. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry. The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process. The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place. The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand. The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women. At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry. All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry / <p>QC 20101129</p>

Cette thèse vise à explorer les banquets en Norvège et en Islande aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles. Le sujet de cette étude, évoqué de manière éparse par l’historiographie, a pour objectif cardinal de de contrer cette lacune en fournissant un portrait global des festins à l’époque concernée. L’approche empruntée accorde une importance particulière aux rares descriptions de banquets ainsi qu’aux détails exceptionnels contenus dans les sources historiques. Cette enquête ambitionne également d’identifier et de comprendre les divers rôles joués par les réunions festives en Norvège et en Islande selon deux axes principaux. Le premier est celui de la convivialité, de la sociabilité, faisant un usage positif de ces rassemblements. Inversement, le second voyait l’instrumentalisation du festin comme appareil de distinction sociale et d’une affirmation agressive du rang de chaque convive. Cette approche permet de formuler une ébauche de catégorisation des banquets, de leur usage et de leur richesse. De plus, l’analyse offre l’occasion de constater les dimensions uniques de ce phénomène culturel prévalent de la Scandinavie de l’Ouest, mais également d’observer les similitudes entretenues avec le reste de l’Europe. Enfin, le dernier aspect abordé dans cette thèse vise à examiner en surface la translation de coutumes festives et courtoises d’un espace à un autre en fonction des relations politiques entre la Norvège et l’Islande. Pour y arriver, nous recourrons à des textes législatifs issus des deux régions à l’étude, de sagas royales, de sagas de contemporains et de documents produits dans l’environnement de la cour norvégienne. / This thesis explores feasting in Norway and Iceland during the 12th and 13th centuries. The subject of this work, often only merely mentioned by historiography, aims to fill this need by painting a general picture of banquets during the chosen time period. We aim to specifically address the topic by garnering exceptional details present in historical documents. This study also wishes to establish the various roles played by banquets by following two main axes. The first one sees the feast serving as a conveyer of social cohesion and friendships and also as a building tool for relationships. Inversely, the second exposes how feasts could serve more hostile purposes, notably distinguishing every attendee and underlining social inequalities among a given group. We also aim to categorize feasts, to identify their uses and their breadth. Through these efforts, we also identify unique traits that define this practice around western Scandinavia, but also the differences it entertains against other European regions. Finally, this study aims to touch on the transmission of customs surrounding feasting from Norway to Iceland incidental to increasing political relationships. To achieve the aforementioned goals, we solicited the use legal texts from both regions, king sagas, contemporary sagas, as well as documents coming from the Norwegian court.

Denna studie är en magisterexamen i företagsekonomi med inriktning ledarskap, skriven av Sanna Svensson under vårterminen 2022. Studiens titel är; “Distansarbetets påverkan på utövandet av ledarskap under covid-19, betraktat utifrån ett ledningsperspektiv”. Distansarbete har under covid-19 blivit den nya normalen. Detta har resulterat i många olika utmaningar som ledare har varit tvungna att hantera. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur distansarbete har påverkat utövandet av ledarskap under covid-19 utifrån ett ledningsperspektiv. Studien forskningsfråga är; ”Hur har distansarbete under covid-19 påverkat utövandet av ledarskap utifrån ett ledningsperspektiv?”. För att kartlägga kunskapen innanför ämnesområdet har det genomförts en litteraturgenomgång. I den teoretiska referensramen presenteras resultatet av litteraturgenomgången i form av tre ledarskapsbeteenden; kommunikation, tillit och stöd. Dessa tre ledarskapsbeteenden är viktiga vid övergången till distansarbete. Ledares förmåga att tillhandahålla tydlig kommunikation till medarbetare under covid-19 är viktig för att medarbetare ska kunna hantera krisen effektivt, mästra övergången till distansarbete och upprätthålla medarbetarnas produktivitet och arbetsvilja med distansarbete. För att medarbetare ska kunna arbeta på distans är det viktigt att organisationer litar på sina medarbetare och har tillit till att de utför sitt arbete på distans. Vidare är det viktigt att ledare är tillgängliga och ger medarbetare det stöd och den hjälp de behöver för att hantera arbetssituationen med distansarbete, detta för att uppnå produktivitet och framgång med distansarbete. Denna studie baseras på en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturella intervjuer med åtta HR-ledare i offentlig sektor i Norge. I empiriavsnittet presenteras respondenternas svar utifrån kategorierna kommunikation, tillit och stöd. Det framgår av intervjumaterialet att dessa tre kategorier har varit viktiga för samtliga respondenter under distansarbetssituationen. I analyskapitlet diskuteras och jämförs den teoretiska referensramen med datan från den empiriska undersökningen utifrån de tre underrubrikerna som presenterades i teori- och empiriavsnittet. Analysen utgör grunden för studiens slutsats. Studiens slutsats visar att respondenterna under distansarbetssituationen har varit mer tillgängliga för sina medarbetare och försett dem med mer stöd. Vidare framgår det av studiens resultat att samtliga respondenterhar använt Microsoft Temas för att informera om statusuppdateringar och upprätthålla mötesverksamhet, kommunikation och samarbete med distansarbetande medarbetare. Slutsatsen visar även att ledare måste ha en hög grad av tillit till distansarbetande medarbetare. Vidare framgår det av slutsatsen att tre respondenter under pandemin har givit sina distansarbetande medarbetare ökad autonomi. De medarbetare som inte har fungerat på hemmakontor, har tre av respondenterna följt upp extra genom ett mer kontrollerande och styrande beteende. Detta avviker från teorin som visar att ledare under distansarbetssituationen har haft ett mindre kontrollerande och styrande beteende. / This study is a master thesis in business administration with a focus on leadership, written by Sanna Svensson during the spring semester of 2022. The title of the study is; "Teleworks impact on the exercise of leadership during covid-19, viewed from a management perspective". Teleworking has become the new standard during covid-19. This has resulted in many different challenges that leaders have had to deal with. The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge of how telework has affected the exercise of leadership during covid-19 from a management perspective. The study research question is; "How has teleworking during covid-19 affected the exercise of leadership from a management perspective?". In order to map the knowledge within the subject area, a literature review has been carried out. In the theoretical frame of reference, the results of the literature review are presented in the form of three leadership behaviors: communication, trust and support. These three leadership behaviors are important in the transition to teleworking. Managers' ability to provide clear communication to employees during covid-19 is important for employees to be able to handle the crisis effectively, master the transition to teleworking and maintain employees' productivity and willingness to work remotely. For employees to be able to work remotely, it is important that organizations trust their employees and have confidence that they are performing their work as intended. Furthermore, it is important that leaders are available and give employees the support and help they need to handle the work situation during covid-19, this to achieve productivity and success in the telework situation the pandemic has created. This study is based on a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews with eight HR leaders in the public sector in Norway. In the empirical section, the respondents' answers are presented based on the category’s communication, trust and support. It appears from the interview material that these three categories have been important for all respondents during the telework situation. The analysis chapter discusses and compares the theoretical frame of reference with data from the empirical study based on the three subheadings presented in the theory and empirical sections. The analysis forms the basis for the study's conclusion. The study's conclusion shows that the respondents during the teleworking situation have been more accessible to their employees and provided them with more support. Furthermore, the results of the study show that all respondents have used Microsoft Teams to inform teleworkers about status updates and maintain meeting activities, communication and collaboration with their employees. The conclusion also shows that leaders must have a high degree of trust in teleworkers. Furthermore, it appears from the conclusion that three respondents during the pandemic have given their teleworkers increased autonomy. The employees who have not functioned during the teleworking situation, have been followed up by three of the respondents through a more controlling and governing behavior.

Diplomová práce pojednává o přístupu k řešení jazykové otázky, která se v Norsku objevila po roce 1814, kdy skončila dánská nadvláda, během níž dánština nahradila v písemném styku norštinu. Bylo nutné stanovit, jakou podobu by měl mít psaný norský jazyk: zda by to měl být riksmål - tj. ponorštěná dánština (později známý jako bokmål), nebo landsmål - tj. nový jazyk, vycházející z norských dialektů (později přejmenovaný na nynorsk). Práce nejprve popisuje, jak vznikl jazykový spor mezi zastánci nynorsk a bokmål v 19. století a jak byl vázán na tehdejší politickou situaci a naopak. Poté je analyzováno, jak byla ve 20. století rozvíjena a přijímána oficiální jazyková politika, kterou po několik desítek let určovala sociálnědemokratická strana. Do ní spadají pravopisné reformy z let 1907, 1917, 1938, 1959, 1981, 2005 a 2012, zákony o užívání jazyka, politika sbližování nynorsk a bokmål s cílem vytvořit společný jazyk samnorsk a vytvoření jazykového orgánu Språkrådet (Jazykové rady). Nakonec práce zkoumá, jak vypadá jazyková situace v Norsku v souvislosti se vztahem bokmål-nynorsk v prvním desetiletí 21. století. The thesis deals with the approach to linguistic issues which emerged in Norway after 1814 when Danish domination ended. During the domination Danish replaced Norwegian in written communication. It was...

<p>. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry.</p><p>The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process.</p><p>The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place.</p><p>The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand.</p><p>The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women.</p><p>At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry.</p><p>All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry</p>

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In this study, the immediate and short term (three months) effects of conservation burning have been investigated in coniferous forests in southeastern Sweden. Five tree species were investigated Picea abies (Norway spruce), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Populus tremula (aspen), Betula pendula (silver birch) and Betula pubescens (downy birch), as well as ground vegetation of mosses, dwarf shrubs and ground lichens. Burning increased the proportion of live deciduous tree shoots from 51 % to 81 % and the live tree shoot size distribution of four tree species was significantly changed by fire. Fire affected the tree species differently. Three months after burning deciduous tree species exhibited strong sprouting, while P. sylvestris had established many seedlings, significantly increasing its share of the tree stand. P. abies lacked any visible positive response to burning and its number of live shoots decreased by 83 %. Mineral soil was exposed on only the moss vegetation and covered just 4 % of the studied plot area. The initial vegetation response to fire was negative, but significant dwarf shrub recovery was detected three months after burning.

ABSTRACT Gustafsson, J. &amp; Söderqvist, N., “’The Island of Peace in the Sea of War’ A newspaper study of Växjö city’s newspaper editorials regarding the conflicts of the Second World War in the Nordic countries”, Linnaeus University.   A qualitative textual analysis delving into three local newspapers from Växjö city is in many ways the essence of this study. The main purpose of this study is to examine three key conflicts, the Winter War, Operation Weserübung and the Continuation War. Each conflict has been assessed in relation to the opinions advocated in the editorials of the three politically diverse newspapers. The theoretical basis for this study is founded on similar analysis made by Nybom, Johansson and Åmark who all have contributed to the content of this particular essay. Most of all, Nyboms categorization of the so-called realism and idealism have helped us in understanding the motives and plans of action concerning the nations involved in the selected conflicts. There are several interesting conclusions in this study, in particular the newspapers’ view on main antagonists such as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, as well as the Allies.

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping process and has a potential to be applied also on‐line to steer the refining and pulping process by the characteristics of the final pulp and the quality of the final paper. The long fiber fraction is important for the properties of the whole pulp. It was found that fiber wall thickness and external fibrillation were the fibercharacteristics that contributed the most to tensile index of the long fiber fractions in five mechanical pulps (three TMPs, one SGW, one CTMP). The tensile index of handsheets of the long fiber fractions could be predicted by linear regressions using a combination of fiber wall thickness and degree of external fibrillation. The predicted tensile index was denoted BIN, short for Bonding ability INfluence. This resulted in the same linear correlation between BIN and tensile index for 52 samples of the five mechanical pulps studied, each fractionated into five streams(plus feed) in full size hydrocyclones. The Bauer McNett P16/R30 (passed 16 meshwire, retained on a 30 mesh wire) and P30/R50 fractions of each stream were used for the evaluation. The fibers of the SGW had thicker walls and a higher degree of external fibrillation than the TMPs and CTMP, which resulted in a correlation between BIN and tensile index on a different level for the P30/R50 fraction of SGW than the other pulp samples. A BIN model based on averages weighted by each fiber´s wall volume instead of arithmetic averages, took the fiber wall thickness of the SGW into account, and gave one uniform correlation between BIN and tensile index for all pulp samples (12 samples for constructing the model, 46 for validatingit). If the BIN model is used for predicting averages of the tensile index of a sheet, a model based on wall volume weighted data is recommended. To be able to produce BIN distributions where the influence of the length or wall volume of each fiber is taken into account, the BIN model is currently based on arithmetic averages of fiber wall thickness and fibrillation. Fiber width used as a single factor reduced the accuracy of the BIN model. Wall volume weighted averages of fiber width also resulted in a completely changed ranking of the five hydrocyclone streams compared to arithmetic, for two of thefive pulps. This was not seen when fiber width was combined with fiber wallthickness into the factor “collapse resistance index”. In order to avoid too high influence of fiber wall thickness and until the influence of fiber width on BIN and the measurement of fiber width is further evaluated, it is recommended to use length weighted or arithmetic distributions of BIN and other fiber characteristics. A comparably fast method to evaluate the distribution of fiber wall thickness and degree of external fibrillation with high resolution showed that the fiber wallthickness of the latewood fibers was reduced by increasing the refining energy in adouble disc refiner operated at four levels of specific energy input in a commercial TMP production line. This was expected but could not be seen by the use of average values, it was concluded that fiber characteristics in many cases should be evaluated as distributions and not only as averages. BIN distributions of various types of mechanical pulps from Norway spruce showed results that were expected based on knowledge of the particular pulps and processes. Measurements of mixtures of a news‐ and a SC (super calendered) gradeTMP, showed a gradual increase in high‐BIN fibers with higher amounts of SCgrade TMP. The BIN distributions also revealed differences between the pulps that were not seen from average fiber values, for example that the shape of the BINdistributions was similar for two pulps that originated from conical disc refiners, a news grade TMP and the board grade CTMP, although the distributions were on different BIN levels. The SC grade TMP and the SC grade SGW had similar levels of tensile index, but the SGW contained some fibers of very low BIN values which may influence the characteristics of the final paper, for example strength, surface and structure. This shows that the BIN model has the potential of being applied on either the whole or parts of a papermaking process based on mechanical or chemimechanical pulping; the evaluation of distributions of fiber characteristics can contribute to increased knowledge about the process and opportunities to optimize it.