Mémoire en recherche-création / Les films produits par les grandes compagnies de l’industrie cinématographique permettent de représenter des identités multiples à travers les personnages mis en scène, et de les diffuser largement auprès de publics diversifiés (chaines de télévision, cinéma, plateformes de diffusion en ligne). Ce travail de recherche-création se penche sur les représentations dans le cinéma dit « grand public » des identités de personnes s’identifiant en marge de la binarité de genre, et particulièrement à la visibilité des personnes s’identifiant comme non-binaires. Je constate en effet un manque en matière de représentations d’identités transgenres et non-binaires dans les films et séries « mainstream », par rapport à ma propre expérience de la diversité des identités dans les communautés queer et LGBTQ+. Pour prendre en compte les impressions de personnes aux identités de genre diverses, j’ai enregistré et filmé neuf entretiens réalisés auprès de personnes de mon entourage par la plateforme Zoom, afin d’utiliser leurs témoignages dans mon travail de recherche. Iels m’apportent leurs avis, leurs expériences et leurs références filmiques que j’utilise en complément de recherches théoriques issues des études féministes, des études de genres et des travaux propres à certaines communautés étudiant les rapports de pouvoirs qui s’exercent contre elleux (Crip Studies, Trans Studies, Black Studies principalement). Je m’attarde sur les exemples de représentations dans certains des films et d’une série cité.es en entretien. J’analyse également les représentations de personnages et le langage employé, en les confrontant au discours des communautés touchées par ces représentations. J’ai réalisé à partir des entretiens filmés un montage de certains passages illustrant l’importance pour chacun.e des participant.e.s de voir des représentations d’identités diversifiées et de la place qu’iels trouvent — ou non — dans les représentations existantes. / Movies produced by main companies in the film industry make it possible to represent multiple identities through the characters shown, and to spread them widely to diverse audiences (through television channels, movie theatres, online broadcasting platforms). In this research-creation project, I look at the representations in so-called “main stream” movies of people’s identities identifying outside of a gender binary, and in particular the visibility of people identifying as non-binary. I see a lack of representation of transgender and non-binary identities in mainstream films and series, compared to my own experience with the diversity of identities in queer and LGBTQ+ communities. To take into account the impressions of people within a wide range of gender identities, I recorded and filmed through Zoom discussions with nine persons from my close environment, in order to use their testimonies in my research work. In those discussions, they share their opinions, their experiences and their movie references for me to use as a complement to theoretical research in fields such as feminist studies, gender studies and community-specific work studying power relations against them (mainly Crip Studies, Trans Studies, Black Studies). I then linger on examples provided by the characters taken from some of the films and a Tv serie quoted in the interviews. I analyze some of the linguistic expressions used in these films as well as the representations of the characters, in order to compare them to the actual speeches of the communities affected by these representations. The interviews were edited as to form a collection of testimonies illustrating the importance for my interlocutors of finding faithful representations of their identities onscreen.

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This thesis is situated at the intersection of trans, lesbian, and women’s history. It is an exploratory study that has sought to combine the disparate strands of the social movements organised around the identity categories trans, lesbian, and woman. Using a semibiographical and intersectional approach, the study follows in the footsteps of the transsexual lesbian woman Eva-Lisa Bengtson as she navigated the trans, lesbian, and women’s movements between 1964–1999. The analytical focus is on mapping Eva-Lisa’s presence in the movements, dissecting the production, reproduction, and negotiation of identities within and between the movements, and identifying identity-based conflict. The study finds that similar mechanisms of differentiation and the creation of new normativities occurred across all three movements in a recognisable pattern.

The thesis offers new paradigms for advancing socio-economic rights in Africa. Many States Parties to human rights instruments have failed to promote the common welfare of their citizens partly because of the justiciability debate, which continues to complicate intellectual and practical efforts at advancing socio-economic rights. The debate also prevents the normative development of these rights through adjudication. Furthermore, traditional human rights theory and practice have been state-centric, with non-state actors largely ignored in the identification, formulation, and implementation of human rights norms. Yet, the involvement of non-state entities in international arena has limited states' autonomies considerably, with serious implications for human rights. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have capacities to foster economic well-being, development, tenchnological improvement, and wealth, but they also often cause deleterious human rights impacts through thei employment practices, environmental policies, relationships with suppliers and consumers, interactions with governments, and other activities. The thesis argues that socio-economic rights are normative and justiciable. It argues that traditional approaches are no longer sufficient to secure human rights and calls for a dismantatling of some structures erected by doctrinal systems; for realignment of relationships among social institutions; and for integrated bundles of fundamental interests that harness benefits of human rights norms and widen the landscape to commit both formal and informal regimes. Fashioning out a new paradigm for advancement of socio-economic rights requires addressing state capacity. It requires an integrative and global interpretive framework. It requires, finally, a new paradigm to commit non-state actors in Africa. The illustrative chapter uses the rights to work and to social security as templates for some prescriptions towards reaslising socio-economic rights in Africa. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

This essay deals with teachers’ guides on teaching about sexuality and personal relationships, in particular guides focusing on introductory programmes in languages in upper secondary school and teaching adult immigrants Swedish. The aim is to investigate how the teachers’ guides function as further training for teachers. In Sweden 2016, the number of pupils enrolled in language introductory programmes was rapidly increasing. The number of participants in Swedish language for immigrants was also growing quickly. Teachers are in need of further training in sex and sexuality education and instruction in general, and particularly in this teaching context. It is hard to find teachers with sufficient competence in the field, due to the current general lack of skilled teachers in Sweden. Research on teachers’ guides in Sweden is underdeveloped and previous research on the topic of this essay is virtually non-existent, which makes this a pilot study of sorts. The study focuses on text-analysis, function and normativity. The results show that teachers’ guides respond to teachers’ needs and demands. These specific teachers’ guides affect each other through intertextuality. The norms imbedded in the language used in the teachers’ guides have an influence on teachers reading them.

The general topic of the thesis is the history of the Ordinary Language Philosophy. To be more precise, it deals with the critical arguments, which were raised against is. The thesis offers a short historical and sociological review of the Ordinary Language Philosophy. Critical analysis shows two things: 1) the main reason for the rejection was a different understanding of meaning (and consequences of such a understanding); 2) critics begged the question and already assumed the justification of these rejections in their arguments. The area of this criticism was: the paradigm case argument, the empirical nature of the statements of meaning produced by the Ordinary Language Philosophy, the structural elements of meaning and the political implications of the theory of meaning. The thesis criticizes the Ordinary Language Philosophy in those parts (and in such interpretations), where its understanding of meaning does not differ from the understanding of the critics and where they share common assumptions. On the other hand, the thesis argues for an interpretation, which avoids classical understanding of meaning in all its consequences. Finally, the thesis asks how the Ordinary Language Philosophy can be useful for contemporary debates.