In the history of exegesis 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 and 1 Timothy 2:11-15 have functioned as the heavy artillery against women in the ministries. From the 4th century BC, when the Church really started to develop from a dynamic underground movement of believers to a state Church organised in the image of the Roman Empire and so became the Catholic Church, women were more and more suppressed under the influence of deeply rooted Hellenistic anthropological ideas that were read into these passages. Only in the second half of the Twentieth Century, under the influence of changes in society after the sexual and feminist revolutions, changes set in that sparked the discussion about the role of women in the Church. This discussion is still continuing – in the Reformed tradition at least. These two passages, however, seem to oppose an overwhelming number of biblical themes and data that at least bring a strong nuance to the picture the two passages seem to portray. The creation of man and woman in the image of God and the protection for women against the arbitrariness of men clearly picture an original and principal equality of men and women. In the circle of disciples around Jesus Christ this becomes even more manifest. This attitude is also visible in the earliest churches. Paul expresses this in Galatians 3:28: In Christ there is no … male nor female. The passages that seem to limit the rights of women in the Church do not actually oppose this picture, but show that for the sake of the proclamation of the gospel not everything is (immediately) allowed. This dissertation attempted to interpret these two passages with the help of the grammatical-historic method. In 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 Paul personally intervenes in the apparent chaotic meetings of the cosmopolitan and charismatic congregation. He requires from different categories of participants – among them the married women that have a Christian husband – to not burden the fellowship with – in the case of the aforementioned women – their (otherwise rightful) participation in the discussion of the prophetic message during the worship service. In 1 Timothy 2:11-15 he gives his friend and student Timothy, the young pastor and teacher of the congregation in Ephesus, tools to call upon the members of the congregation not to start a revolution but to conquer the world for Christ by living an exemplary life. The context of this directive is a heresy that was particularly influencing some women that developed a prominent and domineering attitude in the Church. None of these directives or instructions of Paul talk about special ministries in the Church. It is all about attitude. For the sake of the steady progress of the gospel this attitude is to be determined by discipline and humbleness. However, the form this discipline and humbleness have largely depends on the context of the believers. / MTh (New Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Despite the fact that the majority of scholars agree that Paul’s letter to the Romans was written to address the Judean-Gentile ethnic divide in Rome, there is still a continued failure to follow through with the avenues that this position opens up for the study of Romans. Traditionally, Paul’s letter to the Romans has been read as a theological tractate, a reading that assumes an ideational or theological interpretation of the letter to the exclusion of Paul’s ethnic rhetoric present in the letter and how it might have related and even addressed the tangible relations between real-world Judeans and Gentiles in first century antiquity. This study investigates just that: how might Paul’s ethnic rhetoric have addressed the Judean- Gentile ethnic divide in Rome. After the introduction, the study reviews the current state of scholarship with regard to Paul and ethnicity in Romans. This then is followed by an elaborate socio-historical exploration of Judean-Gentile ethnicities and relations in ancient antiquity and the specific Roman context into which Paul’s letter was addressed. The impact of those relations to the origins of the early Christian movement in Rome and significant points of coherence between the socio-historical context and Paul’s letter are also established. Having established the socio-historical context, Paul’s ethnic rhetoric in Romans 1-4 is probed for how it might have addressed the Judean-Gentile ethnic divide and realised unity among them. / MA (New Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This thesis examines the use of hagios and related words in the Pauline Literature. Its aim is to outline the understanding of holiness in Paul. A methodological outline is following on introduction (Holiness in OT and Second Temple Judaism) and summary of research. A first survey of the relevant biblical references indicates a division into three chapters to be appropriate: Holy Spirit, Sanctification and the Holy Ones. Paul’s thinking on Holiness and Sanctification is theocentrically grounded with strong christological inclinations. Sanctification concerns all areas of life, demands dedication and ethical consequences and leads to eschatological perspectives. Sanctification is a com- munal enterprise, forms identity and urges for solidarity. Sanctification doesn’t follow on justification. Both are parallel expressions for the Christ-event reaching out on human lives. Holiness-terminology has a manifold communicative potential: the transfer towards God’s sphere is described, paraenesis is motivated for, identity founded and strengthened, christian solidarity advertised for. / Diese Arbeit untersucht den Gebrauch von Heiligkeitsterminologie (insbesondere Hagios und Stammverwandte) im Corpus Paulinum, um sich so dem Heiligkeitsverstandnis des Paulus zu nahern. Nach Einleitung (u.a. Heiligkeit in AT und Fruhjudentum) und Forschungsuberblick wird die Konzeption der Untersuchung dargestellt. Ein erster Uberblick uber die relevanten Stellen legt nahe, das Material in je ein Kapitel zu „Heiligem Geist", „Heiligung" und „den Heiligen" zu gliedern. Paulus versteht Heiligkeit und Heiligung theozentrisch-soteriologisch fundiert und christologisch akzentuiert. Heiligung betrifft das ganze Leben, erfordert Hingabe und ethische Konsequenzen und geht einher mit eschatologischer Orientierung. Heiligung geschieht in Gemeinschaft. Heiligkeit formt Identitat („die Heiligen") und fordert Solidaritat. Rechtfertigung und Heiligung stehen nicht im Verhaltnis eines „Nacheinander", sondern sind parallele Ausdrucksformen fur das Menschen ergreifende Christusgesehehen. Das kommunikative Potential von Heiligkeitsterminologie ist vielfaltig: der „Transfer auf die Seite Gottes" wird beschrieben, Paranese motiviert, Identitat gestiftet und gestarkt und um christliche Solidaritat geworben. / New Testament / M. Th. (New Testament)

This study explores the choral cycle as a genre and analyzes in depth four representative choral cycles, all of them American, and all composed in the twentieth century. Choral cycles are multi-movement choral works intended by their composers to be performed as sets. The term “choral cycle” has been used for only about a hundred years; similar genres include song cycles, for solo voice, and cantatas, usually for soloists and choir. Choral cycles, however, typically use several poetic texts unified by common theme or common author, and do not typically contain solo movements. The evolution of the use of the term by some composers and publishers has been inconsistent, but it seems to have been an effort to describe compositions that were inadequately described by other genre names. This study shows that composers and musicologists have used the term with increasing frequency. The four choral cycles analyzed in this study are The Hour-Glass by Irving Fine, American Madrigals by Kirke Mechem, Voices by Stephen Paulus, and Five Hebrew Love Songs by Eric Whitacre. These four cycles demonstrate widely divergent compositional techniques, performing force requirements, and uses of text. As such, they illustrate the wide range of possibilities within this genre. In addition to the detailed analysis of the aforementioned choral cycles, this study also provides background into the historical predecessors of choral cycles. An appendix offers a list of numerous other choral cycles for consideration. / Choral cycles in historical context -- The hour glass by Irving Fine -- American madrigals by Kirke Mechem -- Voices by Stephen Paulus -- Five Hebrew love songs by Eric Whitacre -- Summary and conclusions. / School of Music

Thesis (S.T.D.)--Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [311]-346) and index.

This thesis examines the use of hagios and related words in the Pauline Literature. Its aim is to outline the understanding of holiness in Paul. A methodological outline is following on introduction (Holiness in OT and Second Temple Judaism) and summary of research. A first survey of the relevant biblical references indicates a division into three chapters to be appropriate: Holy Spirit, Sanctification and the Holy Ones. Paul’s thinking on Holiness and Sanctification is theocentrically grounded with strong christological inclinations. Sanctification concerns all areas of life, demands dedication and ethical consequences and leads to eschatological perspectives. Sanctification is a com- munal enterprise, forms identity and urges for solidarity. Sanctification doesn’t follow on justification. Both are parallel expressions for the Christ-event reaching out on human lives. Holiness-terminology has a manifold communicative potential: the transfer towards God’s sphere is described, paraenesis is motivated for, identity founded and strengthened, christian solidarity advertised for. / Diese Arbeit untersucht den Gebrauch von Heiligkeitsterminologie (insbesondere Hagios und Stammverwandte) im Corpus Paulinum, um sich so dem Heiligkeitsverstandnis des Paulus zu nahern. Nach Einleitung (u.a. Heiligkeit in AT und Fruhjudentum) und Forschungsuberblick wird die Konzeption der Untersuchung dargestellt. Ein erster Uberblick uber die relevanten Stellen legt nahe, das Material in je ein Kapitel zu „Heiligem Geist", „Heiligung" und „den Heiligen" zu gliedern. Paulus versteht Heiligkeit und Heiligung theozentrisch-soteriologisch fundiert und christologisch akzentuiert. Heiligung betrifft das ganze Leben, erfordert Hingabe und ethische Konsequenzen und geht einher mit eschatologischer Orientierung. Heiligung geschieht in Gemeinschaft. Heiligkeit formt Identitat („die Heiligen") und fordert Solidaritat. Rechtfertigung und Heiligung stehen nicht im Verhaltnis eines „Nacheinander", sondern sind parallele Ausdrucksformen fur das Menschen ergreifende Christusgesehehen. Das kommunikative Potential von Heiligkeitsterminologie ist vielfaltig: der „Transfer auf die Seite Gottes" wird beschrieben, Paranese motiviert, Identitat gestiftet und gestarkt und um christliche Solidaritat geworben. / New Testament / M. Th. (New Testament)

Text in German with German and English summaries / Starting point of the search for the purpose of 1 Timothy is the assumption of basic similarities between this letter and letter writing in Greco-Roman antiquity. This means that 1 Timothy is designed for an oral performance in front of an audience. The analysis concentrates on the so far neglected classical duties of the speaker: memoria and pronuntiatio. This means the memorized performance in front of an audience. 1 Timothy shows many mnemotechnical devices and puts certain terms in focus. This shows what expressions the audience has to memorize and what aspects show prominence. The result of this can be formulated as the purpose of 1 Timothy: Paul wants to confirm Timothy in his mandate to guard the gospel from being changed through a resolute dismissal of wrong teachings and an ethic that honours God and men. / Ausgangspunkt der Frage nach der Absicht des 1. Timotheus ist die Annahme, dass dieser Brief grundsätzliche Gemeinsamkeiten mit der kaiserzeitlichen Epistolographie aufweist. Demnach ist der 1. Timotheus für den mündlichen Vortrag (Performanz) vor einem Publikum konzipiert. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf die bisher in der rhetorischen Forschung vernachlässigten klassischen Aufgaben des Redners: memoria (das Auswendiglernen) und pronuntiatio (der freie Vortrag). Dabei zeigt sich, dass im 1. Timotheus eine Vielzahl mnemotechnischer Mittel eingesetzt wird. Auch die für einen effektiven mündlichen Vortrag notwendige Hervorhebung einzelner Begriffe wird methodisch begründet und aufgezeigt. Dadurch wird deutlich, welche Punkte sich den Zuhörern einprägen sollen und welche Aspekte besonders hervorgehoben werden. Die Zusammenfassung dieser Ergebnisse wird als Absicht des 1. Timotheus formuliert: Paulus will Timotheus in seinem Auftrag bestätigen, nämlich das Evangelium vor Verfälschung zu bewahren durch ein entschiedenes Eintreten gegen falsche Lehren und eine Ethik, die Gott und den Menschen mit Ehre und Respekt begegnet. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (New Testament)

Denna uppsats analyserar Rom 8:18-30 i ljuset av kognitiv metafor- och blendingteori för att utröna hur Paulus bruk av metaforer kopplade till slaveri och adoption kan förstår. Vidare undersöks hur metaforbruket i Rom 8:18-30 relaterar till de tidigare verserna i kapitlet, samt hur en antik åhörare kan tänkas ha uppfattat det teologiska budskapet i de undersöktaverserna. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyse Romans 8:18-30 in the light of cognitive metaphor and blending theory to explore how Paul's use of metaphors related to slavery and adoption can be understood. Furthermore, to analyse how the use of metaphor in Romans 8:18-30 relates to the earlier verses in the chapter, and how an ancient audience might have understood the theological message of the verses examined.

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Text in German, summaries in English and German / Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie die paulinische Ethik von der Eschatologie bestimmtwird. Ausgehend von einer Untersuchung der hellenistisch-römischen Jenseitserwartung und ihren (möglichen) ethischen Implikationen werden der 1. Thessalonicherbrief, der1. Korintherbrief und der Römerbrief hinsichtlichdesVerhältnisses von Ethik und Eschatologie analysiert. Durch Bestimmung und Zuordnung eschatologischer Einzelmotive zu ethischen Weisungen wird die These erhoben, dass eschatologische Motive primär der Begründung exklusivethischer Mahnungen dienen, wenngleich sie auch bei inklusiv-ethischen Themen zum Einsatz kommen.Zugleich zeichnet sich ab, dass das (von Paulus charakterisierte)ethisch-moralische Versagen und die Hoffnungslosigkeit der Heiden sowie die Hoffnung und der ethische Anspruch an Christen in Korrelation zueinander stehen. / This thesis examines how Paul’s ethical teaching is determined by his eschatology. Based on a survey of Hellenistic-Roman expectations regarding the hereafter and their potential ethical implications, this study examines 1 Thessalonians, 1 Corinthians and Romans in order to understand the relation between ethics and eschatology. By identifying and matching individual eschatological motifs with ethical directives the thesis proposed that eschatological motifs are primarily utilized as the foundation for exclusive ethical exhortations, although they also appear in the context of inclusive ethical issues. At the same time, it becomes clear that the moral-ethical depravity and hopelessness of the Gentiles (as they are characterised by Paul) as well as hope and the ethical demands on Christians on stand in correlation with each other / New Testament / D. Th. (New Testament)