I started the project by doing a workshop with aclassmate using a derivative of the german officeBaupiloten’s methods. The goal of the workshop was toextract their actual needs and wishes.Traditionally when asking a client “What do you want?”,they’ll be constricted by their own reality and context.Taking children as an example they would ask for moreslides or a trampoline. By using an seemingly nonconnectedand abstract task the children can expresstheir actuals needs and wishes for their enviroment.We had a group of 8, 5 year old children that we showed 9pictures of natural phenomena while telling the childrenabout the pictures to spark their imagination. Afterwardwe asked each child to pick the pictures they liked. Withthem and other material we then instructed them to“construct worlds” inside A4-boxes. During the wholeprocess speaking to the children to extract their thoughtprocess as thoroughly as possible.On top of this the concept was based on the ongoingdebate regarding the lack of outdoor areas for childrenin Stockholm as well as the pedagogies of Reggio Emiliaand Montessori. From this I derived four key points.Exploration and independence, denuded architecture,free play outside and children’s inherent creativity. / Jag startade projektet genom att göra en workshop med en klasskamrat med hjälp av ett derivat från tyska arkitekturkontoret Baupilotens metoder. Målet med workshoppen var att extrahera deras faktiska behov och önskemål. Traditionellt när man frågar en klient "Vad vill du ha?", kommer de att vara begränsade av sin egen verklighet och kontext. Ta ett barn som exempel. De skulle be om mer rutschkanor eller en studsmatta. Genom att använda en till synes icke-kopplad och abstrakt uppgift barnen kan uttrycka deras faktiska behov och önskemål för deras omgivningar. Vi hade en grupp av åtta stycken, fem år gamla barn som vi visade nio bilder av naturfenomen samtidigt som vi berättade om bilderna för att tända barnens fantasi. Efteråt bad vi varje barn att välja bilderna som de tyckte mest om. Vi instruerade dem sedan till "Konstruera världar" i A4-lådor. Under hela processen talade vi med barnen för att extrahera deras tankeprocess så noggrant som möjligt. Utöver detta var konceptet baserat på den pågående debatten om bristen på utomhusområden för barn i Stockholm samt pedagogiken i Reggio Emilia och Montessori. Från detta härledde jag fyra huvudpunkter. Utforskning och självständighet, redovisande arkitektur, fri lek utomhus och barns inneboende kreativitet.

Inclusion presents a task to school education: creating truly inclusive learning setting, the perseverance of segregated educational practices, and the contrary opinions of teachers and parents about the appropriateness of those educational settings. Outdoor education offers an alternative setting for learning. Experiential learning is the focus here. Studies show that outdoor learning can have a positive impact on learning. In addition, individual studies also illustrate positive effects on individual support needs. In contrast, this study explores teachers' experiences in inclusive outdoor education and does not focus on a single support need. Perceived benefits and challenges are analyzed and interpreted to form foundations for theory and practice for future inclusive outdoor education. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. 8 interviews with 9 teachers from Denmark, Sweden and Ireland were conducted. A common understanding of the concepts of inclusion and outdoor education and therefore inclusive outdoor education has been found. Even though it is only a small sample of 9 teachers, it can be stated that the benefits mentioned outweigh the challenges: More and varied benefits are mentioned. Benefits could be found in the following areas: well-being, inclusion, learning and calming. Challenges were found in the areas of external circumstances, pedagogical challenges and challenges within the student. The findings of the study are partly in line with previous studies, but also complement them by the specialfocus on general inclusion.

This thesis discusses the role of side openings in museums, in relation to users’ visiting experience.The research particularly focuses on the feature of view, analysing if the connection with the outsideenvironment provided through windows, results in an enriched museum’s experience and enhancedcultural identity. The analysis is based on the case study of the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, wherethree rooms with stronger, moderate and weaker connection with the outside environment have beenevaluated through visitors’ surveys. Results show that the public revealed considerable awarenessabout windows and their landscape and yet the view was rarely considered a distracting feature. Theavailable literature on daylight in museums hardly includes view among the acknowledged daylightbenefits, and, also due to the difficulty in controlling the daylight intake, side openings have gained abad reputation in the museum field. However, as in the analysed case study, the view was consideredby many as an enriching part of the visiting experience, this thesis calls for further research on therole of view in exhibition rooms and on how to include it properly in museums’ design.

Familjeföretag står inför nya utmaningar i en föränderlig värld, vilket ökar kompetensbehovet inom  styrelsen. Tidigare forskning visar att tillsättandet av externa ledamöter kan tillgodose detta behov, men det råder oklarhet kring vilka specifika kompetenser som prioriteras. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur familjeföretag värderar och rekryterar externa styrelseledamöter, med fokus på professionella och personliga egenskaper. Studien utgår främst från resursberoendeteorin och baseras på sex kvalitativa intervjuer med ägare i familjeföretag samt experter inom området. Resultatet indikerar att familjeföretagen värdesätter integritet, engagemang och mjuka värden, vilket bidrar till att nya perspektiv tas upp i styrelserummet. Därtill diskuteras vikten av tydliga kravspecifikationer samt valet av rekryteringsmetod. Studien fastslår att åldersmångfald, generell kompetens och erfarenhet i kombination med integritet och engagemang prioriteras, vilket betonar vikten av ett tydligt samspel mellan de professionella och personliga egenskaperna. / Family businesses face new challenges in a dynamic environment, which increases the need for skills on the board. Previous research shows that the appointment of outside directors can meet this need, but it is unclear which specific competencies are prioritized. This study aims to investigate how family firms value and recruit outside directors, focusing on professional and personal characteristics. The study is mainly based on the Resource Dependency Theory and has involved six qualitative interviews with family business owners and experts in the field. The results indicate that family businesses value integrity, commitment and soft values, which contribute to new perspectives being brought into the boardroom. The importance of clear specifications and the choice of recruitment method are also discussed. The study states that age diversity, general competence and experience combined with integrity and commitment are prioritized, which emphasizes the importance of a clear interplay between the professional and personal characteristics.

This thesis examines the competing frameworks in Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita—the fictional Foreword written by John Ray, Jr., Ph.D. and the manuscript written by Humbert Humbert—in order to understand to what extent the construction manipulates the rhetorical appeal. While previous scholarship isolates the two narrators or focuses on their unreliability, my examination concentrates on the interplay of the frameworks and how their conflicting objectives can be problematic for readers. By drawing upon various theories by Michel Foucault from Power/Knowledge and Louis Althusser’s “On Ideology,” I look into how John Ray, Jr., Ph.D. and Humbert Humbert use authoritative voices to directly address readers with a specific duty, as “parents, social workers, educators” and “ladies of the gentleman,” and I question to what extent this can force readers to unwillingly forfeit their authority in order to adopt an alternative disciplinary gaze in pursuit of a premeditated idea of truth and justice. Using the concept of truth and justice, I explore how psychological discourse and the court are made up of ideologies that operate like the Panopticon, and I question where readers fit despite the strong influence exerted on to them by this structure.

本研究共一冊，預計四萬至五萬字，分九章十六節：第一章、導論（研究目的、觀念 架構）。第二章、相關文獻探討（理論基礎、實證研究、）。第三章、研究方法（研 究假設、研究範圍與資料蒐集、研究限制）。第四章、產業分析（總體環境、科技、 產業政策及廠商特色）。第五章、環境、策略與企業績效之關係（環境因素之關係、 環境與策略之關係、策略與績效之關係）。第六章、結論與建議。一般而言，影響企 業成長的因素可歸納為內部與外部因素，前者包括企業家的特質、組織管理要素、企 業文化等因素；後者則指企業的科技、經濟、產業環境及政府政策等因素。本文專從 外部因素來研究，並輔以經營策略、競爭武器為中介變數，探討影響企業成長之外部 因素有那些﹖這些因素彼此間之關係如何﹖外部因素影響企業成長之途徑為何﹖

In Sweden all limited liability companies are required to have a board of directors. The board of directors’ task is to manage the business of the firm, but in recent years boards have been subjected to critical review in the media, questioning the tasks and structure of the board. Further, there are differences in the regulations regarding limited liability companies, depending on whether they are private or public companies. Moreover, a majority of the research within the area of corporate governance has been conducted on public companies. However, corporate governance in small and medium sized enterprises (SME) has in the last 30 years become a field of interest. Several scholars and doctorates have used different board roles to explain e.g. the tasks, demographics, and financial performance. The board roles are mainly derived from the agency-, resource dependence-, and stewardship theory. Many papers have come to the conclusion that a board of directors who performs their task, and/or have a certain board demography is beneficial to the firm. Hence, the board and its activity is of importance, however, a general image is conveyed that boards in SMEs rarely are active, but rather are seen as a necessary mean in order to have a firm. Due to this, the research question in this thesis is: What motivates small and medium sized firms to have an active board and are boards in Norr- and Västerbotten active? The criteria for having an active board has been derived from antecedent research and are further recommendations from StyrelseAkademien. Three different board roles have been used with the purpose of explaining the motivation behind having an active board. Further, this thesis has had a quantitative method, and in order to gather data a survey was sent out to board members in Norr- and Västerbotten. The results show that the motivation behind having an active board cannot be explained through the roles network and service of the board. The control role could partly explain the motivation behind having an active board of directors in SMEs in Norr- and Västerbotten, having a negative relationship to board activity. Moreover, due to the opposing results in terms of whether or not boards are active, an unambiguous answer could not be found. However, 49.1 percent of the sample is considered to be active. Lastly, the finding support that in order to have an active board, the firm must recognize a need to include outside directors.

This study investigates teaching of fiction from outside of the Western world. The study was conducted via a discourse analysis of five semi structured interviews with upper secondary school teachers in Swedish language and literature. The aim is to describe how the discourse of fiction from outside of the Western world is depicted by the teachers’ dictums about literature in general and their own teaching of literature. This is done by adapting Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s theoretical conception of signs, floating signifier, moment, articulation, chains of equivalence and subject position along with the pedagogical conceptions inclusion, integration and exclusion. The result shows that the signs “cultures” and “knowledges” were central in the discourse. The signs had the character of floating signifiers, due to the difference in the teachers’ statements. The chains of equivalence showed that fiction from outside of the Western world often was associated with negativity while the European and western fiction often where given a more positive approach. A majority of the teachers’ approach was further characterized by exclusion of fiction from outside the Western world, even though an individual teacher’s approach were characterized by inclusion. Based on the results, we also claim that the discourse concerning fiction from outside of the Western world in the Swedish subject is in a state of change, since the discourse in general was characterized by instability.

Blacks who have descended from the nineteenth century Atlantic slave trade have historically debated and worked to claim a sense of cultural identity that reflects their African heritage and their identity as diasporic. I am particularly interested in how people of the black Atlantic claim their multiple identities since, for people of a diaspora, one main factor is the fact that they inhabit multiple spaces but cannot call any home. How does transnationalism become a better way to describe the cultural identity of those in the "black Atlantic" since these people have to create new or adapted identities as they move from place to place? For Paul Gilroy, the "black Atlantic" applies to people who descended from slaves forced to come to New World (19). In a sense, slavery is a major part of African diasporic history, but I would claim that as time has progressed and people of this lineage came to find homes in the Caribbean, America, and Europe and they have not lost their heritage. Instead, they have retained these identities in a transnational sense. Multiple cultural identities become integrated into each transnational individual, making each person unique to his or her culture without losing sight of his or her common heritage. I explore these identity formations through a close reading of The Butterfly's Way: Voices from the Haitian Dyaspora (sic) in the United States (2001), a collection of short stories, poetry, and personal accounts from Haitian diaspora in the United States, whose stories delve into the issue of transnational identity. The idea of diaspora as read in the text of The Butterfly's Way emphasizes that the more fluid and encompassing terms of hybridity and transnationalism more accurately describe the geographical movements and consequential amassing of black identification within Paul Gilroy's concept of the "black Atlantic." My analysis is supported by a survey of theoretical discourses, particularly those related to black identity. I utilize post-colonial theory while focusing particularly on transnationalism and diasporic studies through Stuart Hall, as well as W.E.B. Du Bois's conception of "double consciousness" to support and develop my argument on how blacks negotiate multiple identities (11). To discuss the formation of a people, I use the work of political theorist Ernesto Laclau, in particular, his arguments in On Populist Reason (2007) on group identity and demand. Gilroy's concept of the "black Atlantic" has many similarities to Laclau’s notion of the "empty signifier" as a way for people to form groups for collective action. I conclude that transnationalism works as better way to describe the black diaspora since black descendants of slaves have retained multiple identities as Africans as well as citizens of their current nations. My paper argues that transnationalism and hybridity function as better terms to describe people who have the Atlantic slave trade in their history.

Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne are arguably two of the most highly read and heavily debated nineteenth-century antebellum authors in America. Their writings fascinate readers, while their character depictions, particularly their characterizations of fictional women, prompt intense academic debate. This thesis examines the previously less-studied historical developments surrounding Poe and Hawthorne in the antebellum era that shaped their approach to writing fiction. In particular, this study scrutinizes the effects of the development of a newly popular art form, ballet, the ascendency of female authorship, and the impact of American theatrical reform upon antebellum authors’ authorial faculties, especially Hawthorne and Poe.