Inledning: Det har blivit allt vanligare att företag driver sin verksamhet i projektform. Projektarbetet har fått större betydelse och är vanligt förekommande inom industri och förvaltning. Studiens fallföretag är Södra Cell Mörrum som är verksamt inom processindustrin. Inom företaget bedrivs projekt på daglig basis med varierande storlek. Södra Cell Mörrum har stött på problem i deras projektstyrning gällande säkerställandet av kunskapsöverföring mellan projekt. Forskningen inom ämnesområdet projektstyrning är utbredd, däremot när den utförs i samband med kunskapsöverföring är den inte lika väldokumenterad. Efter en genomsökning av ämnesområdet har en brist av forskning inom ämnesområdet påträffats relaterad till processindustrin. Syftet: Syftet med studien är att via en genomgång av Södra Cell Mörrums projektstyrning kartlägga projektarbetet i en sammanställning. Ur sammanställningen skall barriärer för kunskapsöverföring mellan projekt identifieras. Vidare är syftet att utföra en jämförelse och analys av Södra Cell Mörrums projektarbete utifrån befintlig litteratur inom ämnesområdet projektstyrning kopplat till kunskapsöverföring för att föreslå en uppdaterad modell som utvecklar kunskapsöverföringen. Metod: Området som har utforskats har varit Södra Cell Mörrums projektstyrning, vilket innebär att detta är en fallstudie och studien har en deduktiv ansats. Utgångspunkten har varit i befintliga teorier som sedan har vävts samman med empiriskt material från semi-strukturerade intervjuer och dokument. En kvalitativ inriktning har valts för studien för att få en tydligare insikt i Södra Cell Mörrums projektarbete. Slutsats: De barriärer i Södra Cell Mörrums projektstyrning som identifierats är tidsbrist samt en avsaknad systematik för dokumentering av lärdomar och misstag. För att säkerställa kunskapsöverföring inom projektstyrningen rekommenderas Södra Cell Mörrum genomföra förändringar i planeringsfasen av projektstyrningen. Det som föreslås är en addering av till två milstolpar i milstolpeplaneringen, vilka är reflektionsmöte och projektrapporter som behandlar ovanstående barriärer. / Introduction: It has become more common for companies to operate their businesses on a project basis. Projects have gained significance and are frequently occurring within the industry and administration. The company at hand for this case study is Södra Cell Mörrum, a company that operates within the processing industry. Projects are conducted on a daily basis with varying sizes at Södra Cell Mörrum. The company has experienced issues in their project management when it comes to ensuring knowledge transfer in between projects. Science within the area of project management is comprehensive, although when conducted in connection with knowledge transfer it is not as extensive. A gap has been found after a thorough search within the area of project management combined with knowledge transfer related to the processing industry. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum in a compilation. The compilation identifies flaws regarding knowledge transfer in between projects. Furthermore, the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum will be compared and analyzed based on existing theories within the research area of project management related to knowledge transfer in order to suggest a developed model that ensures knowledge transfer. Method: The area of research for this study has been the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum, hence being a case study following a deductive research approach. The premise takes place in existing theories whom have been intertwined with empirical material ranging from semi-structured interviews and documents. A qualitative direction has been chosen for this study to gain an enhanced insight in the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum. Conclusion: The flaws that have been identified within the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum are constituted by a lack of time as well as a deficiency regarding a systematic documentation of mistakes and experiences. In order for the company to secure knowledge transfer within the project management it is recommended that the milestone planning is changed towards including two additional milestones. These milestones consist of reverberation meetings and project reports, both of whom manage the flaws mentioned above.

Title: The organizing and the balance between profession and profit in the Big Four accounting firms Introduction: Globalization has lead to a world with increasing similarities and a larger market where only efficient organizations survive why information is important for survival and success. Accounting firms fulfill an important role by securing information and contribute to the prosperity of society through an efficient market. But they differ both from non-PSF and among each other due to the need of managing the balance between profession and profit. The current research on accounting firms is limited and lacking. This thesis contributes to the current research by providing a new perspective to the existing research on accounting firms. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand how the Big Four accounting firms organize in order to manage the balance between profession and profit. Method: The thesis uses a qualitative research method in which data and information is collected from financial statements and websites that is compiled into multiple case studies on the Big Four accounting firms to give a detailed description of how they organize to manage the balance between profession and profit. Conclusions: The result demonstrates that there are similarities between how the Big Four accounting firms organize to manage the balance between profession and profit. The thesis moreover shows that there are connections between the factors of organizing (goal, environment, strategy and structure latter of which is divided in organizational structure, partnership, knowledge, reward system, informal and formal management processes and responsibility distribution) and the balance between profession and profit which indicates that the Big Four accounting firms considers the balance between profession and profit in the organizing for the survival and success in the market.

The aim of this study was to identify discourses in the construction of the phenomenon social enterprises in the local context of Växjö, to illustrate the conditions of organized social work. The discourse analysis was done through interviews with different key persons of the local field, who earlier had participated in a medial debate about social enterprises. In accordance to the theoretical perspective of Foucaults approach on discourses, we analyzed the use of language to pursue power. We found that the way of speaking about social enterprises was positive in general when the focus was on the main purpose of their work. When the focus was put on how this purpose would be pursued and accomplished, it was discovered that there were different opinions about that, and two main discourses could be separated. One discourse had the focus on the entrepreneurial aspect of social entrepreneurship and the other had focus on the social aspect. Through the study it became clear that the understanding of the phenomenon is different from various point of views. And since it is unclear what the phenomenon really are, there is an ongoing struggle about the power to define it. We discovered that there is a connection between discourse and power when it comes to social enterprises in relation to welfare state organization.

This is a study about art exhibitions and the flow of spatial movement within them. The thesis of this work is how to create an active and guiding flow of movement within a smaller exhibition space. Using the methods Timing and Tracking and Spatial Analysis, three different art exhibitions in smaller spaces are studied to see how the flow of spatial movement is created. Former studies about spatial movement and how form and space affect visitors’ behavior by Wineman and Peonies (2010) and Ching and Binggeli (2012) have been taken into account for this study.  The results of studying three exhibitions; Paper Art, Nya Målningar and Kemiska Undersökningar, show that the use of walls and furniture positively affects an active and guiding movement even within the limitations of smaller exhibition spaces.  Three different examples have been created to show how an active and guiding spatial movement within smaller spaces may be achieved. These examples also visuality represent the spatial movement within a smaller exhibition space. The examples are created in the form of floor-plans and coloured sketches to demonstrate how exhibition designers and artists could effectively use smaller spaces for art exhibitions.

In the beginning of 2002 a new kind of debate started inside the Swedish trade unions that also were published in the newspapers. The debate was about if the Swedish trade union should organize the undocumented workforce or not. In this thesis I will deal with this issue and also investigate what kind of solutions the trade unions in Sweden use on this new phenomenon, a phenomenon that recently have become a social and political problem during the last years. This is a new subject within political science and there is limited research made before. Because of that, this thesis will be empirical, inductive and exploring by its nature. The main question in this essay is “How do the Swedish trade unions think about organizing the undocumented workers and what do they believe that the union can do to make the undocumented workers circumstances easier?” In order to answer that I had to used four additional questions; which are the main trade unions in Sweden and which of them are in contact with the undocumented workers? Who are undocumented and what does it mean? Which are the trade unions standpoints and arguments in the organization question? What do the Trade unions believe that they can do to make the situation easier for them who are undocumented? Briefly are my conclusions that the trade unions in Sweden are divided about if they should organize or not. Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation is the only trade union that organizes the undocumented workers today but Fastighetsanställdas Förbund express that they want to do it too. In the latest month, a new cooperation have started between undocumented workers and the trade unions LO, TCO, Fastighetsanstaälldas, Hotell och Restaurang and SEKO. Perhaps this cooperation will make the situation at work and life a little bit easier for the undocumented.

Bakgrund: Trenden att tjänstefiera sin verksamhet har under de senaste åren blivit allt mer påtaglig. Idag härrör intäkter från tjänster en betydande del av omsättningen hos många företag. Däremot har det visat sig att det inte är helt enkelt att kombinera produkter och tjänster. Tidigare forskning har belyst denna problematik, dock inte lika tydligt inom just organisering. En förstudie till denna uppsats visar att många företag har svårt att organisera sig till att kunna kombinera sina produkter med ett utökat tjänsteutbud. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilka organisatoriska utmaningar svenska tjänstefierade företag har stött på samt hur dessa kan hanteras. Genomförande: Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär med en abduktiv ansats. Studien är en enfallsstudie av fallet organisering inom kontexten tjänstefiering som har studerats med hjälp av tre företag verksamma i Sverige. På dessa företag har tre till fem personer blivit intervjuade i syfte att insamla data till den empiriska referensramen. Slutsats: En organisering som främjar försäljning av tjänster och lösningar kräver tvärfunktionella samarbeten och en styrning och koordinering från ledningen. Därutöver behöver tjänsteavdelningen i företag övertyga resterande delar av organisationen och ledningen om tjänsternas potential för att få hjälp att leverera dessa. Det tenderar att vara paradoxalt då hjälpen krävs för att kunna sälja kundcentrerade erbjudanden från första början. Med hjälp av diverse uppkopplade tjänster kan dock tjänsteavdelningen föra samman företagets produkter och tjänster och därmed lättare övertyga resterande delar av organisationen. / Background: The trend of servitization has become more obvious in recent years. Today, revenue from services is a significant part of the turnover of companies. On the other hand, it has been found that it is not completely easy to combine products and services. Previous research has confirmed this problem, however not as clear regarding the organization of the company. A pilot study to this one shows that many companies meet difficulties in organizing themselves to enable a combination of products with the expanded service offering. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out what organizational challenges Swedish servitized companies have encountered and how these can be handled. Completion: The study is of a qualitative nature with an abductive approach. The study is a single case study of the case organizing within the context of servitization, which has been observed through three companies operating in Sweden. In each company, three to five people has been interviewed for collecting data to the findings chapter. Conclusion: An organization that promotes sales of services and solutions requires cross-functional co-operations, control and coordination from top management. In addition, the service unit needs to convince the remaining parts of the organization and top management about the potential of the services to receive help to deliver these. It tends to be paradoxical, when the help initially is needed to sell customer-centered offers. With the help of various connected services, however, the service unit may link the company's products and services together and thus more easily convince the remaining parts of the organization.

I avhandlingen beskrivs och analyseras chefers arbete genom att kombinera individuella perspektiv med organisatoriska och samhälleliga perspektiv vilket ger både teoretiska och praktiska implikationer Referensramen är uppbyggd av teorier kring chefers arbete och nyinstitutionell teori av Skandinaviskt slag. Flera metoder kombineras för att fånga komplexiteten i chefers arbete; skuggningar, intervjuer, observationer och dokumentstudier. Forskningsfrågorna besvaras genom att använda en kombination av teorier utvecklade för olika analysnivåer; individ, organisation och samhälle. De empiriska materialen används för att ge ett bidrag till vidare forskning om chefers arbete med en empirisk bas. Vikten av att relatera chefers arbete till den kontext som omger dem betonas. Chefers arbete i äldreomsorgen har specifika karaktäristika men också gemensamma drag med chefers arbete i andra sektorer och på andra organisatoriska nivåer. I det empiriska materialet har flera organisatoriska karaktäristika som påverkar chefers arbete identifierats. Beskrivningarna av chefers arbete bidrar också till en utveckling av en empirinära praxisteori för chefers arbete. Med hjälp av nyinstitutionell teori beskrivs hur chefer möter skilda förväntningar och krav och i organisationer, där dessa inte överensstämmer måste chefer hantera ett organisatoriskt hyckleri. / In the thesis managers’ work is described and analysed by combining individual perspectives with organisational and societal perspectives, which gives both theoretical and practical implications. The frame of reference is constituted of theories on managers’ work and the Scandinavian version of new institutional theory. Several methods are combined to grasp the complexity in mangers’ work; shadowing, interviews, observations and document studies. The research questions are answered through a combination of theories  developed for different levels of analysis; individual, organisational and societal. The empirical materials are used to give a contribution to further research on managers’ work with an empirical base. The importance to relate managers’ work to the context that surrounds them is emphasised. Managers’ work in eldercare has specific characteristics, but also common features with managers’ work in other sectors and at other hierarchical levels in organisations. In the empirical material several organisational characteristics that affect managers’ work have been identified. The descriptions of managers’ work also contribute to a praxis theory of management. New institutional theory is applied in order to describe how managers meet diverse expectations and demands in organisations. When these do not match, the managers need to handle organisational hypocrisy.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur fyra lärare och fyra elever upplever organisering av undervisning svenska som andraspråk. Den metod som användes var kvalitativa intervjuer som genomfördes både digitalt och genom personliga möten. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns olika sätt att organisera svenska som andraspråk på. Skolor väljer att lägga upp undervisningen på olika sätt på grund av de ramfaktorer som påverkar skolorna, så som lokaler och ekonomi. En del skolor väljer att blanda svenskelever med svenska som andraspråkselever i samma klassrum, medan andra skolor delar upp dem i olika klassrum. Lärarna och eleverna upplever ämnet svenska som andraspråk vara relationsbaserat där läraren genom sitt arbete stärker elevernas tro på den egna förmågan. De ser fördelar med mindre studiegrupper och fler lärare närvarande. Studiens slutsats är att det finns både för- och nackdelar med organiserandet av svenska som andraspråk. Svenskämnenas likvärdighet i styrdokumenten speglar inte verkligheten.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur analys- och utvärderingsmyndigheter positioneras, det vill säga organiseras i relation till regeringen och andra aktörer, och identifierar och diskuterar faktorer som kan bidra till att förklara dessa myndigheters positionering. Det teoretiska ramverket om positionering hämtas från litteratur om metagovernance och styrning genom organisering. Utgångspunkten är att analys- och utvärderingsmyndigheter existerar i en kontext med grundläggande normer om oberoende. Olika typer av oberoende kan påverka verksamhetens trovärdighet. Samtidigt är positionering är ett centralt styrmedel för regeringen och bygger på strategisk placering av myndigheter gentemot Regeringskansliet och andra intressenter. Att myndigheter interagerar med olika aktörer är inte detsamma som att de är beroende av dem. Men det betyder att dessa aktörer har någon typ av inverkan på verksamheten. Spänningen mellan ett centralt styrmedel och normer om oberoende ger att analys- och utvärderingsmyndigheter utgör en intressant kontext för att studera positionering. Styrningen innehåller inte bara avvägningar mellan kontroll och ansvarsutkrävande utan även mellan uppfattningar om trovärdighet och möjligheten att använda myndigheterna för att uppnå politiska mål.

The guidance counselling within the adult education in Sweden is lacking in a wide range of qualitative measures. The aim was therefore to examine how principals perceive their leadership whilst organizing guidance counselling within the adult education. Previous research has shown that a close connection and cooperation between the principal and the guidance counsellor is beneficial, and that principals carry out hands-on, direct and collaborative leadership. They do not see the guidance counsellor as a leader even though the guidance programme requires the professional’s leadership. What is less known in earlier research is how principals perceive their leadership whilst organizing guidance counselling within the adult education. A phenomenographical study has therefore been conducted. The study results showed that the principals perceive their leadership based on giving the guidance counsellor an independence but they also perceive it as an inclusive, direct, indirect, reactive and supportive leadership. The results were analysed with a phenomenographical and understanding-based perspective. The study results have contributed with new knowledge and insight in the so far unexplored field that is adult education in relation to principals’ perceptions of organizing guidance counselling. The results show a wide range of different perceptions. The main finding is that principals perceive their complex role within the adult education as the main reason to not being able to fulfil guidance counselling as a whole-school approach. This is due to their limited time as their leadership role is highly administrative. Principals perceive therefore the organization of guidance counselling as organized by the guidance counsellor. Their leadership is therefore more reactive than preventive. Another finding is that principals perceive that guidance counsellors have similar competence to a leader, whereby they are equipped to lead their own work and the guidance interventions in the school as a whole-school approach.