants report a moderate degree of subjectively perceived change regarding emotions and mental health, and that they attributed Affect School these changes in a moderate to large extent. Overall, the study indicates that the Affect School has a positive effect on affect consciousness and mental health.

Bakgrund: Den psykiska ohälsan ökar bland elever i Sverige. Psykisk ohälsa hos barn och ungdomar kan få livslånga negativa konsekvenser. Skolprestationer, betyg och närvaro påverkas negativt liksom självkänsla och sociala relationer. Elevhälsan bedömer psykisk ohälsa bland elever som den största utmaningen i deras arbete. Skolsköterskor har en unik position i att kunna identifiera och förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos elever. Samtidigt som psykisk ohälsa ökar i skolan finns det relativt lite forskning om skolsköterskors roll i arbetet med elevers psykiska ohälsa.  Motiv: Denna studie avser att bidra med en djupare förståelse för skolsköterskors arbete med elever med psykisk ohälsa samt kunskap om skolsköterskors arbetsmetoder, för att bättre upptäcka och hjälpa elever med psykisk ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva skolsköterskors erfarenheter av att upptäcka och möta elever med psykisk ohälsa i grundskolan. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med nio skolsköterskor verksamma i norra Sverige. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats har använts. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i två kategorier med tillhörande subkategorier. Kategorierna är Att upptäcka tecken på psykisk ohälsa och bemöta eleven samt Att vara central för stödet till eleven men ensam och otillräcklig i sin profession. Konklusion: Skolsköterskor har goda möjligheter att både upptäcka och skapa trygga och givande relationer till elever med psykisk ohälsa. Genom ett nära samarbete med skolans övriga yrkeskategorier och med elevers föräldrar kan skolsköterskan få en central och avgörande roll i arbetet med att upptäcka och hjälpa elever med psykisk ohälsa. Skolsköterskor upplever ensamhet och lider av brist på tid, stöd och det finns ett behov av utbildning. Dessa faktorer riskerar skolsköterskors möjligheter att ge god omvårdnad till elever med psykisk ohälsa. / Background: ​​Mental ill health is increasing among pupils in Sweden. Mental ill-health in children and adolescents can have lifelong negative consequences. School performance, grades and attendance can be affected negative as are self-esteem and social relationships. Student health considers mental ill health among students to be the biggest challenge in their work. The school nurse has a unique position in being able to identify and prevent mental ill health in students. While mental ill health is increasing in schools, there is relatively little research on the school nurse's role in working with students' mental ill health. Motive: This study aims to contribute with a deeper understanding of the school nurse's work with students with mental ill health and knowledge of the school nurse's working methods, to better detect and help students with mental ill health. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the school nurse's experience of discovering and dealing with students with mental ill health in primary school. Methods: Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach has been used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine school nurses active in northern Sweden Result: The results are presented in two categories with associated subcategories. The categories are To detect signs of mental illness and respond to the student and To be central to the support of the student but alone and inadequate in the profession. Conclusion: School nurses have good opportunities to discover and create safe and rewarding relationships with students with mental illness. Through close collaboration with the school's other professional categories and with students' parents, the school nurse can have a central and crucial role in the work of discovering and helping students with mental illness. School nurses experience loneliness and suffer from lack of time, support and there is a need for education. These factors risk school nurses' opportunities to provide good care for students with mental illness.

Psykisk ohälsa är idag den vanligaste orsaken till långtidssjukskrivningar i Sverige och stressrelaterade diagnoser står för 49 procent där kvinnor är överrepresenterade. Konsekvenserna av stressrelaterad ohälsa leder till stora problem i vardagen. Där den subjektiva upplevelsen av inkongruens mellan krav och förmåga i aktivitetsutförande samt en obalans i aktivitetsmönster är centrala. Inom arbetsterapi anses ett balanserat aktivitetsmönster och kongruens i aktivitetsutförande vara en förutsättning för delaktighet och hälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomsten av arbetsterapeutiska interventioner för kvinnor med stressrelaterad ohälsa och deras självskattade upplevelser av interventionerna. Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där data från 188 kvinnor insamlades via en egenkonstruerad webbenkät på sociala nätverket Facebook. Enkäten berörde demografisk data samt förekomst och självskattad upplevelse av sju arbetsterapeutiska interventioner. Resultatet visade att 37 procent av respondenterna erhållit någon form av arbetsterapeutisk intervention och i snitt 2.5 interventioner per respondent. Inga statistiska regionala skillnader kunde urskiljas i förekomst av arbetsterapeutiska interventioner. Den mest förekommande interventionen var Tips och råd för att hantera stressiga situationer (31%). Anpassningar på arbetsplatsen, miljö och utförande var den intervention som skattades högst då 13 av de 14 kvinnor (93%) som deltagit i interventionen skattade Mycket bra/Ganska bra. Totalt skattade kvinnorna samtliga arbetsterapeutiska interventioner Mycket bra/Ganska bra (80%). Slutsats: Resultatet visade att arbetsterapeutiska interventioner förekom endast bland cirka en tredjedel av de kvinnor som sökt vård relaterat till stressrelaterad ohälsa. Dock ansåg majoriteten att deras upplevelser av interventionerna var positiva vilket indikerar att arbetsterapeutiska interventioner kan vara ett stöd i rehabiliteringen för kvinnor med stressrelaterad ohälsa. / Mental ill-health is today the most common cause of long-term sick leave in Sweden and stress-related diagnoses account for 49 percent where women are over-represented. The consequences of stress-related ill-health leads to difficulties in everyday life. Where a subjective experience of incongruence between requirements and ability in occupational performance and an imbalance in activity patterns are crucial. Having a balanced activity pattern and experiencing congruence in occupational performance are considered to be essential for experiencing participation and health in occupational therapy theory. The purpose of this study was to explore the incidence of occupational therapy interventions for women with stress-related disorders and their self-rated experiences of the interventions. The method used was a quantitative cross-sectional study where data from 188 women were collected using a self-designed web survey on the social network Facebook. The questionnaire concerned demographic data and the incidence and self-rated experience of seven occupational therapy interventions. The result showed that 37 percent of the respondents had received some form of occupational therapy intervention and on average 2.5 interventions per respondent. There were no statistical regional differences in the incidence of occupational therapy interventions. The most common intervention was Strategies for managing stressful situations (31%). The intervention Workplace adjustments of performance and environment rated highest where 13 out of 14 women (93%) rated Very good/Fairly good. Overall the occupational therapy interventions where rated as Very good/Fairly good (80%). Conclusion: The overall result showed that occupational therapy interventions occurred only among approximately one-third of the women who sought care related to stress-related disorder. However, the majority considered that their experience of the interventions were positive, which indicates that occupational therapy interventions can be a support in the rehabilitation of women with stress-related disorders.

Psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga är ett växande problem i Sverige. Kommunen bär den största samhällskostnaden för ett barn under uppväxten och därför är det extra viktigt att ta reda på hur resurser kan omfördelas i samhället för att gynna barns hälsa. Syftet med studien var att visa hur en investering i preventiva insatser kan förbättra barns psykiska hälsa och samtidigt spara på samhällets resurser. Kommunal statistik visar att barn i skolan som är i behov av särskilt stöd på grund av depression/ångest, ADHD och psykosocial problematik får insatser så som stöd från elevassistent, lärare eller placerad i särskild undervisningsgrupp. Kostnader för dessa insatser varierar mellan 4424-26000 kronor per barn och månad. Dessa kostnader kan ställas i relation till kostnader för universella preventiva skolprogram som har en bevisad positiv effekt på barns psykiska hälsa, vars driftskostnader för en hel intervention som mest är 1097 kronor per barn. Analysen visar att en omfördelning av resurserna till preventiva interventioner, såsom skolprogram, kan vara en lyckosam satsning för kommunen, både ekonomiskt och hälsomässigt då det kan förbättra barns psykiska hälsa men också leda till samhällsbesparingar. / Children’s mental ill-health is a growing public health problem in Sweden and for the municipality, being an important financial actor during a child’s upbringing, it is crucial to put resources where they give positive effect on the problem. The overall aim of the study is to describe how investing in prevention programs at children’s schools can improve children’s mental health and reduce the societal costs. Municipality statistics show that children in need of special support in school because of depression/anxiety, ADHD and psychosocial problems receive actions such as personal assistant, teacher or placed in a special education group. The cost of these actions varies between 4424-26000 Swedish krona [SEK] per child and month. These costs can be put in relation to preventive universal school interventions that have the highest cost of 1097 SEK per child and have a proven effect on child mental health. The analysis shows that preventing child mental ill-health can save societal costs and provide a healthier life for children compared to the current standard practice of targeting the children’s problems only after they have occurred.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen. Trots detta så existerar fortfarande ett stigma mot de som drabbas i form av negativa föreställningar om denna grupp. Stigmatiserande attityder finns i samhället i stort samt inom vården och kan resultera i negativa konsekvenser för den som blir utsatt. Detta är inte i linje med vårdens uppdrag där alla ska behandlas med värdighet och respekt. Syfte: Beskriva hur personer med psykisk ohälsa upplever stigma inom vården. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt av kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats. Resultatet är baserat på nio artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades utifrån ett protokoll framtaget av Hälsohögskolan i Jönköping samt analyserades utifrån Fribergs analyssteg. Resultat: Stereotypisering samt bristande vård utgör studiens övergripande teman. I dessa ingår underteman upplevelser av att anses vara inkompetent, upplevelser av social stämpling, upplevelser av bristande interaktion, upplevelser av att inte uppfattas som en hel människa samt upplevelser av kränkande bemötande. Slutsats: Det faktum att patienterna har psykisk ohälsa kan påverka vårdrelationen negativt. Stigmat kan skapa barriärer mellan patienter och vårdgivare samt kan ge upphov till lidande för patienterna. Vårdgivaren bör se människan bakom sjukdomen. / Background: Mental ill health is a widespread phenomenon. There is in spite of this still a stigma around the people affected that takes form of negative notions about this group. Stigmatizing attitudes exist both in society as a whole and in health care and may result in negative outcomes for the people affected by them. This is not in line with the commitment of health care where everyone should be treated with dignity and respect. Aim: To describe how people with mental ill health experience stigma in healthcare. Method: The study is a literature review with a qualitative design and an inductive approach. The result is based on nine scientific papers which were examined by quality through a protocol made by Hälsohögskolan in Jönköping and analysed with Friberg’s model of analysis. Results: Stereotypization and insufficient care are the general themes of the study. These themes includes the subthemes experiences of being considered incompetent, experiences of social labelling, experiences of insufficient interaction, experiences of not being perceived as a whole person and experiences of offensive treatment. Conclusions: The occurrence of patients having mental ill health may affect the relationship between caregivers and the patients in a negative manner. The stigma may create barriers between patients and caregiver and may result in suffering for the patients. The caregivers should see the person behind the illness.

The subject of this diploma paper is Inclusion of Mentally Ill People in Some Chosen Parts of Vysočina Region. It is focused not only on service providers, who deal with people suffering from some mental disorders, but also on service users, it means on people with illnesses from the domain of psychoses, above all schizophrenia and affective disorder (according to MKN-10, F20 {--} F29, F30 {--} F39). It is about people, whose social roles have been disrupted because of their illness and they are in danger of isolation and also social exclusion. The aim of this paper is to find out whether and in what way the inclusion is carried into effect in some chosen parts of Vysočina Region. In the theoretical part of this diploma paper the writer deals in a complex way with the problems of inclusion of disordered people from medical, social and juridical point of view. In the introduction the author qualifies the current situation of these problems. The first subchapter is focused on mental disorders, from the domain of psychoses, their description, their social importance, precaution and therapy. The second chapter covers inclusion and its importance. In the following part full rehabilitation and its partial parts are described. The fourth chapter deals with social work, which is focused on helping people with mental disorders and in the last chapter the author writes about problems of rights of mental ill people. The research part is based on qualitative analysis, which examines the above mentioned aim. To examine the results at the service providers it was used a method of semi-standard dialogue, which is done not only on the base of fixed questions but also on the possibility of expressing their own opinions. The case reports were worked out at the service providers. These case reports were based on the method of concerned supervision. According to the results it is obvious, that inclusion of users is carried into effect in given institutions, because 55% of respondents answered yes and 39% of respondents answered more likely yes. The result is above all the cooperation of partial parts of full rehabilitation, whose aim is to contribute mainly to inclusion. The conclusion of this paper is benefit of this knowledge, that during planning of service, intervention, analyses of needs, it is necessary to consider individuality of every client as much as possible and always emphasize individual approach. In this procedure it is also important trained staff. The author has experience of several years, which she can rely on, and she believes, that in the future community centers will be still founded and they will mostly replace big hospitals. This will be a next important step to re-socialization and to following inclusion of mental ill people.

Studies suggests that there are differences between minorities from the Middle East in Western countries and natives regarding their attitudes to psychiatric illness, where the minority from Middle East have more negative attitudes towards psychiatric illness. While minorities from the Middle East comprise a significant share of the population in Sweden, there is a lack of studies that specifically investigates how their attitudes towards mental illness compares to the attitudes of Swedish born. The aim of this study is to investigate if men and women from the Middle East living in Sweden differ in their attitudes towards mental illness compared to men and women born in Sweden. The investigation is based on CAMI-S three attitude factors: “open-minded/pro-integration”, “fear/avoidance” and “community mental health ideology”. The study is based on questionnaires from 80 respondents, 48 born in Sweden and 32 born in the Middle East, where the respondents have answered questions based on CAMI-S. The answers have been compiled based on the three attitude factors and the relationship between the attitude factors and country of origin and gender have been analyzed with ANOVA. The null hypothesis is that there is no relationship between the three attitude factors and the independent variables “country of origin” and “gender”. The results show that there is a relationship between country of origin and the two first attitude factors, where the respondents from the Middle East had more negative attitudes towards mental illness compared to Swedes. Gender, on the other hand, had no statistically reliable relation with the three attitude factors. The results also indicate that the tool CAMI-S is ill adjusted for individuals with little knowledge of the Swedish care system.

No description available.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka förklaringar kuratorerna anger till psykisk ohälsa bland ungdomar och hur de arbetar för att motverka psykisk ohälsa. Åtta kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med kuratorer inom skolans elevhälsa, ungdomsmottagningar och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin. Resultatet visar att kuratorernas förklaringar till psykisk ohälsa hos unga är individ-, familje-, relations- och skolrelaterade. Stressen att alltid vara tillgänglig via mobilen och destruktiva beteenden har stor betydelse för ungdomars psykiska ohälsa och stress. Skolans struktur utgör även en stor risk till psykisk ohälsa bland ungdomarna. Resultaten visar även att kuratorernas arbetssätt i form av ett professionellt bemötande och alliansbyggandet har stor betydelse för att ungdomarna ska uppnå psykisk hälsa. Samverkan samt främjande och förebyggande insatser på grupp, individ och samhällsnivå, är viktiga för att motverka psykisk ohälsa hos unga. Studien indikerar att det finns ett behov för vidare forskning om psykisk ohälsa bland unga. / The study’s objective was to investigate counselors’ view of mental ill-health among young people and their work to prevent it. Eight qualitative interviews were conducted with counselors in schools, youth clinics, and youth psychiatry wards. The outcome shows that mental ill-health among young people relates to sense of self, family and relationship issues, and school related issues. The stress to always be accessible via mobile phones and other self-destructive behavior gravely impact youths’ sense of wellbeing. The educational system is also at risk of inducing mental ill-health among young people. Counselors’ ability to work with a professional approach and alliance building between young people is of great importance for the youths to retain their mental health. Preventative efforts at the individual, group, and community levels are important for helping adolescents with mental ill-health. This study indicates that further research on mental ill-health among young people is essential.

Denna studie undersöker hur samverkan upplevs fungera mellan skola, socialtjänst och Barn-och ungdomspsykiatri (BUP) som möter barn med psykisk ohälsa i samverkansmöten. Studien bygger på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med två skolkuratorer, två socialsekreterare samt två kuratorer från BUP. Empirin har analyserats med innehållsanalys och har därefter tolkats genom Sociala representationer och Institutionell teori. Resultatet består av kategorierna Möjligheter med samverkan, Svårigheter med samverkan, Ansvarsfördelning, Sätt att främja samverkan och sist Sociala representationer. Resultatet visade att det som fungerade bra med samverkan var att det fanns tydliga rutiner och ansvarsområden samt att aktörerna lärde sig om varandras professioners sätt att tänka utifrån deras olika kompetenser. Resultatet visade att det inte existerade någon maktobalans mellan professionerna men att det kunde förekomma i deras handlingsförmåga. Det som kunde påverka samverkan negativt var resurshinder inom de olika organisationerna. Intervjupersonernas synsätt om varandra var positivt i övergripande bemärkelse och det framkom att det fanns åsikter om varandra som påverkade samverkan positivt. Slutsatsen är att samverkan genom samordnad individuell plan (SIP) haft en positiv utveckling för samverkan, då den gett möjlighet att träffas och få kännedom om varandras organisationer, kompetenser och ansvarsområden. Aktörernas olika organisatoriska förutsättningar ledde ofta till att det uppstod olika tolkningar om hur ett socialt problem skulle tolkas och lösas, vilket bidrog positivt till en helhetsbild av en klients situation. / This study aims to investigate how the collaboration between Social services, Child and adolescent psychiatry (BUP) and School are being perceived regarding children with mental ill-health. The study is based upon six semi-structured interviews with two school social workers, two social service workers and two counselors from BUP. The results has been analysed with content analysis and thereafter interpreted through Social representations and Institutional theory. The emerging categories were: Possibilities with collaboration, Difficulties with collaboration, Responsibility distribution, Ways to improve collaboration and Social representations. The results showed that what was perceived as a positive collaboration was distinctive routines, clear areas of responsibility and to learn about each of the professions way of thinking, as they have different expertise. The results also showed that it did not exist a balance of power, but that it could affect their professional ability to act. What could affect the collaboration negatively was the difficulty of resource management within the organizations. The view the participants had of each other was generally positive, and it did exist thoughts of each other in some way affecting the collaboration. The conclusion is that collaboration through Specialized individual plan (SIP) has had a positive effect, as it has given the opportunity for professionals to meet and get knowledge about each other’s organizations, competences and areas of responsibility. The participants different organizational conditions often led to different interpretations on how a social problem should be interpreted and solved, which contributed positively to an overall picture regarding a client’s situation.