[pt] Não há consenso a respeito do que significa e implica a formação cidadã nas escolas, como também não existe clareza na forma em que o exercício da cidadania poderia contribuir à superação das desigualdades sociais. A partir dos postulados de Lazar (2013), buscamos compreender as características e os anelos dessa formação cidadã no planejamento educacional, analisando o discurso dos segundos Planos Nacionais de Educação (PNE) de Brasil e da Colômbia, por serem estes documentos estatais que pretendem reger as politicas e ações educacionais do decênio. A metodologia de Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), formulada por Fairclough (2003), permitiu-nos identificar os múltiplos propósitos dos PNE, os atores que participaram na construção dos documentos, e as características da cidadania. A ACD mostrou grande adequação para a análise de políticas públicas educativas. Encontramos que os dois PNE compartem a maioria dos valores da cidadania e que esses valores são anelos das comunidades políticas desde a antiguidade, que perduram e se sofisticam nas sociedades modernas. Isto desafia o carácter contextual da cidadania e sugere um funcionamento eficaz das tecnologias de governo (Foucault, 1970). Os principais aliados da cidadania na Colômbia são a paz e a convivência, e no Brasil a formação para o trabalho. Chamou nossa atenção que a cidadania, por momentos, funcionasse como um significante vazio (Laclau; Mouffe, 1987) e quase sempre fosse intercambiável com a democracia. Há grandes diferenças no papel que desempenharam especialistas da educação e docentes em cada processo e documento. Ademais de servir de instrumento de planejamento, os PNE mostraram intenção didática e publicitária. / [en] There is a lack of consensus about the meaning of citizenship and the implications of educating for citizenship in schools; neither has it been evident how practicing citizenship could contribute to the overcoming of social inequalities. Taking Lazar (2013) as a reference, we intended to comprehend the values and features of citizenship in the educational planning, by analyzing the discourse of the documents of National Education Planning (NEP - second documents), from Brazil and Colombia. These state documents aim to rule the policies and educational actions for a decade. Methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), proposed by Fairclough (2003), allowed us to identify the multiple purposes of NEP, social actors that participate in the construction of the documents and features of citizenship. We found the two documents share most of the values of citizenship, these values have been wished by political communities since antiquity and they last and sophisticate in modern societies. This challenges the contextual character of citizenship and suggests an efficient functioning of technologies of governance (Foucault, 1970). Main alliances of citizenship in Colombia are made with peace and social harmony, while in Brazil the main alliance is with a work-oriented education. Citizenship sometimes worked as an empty signifier (Laclau; Mouffe, 1987) and it was often exchangeable with democracy. There are relevant differences in the role that education specialists and teachers played in each process and document. Besides their aim of being a guide for planning, NEP documents revealed didactic and advertising intentions. / [es] No hay consenso respecto a lo que significa e implica la formación ciudadana en las escuelas, así como tampoco es clara la forma en la que el ejercicio de la ciudadanía podría contribuir a la superación de las desigualdades sociales. A partir de los planteamientos de Lazar (2013), buscamos comprender las características y los anhelos de esa formación ciudadana en la planeación educativa, analizando el discurso de los segundos Planes Nacionales de Educación (PNE) de Brasil y Colombia, por ser estos documentos estatales que pretenden regir las políticas y acciones educativas del decenio. La metodología de Análisis Crítica del Discurso (ACD), propuesta por Fairclough (2003), nos permitió identificar los múltiples propósitos de los PNE, los actores que participaron en su construcción y las características de la ciudadanía. El ACD mostró gran adecuación para el análisis de políticas públicas educativas. Encontramos que los dos PNE comparten la mayoría de los valores de la ciudadanía y que estos valores son anhelos de las comunidades políticas desde la antigüedad, que perviven y se sofistican en las sociedades modernas. Esto último desafía el carácter contextual de la ciudadanía y sugiere un funcionamiento eficaz de las tecnologías de gobierno (Foucault, 1970). Los principales aliados de la ciudadanía en Colombia son la paz y la convivencia, y en Brasil la formación para el trabajo. Nos llamó la atención el que la ciudadanía, por momentos, funcionara como un significante vacío (Laclau; Mouffe, 1987) y casi siempre fuera intercambiable con la democracia. Hay grandes diferencias en el papel que desempeñaron especialistas de la educación y docentes en cada proceso y documento. Además de servir de instrumento de planeación, los PNE mostraron una intención didáctica y publicitaria.

This history which spans the period 1836 -1995, gives a picture of the Dutch Reformed Church in Zimbabwe which evolved from the missionary endeavour of the mother church in South Africa into an independent autonomous church. It is a story of Dutch (Afrikaner) piety in which the most important components are evangelisation, education and language, the whole of which was, and is still, influenced by the evangelical piety of Andrew Murray. With regard to the education of their children, the Dutch Reformed members believed that Christian education in the mother tongue was the ideal. This world view, together with the Protestant principle, that people should read and interpret Scripture for themselves, resulted in the establishment of three churches in Zimbabwe. Firstly, the Dutch Reformed Church (Synod of Central Africa), that ministers to the Afrikaans and English members of all races. Secondly, the Reformed Church of Zimbabwe that ministers to the Shona people, and thirdly the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (Synod Malawi) that ministers to the migrant workers from Malawi. Of the three components in Dutch piety, evangelisation is regarded by the members as the most important in their missionary endeavour. This is the search for a contextual identity and illustrates how the Afrikaners in Zimbabwe experienced the reality of God in their lives. It is also a description of the interaction of the Dutch Reformed Church in Zimbabwe with the society in which it found itself. This interaction is observed to be of four types, namely, public witness, social upliftment and empowerment, the increase of social strength and the establishment of the community. / Church History

This study entails a critical investigation into the issue and trends that shaped Black perspectives on education in South Africa in the period between 1652 and 1993. A theoretical-philosophical exposition is presented to establish the fundamental characteristics of education and therefore characteristics valid for every human being under any circumstances at any time. These characteristics were used to eventually appraise the issues and trends underlying the shaping of Black perspectives on education in South Africa. This study has revealed that the shaping of Black perspectives on education in South Africa goes hand in hand with the growing realization among Blacks that education is not merely a political issue but also deeply imbedded in the interconnectedness and/or differences between social realities such as the church, the school itself, teachers' associations, the news media et cetera. This should be accounted for by every citizen in a responsible way. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

Strengthening civil society participation in development is a prerequisite to enhance access to opportunities and political influence by the poor. An active civil society can improve development accountability. In fact, Africa cannot improve its governance without investing in the role of civil society. This study examines the problem of resource mobilization for NECs in four Africa countries; assessing factors and strategies, which influence their ability to mobilize resources. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, the study found that effective NECs exist in all four countries. The success of these NECs depended on “being strategic” about resource mobilization. The lack of resources mobilization strategies was a key factor in all four NECs. This often meant lack of proactiveness in resource mobilization. In its recommendations, the study presents a model aimed to encourage CSOs to organize and manage resource mobilization in ways that generate income for today, tomorrow and the future in order to sustain their watchdog role in educational development process. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Between 1974 and 1982 the MOE introduced in two phases the diversification programme [SSCDP] which sought to establish practical subjects in the secondary school curriculum. This study examines the sustainability of implementation efforts beyond project expiry. It was hypothesised that SSCDP is not working as originally intended. The broad research problem was framed thus: What implementation response arises from an open-ended innovation policy? Subsidiary questions are: 1. How far have the policy-makers communicated the meaning of SSCDP and what factors account for mismatches between policy intentions and innovation practice? 2. What is the response of Project schools and what factors explain variation in response? 3. What is their significance for the sustainability of SSCDP? The analysis draws key concepts from the innovation literature on models and strategies of planned change; relationships in the implementation hierarchy; determinants of and orientations to the implementation process. Centred around qualitative research methods, the investigation utilises data from project documents, semi-structured interviews and from observations during school visits. Findings show an overall low level of implementation that varies among project schools. This is attributed to: Poor interpretation of SSCDP goals; Deficiencies in the implementation management; Idiosyncratic school behaviours. The study concludes that the 'practitioner-policy-maker' discrepancy is significant, hence the gap between policy intents and innovation practice. The gap is not regarded so much as an ultimate failure of the programme but as a necessary condition that allows for mutual adaptation between the innovation and its setting. This is reflected in the varied patterns of implementation response, classified as the: faithful; negotiators; selective adaptors; expansionists; and reductionist. As a policy-oriented study aiming at providing an 'improvement value', the findings lead to a proposal of improvements in the strategies of managing change in three areas: shifting focus from an adoption to an implementation perspective. Recognising implementation as a process dependent on a mutual linkage relationship among participants. Recognising schools as important bearers of change. These three are crucial factors in the implementation-sustainability relationship.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Black South Africans have been exposed to an unequal and divided education system. It has been expected that the basis for an equitable education system would be laid in the post apartheid period. In this thesis I have provided an analysis of education policy development in South Africa between May 1994 and mid-1997. My main aim has been to understand the policy vision that the post apartheid state has enacted as the basis for educational reconstruction. The conceptual framework of this thesis is located in the academic fields of Education and Development and Policy Sociology. I have focused on the interaction between the broad delimitations set by the structural, economic and political dimensions in society on the one hand, and the political and policy dynamics that have given education policy its specific meaning on the other hand. The role of the government in enacting a specific policy vision has been at the centre of my analysis. The government has effected a conservative vision with the adoption of the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) macroeconomic strategy. GEAR has targeted the development of an export-based global economy along post fordist lines. Predicated upon an emphasis on fiscal discipline, the dominant policy orientation has supported equity but without an emphasis on redress. This approach has not provided the necessary basis for education reconstruction. The National Qualifications Framework (NQF)and Outcomes-based education (OBE) embody a definite vision in terms of which education policy would be aligned with economic development. This vision is based on the false assumption that education should playa fundamental role in producing the sophisticated labour demands of a globally competitive economy. The logic of both GEAR and the NQF is internally inconsistent and the relationship between these two policy frameworks is unsustainable. By mid-1997 a definitive narrow and conservative education policy vision had been established which would impede the development of an equitable education system. Education policy 'narrowing' has not been achieved easily, nor has its outcome been inevitable. The specificity of the political context and policy processes has shaped the policy outcomes. A moderate constitutional dispensation has impeded the possibility of developing a radical policy vision. The semi-federal powers awarded to the provinces have led to inconqruence between national and provincial policy. Court challenges aimed at protecting historically acquired educational privileges, have been brought by conservative groups against national education legislation. The apartheid-era bureaucrats, whose jobs were protected by the negotiated constitution, have impeded the development of progressive policy. They brought the conservative policy reformism of the apartheid state into the new policy processes. The NQF has been developed on the basis of a policy consensus between labour and capital in support of skills training and upgrading of workers. Participation in policy processes has been determined 0[1 the basis of identified stakeholders This has given rise to a technicist policy approach that bas excluded many interest groups, academics and professional experts. Most teachers felt alienated by the curriculum policy process. Policy has been developed in a reconstituted civil society. The progressive education movement has been demobilised, and its place has been taken by a constellation of conservative forces who have used the moderate political climate to advance conservative policy interests. The government has had to make policy within a constrained political and policy environment. With regard to the main conceptual underpinning of this thesis, i.e. the relationship between equality and (economic) development, it is clear that the government has favoured the development dimension in pursuit of an education framework that would aid the generation of a globally competitive economy. Social equality has thus been sideline. I have advanced the view that where the government has reneged on the delivery of the social welfare and educational demands of an expectant polity, education policy has manifested as, means of compensatory legitimation at the symbolic level to 'signal', rather than give effect to real change. In my analysis of school access and school curriculum policy, I have suggested that policy has been limited to 'signalling' a commitment to a reconstructed and equitable education system. This has masked the conservative framework that has come to underpin education policy by mid-1997.

Les conférences internationales de Jomtien en 1990, de Dakar en 2000 sur l’Éducation pour tous et la déclaration du millénaire pour le développement ont abouti à l’engagement de faire de l’éducation (surtout l’éducation de base), un pilier important du développement pour toute société, accessible à tous et toutes (enfants, jeunes et adultes). Le Forum de Dakar exhortait aussi les pays riches et les organismes internationaux à soutenir financièrement et techniquement les pays en développement ayant un programme éducatif pertinent. Afin de respecter ces engagements internationaux et nationaux (la Loi sur l’orientation de l’éducation de 2007 et la Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de développement durable), le Burkina Faso a élaboré et mis en œuvre un Programme décennal de développement de l’éducation de base (PDDEB), de 2001 à 2010, suivi du Programme de développement stratégique de l’éducation de base (PDSEB) qui couvre la période de 2012 à 2021. Le PDSEB nécessite d’importantes ressources financières dont le pays ne dispose pas. Il a donc sollicité le soutien de différents partenaires techniques et financiers, dont le Canada et le Partenariat mondial pour l’éducation (PME). La présente étude vise à analyser la mise en œuvre des nouvelles modalités de l’aide publique au développement à travers l’appui du Canada et du PME à la phase I du PDSEB (2012-2015). Pour ce faire, elle se base sur la Déclaration de Paris sur l’efficacité de cette aide (OCDE, 2005) comme cadre de référence. Ce cadre a guidé la collecte des données (constitution d’un corpus de documents institutionnels et réalisation d’une vingtaine d’entretiens individuels avec des représentants des ministères de l’Éducation nationale, de l’Économie et de différentes agences de coopération présentes au Burkina Faso) ainsi que leur analyse. / The international conferences of Jomtien in 1990, Dakar in 2000 on Education for All and the Millennium Development Declaration resulted in the commitment to make education (especially basic education) an important pillar of development for any society, accessible to all (children, youth and adults). The Dakar forum also urged rich countries and international organizations to provide financial and technical support to developing countries with relevant educational programs. In order to meet these international and national commitments (the 2007 Education Orientation Act and the Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development), Burkina Faso developed and implemented a Ten-Year Basic Education Development Program (PDDEB) from 2001 to 2010, followed by the Strategic Development Program for Basic Education (PDSEB) covering the period from 2012 to 2021. The PDSEB requires significant financial resources that the country does not have. It has therefore sought the support of various technical and financial partners, including Canada and the Global Partnership for Education (GPE). This study was designed to analyze the implementation of new official development assistance modalities through Canada’s and the GPE’s support to Phase I of the PDSEB (2012-2015). To this end, we use the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (OECD, 2005) as a conceptual framework. This framework guided the data collection (creation of a corpus of institutional documents and individual interviews with around 20 representatives of the Ministries of National Education and the Economy and various cooperation agencies present in Burkina Faso) as well as their analysis.

The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) heralds the beginning of a new curriculum for Grades 10 to 12 in South Africa. Underpinned by the South African Constitution, and based on the tenets of Outcomes-based Education, the NCS seeks to provide contextually-relevant education for all South African learners, so that they are able to embrace inevitable change. Although the NCS highlights the importance of assessment, an analysis of the English Home Language (EHL) NCS reveals tensions between policy and practice. This study attempts to contextualise the role of relevant assessment for the 21st century. It then proceeds to engage in a historical evaluation of assessment within the NSC in terms of how assessment was conducted in the former Natal Education Department, a liberal education department within former apartheid South Africa. The conclusions drawn from the evaluation are used to provide recommendations to relieve the tensions identified within the EHL NSC. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.

Esta pesquisa aborda as chamadas políticas de diversidade na educação e sua contribuição para o reconhecimento e a promoção dos direitos humanos e a superação do racismo, do sexismo, da homofobia e das demais desigualdades e discriminações que marcam profundamente a sociedade e a educação brasileiras. Com base nas vozes de gestores/as públicos/as e ativistas da sociedade civil, na análise documental e da execução orçamentária e na experiência política da pesquisadora, é apresentado um balanço sobre os dez anos de existência da Secretaria de Educação Continuada, Alfabetização e Diversidade (Secad), órgão do Ministério da Educação criado no primeiro governo do Presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Em especial, buscou-se identificar as provocações e os tensionamentos gerados pelas agendas das diversidades para o atual desenho, funcionamento e institucionalidade das políticas educacionais e sua influência nas concepções de qualidade educacional em disputa nas políticas federais. Essas disputas estiveram presentes nas Conferências Nacionais de Educação e no processo conflitivo de tramitação do novo Plano Nacional de Educação (Lei Federal n. 13.005/2014), analisados neste trabalho. Respaldado por convenções e pelas resoluções internacionais das Conferências da ONU e por normativas nacionais, o debate sobre diferenças ganhou espaço na agenda das políticas educacionais brasileiras. Essa discussão foi impulsionada por movimentos sociais negros, indígenas, LGBTs, feministas, de trabalhadores do campo, de pessoas com deficiências, de quilombolas, ambientalistas e por agendas de fronteira na efetividade do direito humano à educação, como a educação de jovens e adultos, a educação em territórios de alta vulnerabilidade social e a educação de pessoas privadas de liberdade, entre outras. Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, uma contribuição teórica ao debate sobre a relação entre qualidade educacional, diferenças e igualdades, com base nas teorias críticas de justiça social. Discutem-se as possibilidades de a noção da diversidade constituir uma resposta interseccional às múltiplas discriminações e desigualdades que atingem os sujeitos concretos no cotidiano da vida e, especificamente, nas instituições educacionais. Ao final da tese, embasadas na definição do contexto de estratégia política de Stephen Ball e nas contribuições para o aperfeiçoamento das políticas 14 previstas na metodologia de análise das políticas públicas, são apresentadas reflexões comprometidas com a ampliação da capacidade das políticas educacionais no sentido de dar respostas a essas agendas, em uma perspectiva de promoção da justiça na educação no marco dos direitos humanos. / This research addresses the so-called policies of diversity in education and their contribution to the recognition and promotion of human rights and the overcoming of racism, sexism, homophobia and other inequalities and discrimination that profoundly shape society and education in Brazil. Based on the voices of public sector managers and civil society activists, analysis of documents, budget execution, and the political experience of the researcher, this research presents a balance on the ten years of the Secretariat for Continuing Education, Literacy and Diversity (Secad), the Ministry of Education body established in the first government of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. In particular, this thesis sought to identify the tensions generated by the agendas of diversities for the current design, operation and legal framework of the education policies and their influence on educational quality conceptions under dispute in federal policies. Disputes present in the National Conferences on Education and in the conflicting process during the discussion preceding the approval of the new National Education Plan (Federal Law n. 13,005/2014) are also analysed. Backed by international conventions and resolutions of United Nations conferences and national regulations, the debate over differences gained ground in the agenda of the Brazilian educational policies. This discussion was stimulated by social movements of black people, indigenous communities, LGBT, feminists, persons with disabilities, quilombolas, environmentalists and marginalized issues concerning the effectiveness of the human right to education, such as youth and adult education, the education in territories with high level of social vulnerability, and education of people deprived of their freedom, among other groups. It also presents a theoretical contribution to the debate on the relationship between educational quality, differences and equalities, based on the critical theories of social justice. Furthermore, the work discusses how the notion of diversity could be an inter-sectional response to multiple discrimination and inequalities that affect the concrete subjects in everyday life and, specifically, in educational institutions. At the end of the thesis, supported in the definition of the context of political strategy by Stephen Ball and contributions to improving the policies 16 contained in the analysis methodology on public policies, it shows reflections committed to expanding the capacity of educational policies to respond to these agendas, under a perspective of promoting justice in education within the human rights framework.

The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) heralds the beginning of a new curriculum for Grades 10 to 12 in South Africa. Underpinned by the South African Constitution, and based on the tenets of Outcomes-based Education, the NCS seeks to provide contextually-relevant education for all South African learners, so that they are able to embrace inevitable change. Although the NCS highlights the importance of assessment, an analysis of the English Home Language (EHL) NCS reveals tensions between policy and practice. This study attempts to contextualise the role of relevant assessment for the 21st century. It then proceeds to engage in a historical evaluation of assessment within the NSC in terms of how assessment was conducted in the former Natal Education Department, a liberal education department within former apartheid South Africa. The conclusions drawn from the evaluation are used to provide recommendations to relieve the tensions identified within the EHL NSC. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.