Tiden i senmodernt vardagsliv utgör en teoretisk fördjupning av den tidigare utgivna rapporten Tid, pengar och sociala nätverk (2005). Där undersöks klyftorna mellan tidrika och tidfattiga levnadsförhållanden. Kontraster som visar på en obalans i fördelningen av tid, pengar och sociala roller på och utanför arbetsmarknaden i vardagslivet. Syftet i denna rapport är att undersöka teorier om de sociala rollernas betydelse genom att jämföra två konkurrerande teoribildningar och granska deras generaliserbarhet och förklaringsvärde. I huvudsak används teorierna för att analysera tidrika och tidfattiga livsformers levnadsmönster i förhållande till självupplevd tid, multipla roller och stress. Tillsammans utgör de två rapporterna författarens licentiatavhandling. / This licentiate thesis is based on the empirical results published in Tid, pengar och sociala nätverk (Enokson 2005a), a study that examine the division of time and economic resources in a Swedish community. The purpose was to explore the living conditions of two groups in society: those who are established in the labour force that experience great demands on their efficiency and educational level and those who are unwanted and who do not have a natural place in the labour market. The study increases knowledge about those who live in time-rich and time-poor conditions and examines in which way these contrasts are the breeding ground for new patterns of inequality. The results of this study do not only exhibit the polarizing tendencies in terms of time and finance. The purpose is to explore if multiple social roles is a resource or a burden to time-rich and time-poor forms of life. By using the role strain theory and the role expansion theory on the time-rich and time-poor living conditions, the analyze shows that the scientific value of each theory depends on what form of life is investigated. Time-poor are living with a relatively high pace of life, with active stress cooping in flexible living conditions. The lack of time also have consequences in their social relations in a sense that conflicts and restricted patterns of behaviour not only appears in the working conditions, but also in the household and in the leisure time. In order to compensate, arrangements to engage the whole family in their work are being made as well as the consuming of household services and technical means to ease up the time-poor conditions. These results confirm the role strain theory. At the same time, people living under time-rich conditions expresses frustration due to the lack of social roles and social recognition. In this case, improved living conditions does not demand a restriction of social roles, rather an expansion to enhance a higher quality of life. A change not so easy to accomplish when time-rich forms of life have a hard time finding alternative social networks outside the labour market. Long time active stress cooping in too many roles without time to recover indicates a risk for ill-health, as well as passive stress cooping in few social roles. Such a wide platform of interpretation in role theory issues pose a possible risk in the sense that theoretical options can suit beforehand given goals. Due to the fact that a variation of roles in everyday life can be rewarding, a certain limit or level can be desirable in finding the balance of everyday life. None of the theoretical models shows us just that. I therefore suggest a theoretical development towards a holistic role context model that emphasize a diverse image of life at work, at home and in the leisure time. In that way we would be able to deepen the knowledge of the polarizing tendencies in time-rich and time-poor living conditions and discuss a balanced time budget as a question of welfare and well being, beyond traditional measures as economic growth and consumption.

<p><em><p>“Money is controlled by a market; I trust the government has control. I do not think you are right, of course the government has the control and they would not do like this, it cannot be true that my savings is not real, I work hard for them! But just stop it I just do not want to make these kinds of questions to myself; I just need a house, go traveling and have some fun, I do not want to go around and worrying”.(Anonym comment)</p><p>This comment by a person with university degree in business and middle manager at one of the larger Swedish companies, when discussing the thesis you are about to read, without the person having reading it in advance, actually seems representative for the overall knowledge about what is really going on in the financial system today and the willingness of people question it. The knowledge you will obtain and the result you will experience after finished your reading is challenges of basic “taken for granted assumptions” of businessmen, academics or people in general within the society today, for the purpose of understanding the system and its role in society. You will experience a unique critical presentation of the financial system today, and also discover that this knowledge about the financial system is not a knowledge the majority should possess, even one of the important principles of the system might be just that the majority do not possess this knowledge.</p><p>The financial system, when the time of writing, suffer from large global problems. This thesis is examining the foundation of the system, such as the concept of money, and the forces and principles within the system. The research goes from how the system has developed historically to how it is constructed and maneuvered today. Money is described as trading tools which value is only an illusion of value for persons in the society. The financial system is further broken down into three different subsystems in order to understand the term financial system. From the perspective of the three subsystems the financial system is described as a deceiving system fooling the participants that they possess value in forms of bank notes and coins. Further the thesis shifts the focus to how the system looks today by categorizing actors and tools in the system, how state authorities is trying to maneuver the system and create a network model of the Swedish financial system, the conclusion became that no one can escape the system and do not have a chance not to enter the system, the chapter also reveals how no one really has the power to control and influence the system. Finally the thesis provides foundations for the reader to make his own opinion if the gambling within the system has been taken to long, if the financial system could be labeled as a pyramid scheme, if the system has provided more benefits than drawbacks to society and finally some speculation in consequences if the system would crash and speculation of how historians in the future would describe the present version of the financial system. But before starting reading, think about the message from the director Alan Alda:</p><em><p>“Your assumptions are your windows on the world. Scrub them off every once in a while, or the light won’t come in”</p><p>(Citation: Alan Alda, Quoteland, n.d)</p></em></em></p>

“Money is controlled by a market; I trust the government has control. I do not think you are right, of course the government has the control and they would not do like this, it cannot be true that my savings is not real, I work hard for them! But just stop it I just do not want to make these kinds of questions to myself; I just need a house, go traveling and have some fun, I do not want to go around and worrying”.(Anonym comment) This comment by a person with university degree in business and middle manager at one of the larger Swedish companies, when discussing the thesis you are about to read, without the person having reading it in advance, actually seems representative for the overall knowledge about what is really going on in the financial system today and the willingness of people question it. The knowledge you will obtain and the result you will experience after finished your reading is challenges of basic “taken for granted assumptions” of businessmen, academics or people in general within the society today, for the purpose of understanding the system and its role in society. You will experience a unique critical presentation of the financial system today, and also discover that this knowledge about the financial system is not a knowledge the majority should possess, even one of the important principles of the system might be just that the majority do not possess this knowledge. The financial system, when the time of writing, suffer from large global problems. This thesis is examining the foundation of the system, such as the concept of money, and the forces and principles within the system. The research goes from how the system has developed historically to how it is constructed and maneuvered today. Money is described as trading tools which value is only an illusion of value for persons in the society. The financial system is further broken down into three different subsystems in order to understand the term financial system. From the perspective of the three subsystems the financial system is described as a deceiving system fooling the participants that they possess value in forms of bank notes and coins. Further the thesis shifts the focus to how the system looks today by categorizing actors and tools in the system, how state authorities is trying to maneuver the system and create a network model of the Swedish financial system, the conclusion became that no one can escape the system and do not have a chance not to enter the system, the chapter also reveals how no one really has the power to control and influence the system. Finally the thesis provides foundations for the reader to make his own opinion if the gambling within the system has been taken to long, if the financial system could be labeled as a pyramid scheme, if the system has provided more benefits than drawbacks to society and finally some speculation in consequences if the system would crash and speculation of how historians in the future would describe the present version of the financial system. But before starting reading, think about the message from the director Alan Alda: “Your assumptions are your windows on the world. Scrub them off every once in a while, or the light won’t come in” (Citation: Alan Alda, Quoteland, n.d)

In this essay, we examine the new form of loan which is called “SMS-loans” which is in understanding terms – “text message loans”. This was established in Sweden in 2006. Income-loans are fast loans taken during a short period, usually up to 30 days. Costs which are additional to the loan are interest and fees. What distinguishes income loan from a regular bank loan is that it’s more accessible, fast and easy. We have investigated this phenomenon using qualitative studies in the form of interviews to get a deep understanding of how financial markets look at the new form of loan and how they make themselves available to it. Those interviewed for this survey are Banks, Debt collection companies, Income-loan companies &amp; Enforcement service. Consumers have in this case not received a space where it has previously made inquiries from their perspective. We have used the theory of marketing mix 4 P’s and stakeholder model to investigate what the financial markets thinks about Income-loan industry in full perspective. What can be ascertained from the study is that Enforcement service and Collection Company has been much feedback on the income-loan companies. Banks do not so much on Income-loan companies as they consider their competitors. Most Banks we contacted were reluctant to comment on this, which may indicate that they do not want to be associated with Income-loans and this may be due to Income-loan companies have grown in the Swedish loan market.

<p>Tiden i senmodernt vardagsliv utgör en teoretisk fördjupning av den tidigare utgivna rapporten Tid, pengar och sociala nätverk (2005). Där undersöks klyftorna mellan tidrika och tidfattiga levnadsförhållanden. Kontraster som visar på en obalans i fördelningen av tid, pengar och sociala roller på och utanför arbetsmarknaden i vardagslivet.</p><p>Syftet i denna rapport är att undersöka teorier om de sociala rollernas betydelse genom att jämföra två konkurrerande teoribildningar och granska deras generaliserbarhet och förklaringsvärde. I huvudsak används teorierna för att analysera tidrika och tidfattiga livsformers levnadsmönster i förhållande till självupplevd tid, multipla roller och stress. Tillsammans utgör de två rapporterna författarens licentiatavhandling.</p> / <p>This licentiate thesis is based on the empirical results published in Tid, pengar och sociala nätverk (Enokson 2005a), a study that examine the division of time and economic resources in a Swedish community. The purpose was to explore the living conditions of two groups in society: those who are established in the labour force that experience great demands on their efficiency and educational level and those who are unwanted and who do not have a natural place in the labour market. The study increases knowledge about those who live in time-rich and time-poor conditions and examines in which way these contrasts are the breeding ground for new patterns of inequality.</p><p>The results of this study do not only exhibit the polarizing tendencies in terms of time and finance. The purpose is to explore if multiple social roles is a resource or a burden to time-rich and time-poor forms of life. By using the role strain theory and the role expansion theory on the time-rich and time-poor living conditions, the analyze shows that the scientific value of each theory depends on what form of life is investigated. Time-poor are living with a relatively high pace of life, with active stress cooping in flexible living conditions. The lack of time also have consequences in their social relations in a sense that conflicts and restricted patterns of behaviour not only appears in the working conditions, but also in the household and in the leisure time. In order to compensate, arrangements to engage the whole family in their work are being made as well as the consuming of household services and technical means to ease up the time-poor conditions. These results confirm the role strain theory. At the same time, people living under time-rich conditions expresses frustration due to the lack of social roles and social recognition. In this case, improved living conditions does not demand a restriction of social roles, rather an expansion to enhance a higher quality of life. A change not so easy to accomplish when time-rich forms of life have a hard time finding alternative social networks outside the labour market. Long time active stress cooping in too many roles without time to recover indicates a risk for ill-health, as well as passive stress cooping in few social roles. Such a wide platform of interpretation in role theory issues pose a possible risk in the sense that theoretical options can suit beforehand given goals.</p><p>Due to the fact that a variation of roles in everyday life can be rewarding, a certain limit or level can be desirable in finding the balance of everyday life. None of the theoretical models shows us just that. I therefore suggest a theoretical development towards a holistic role context model that emphasize a diverse image of life at work, at home and in the leisure time. In that way we would be able to deepen the knowledge of the polarizing tendencies in time-rich and time-poor living conditions and discuss a balanced time budget as a question of welfare and well being, beyond traditional measures as economic growth and consumption.</p>

Spel om pengar respektive alkoholbruk är två folkhälsoproblem som bidrar till flertalet sjukdomar och omfattande samhällskostnader. Ungefär 58 procent av befolkningen hade 2015 spelat om pengar under senaste året. I Sverige har ungefär 80 procent av den vuxna befolkningen brukat alkohol under den senaste månaden. Att vara aktiv inom lagidrott har visat sig vara en potentiell faktor för att bruka alkohol och spela om pengar. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga pengaspelande och alkoholbruk bland lagidrottande män i Västmanlands län och huruvida det finns något samband mellan spel om pengar och alkoholbruk. Studien var av kvantitativ metod och en tvärsnittsdesign användes. Kvantitativa data insamlades genom enkäter från 100 respondenter med en svarsfrekvens på 97 procent från åtta föreningar i Västmanlands län. Data analyserades genom deskriptiv analys och chi-2 tester i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultatet påvisade att de flesta hade spelat om pengar någon gång under det senaste året. Det framkom också att de flesta hade brukat alkohol senaste året. Resultatet påvisade även att det fanns samband mellan spel om pengar och alkoholbruk. Social kognitiv teori har använts för att djupare förklara möjliga motiv till varför lagidrottare börjar spela om pengar och hur beteendet tas efter från en individ till en annan.

The aim of this study was to reach an understanding and examine the experiences people with gambling addiction had related to their help-seeking or the absence of it. More precisely we wanted to examine reasons for not seeking help but also explore what motivates people with gambling addiction to seek help. To capture these individual experiences we have used a podcast called “Bettingtorsken” as our empirical material. The podcast contains interviews with people that has experienced the negative consequences of gambling. The method of the study was a thematic content analysis, where codes and patterns in the material led us to develop relevant themes. Five themes were identified that seemed to play an important role to their help-seeking or the absence of it, those were: the importance of the environment, obstacles, motivating factors, mental health and secrets. The result showed that people with gambling addiction is motivated by the willingness to be honest. The results also suggest that the consequences must be really serious before they are motivated in seeking help. Furthermore the results indicate that mental health can be both an obstacle and a motivational factor regarding the willingness of help-seeking. Another important result suggests that most people with gambling addiction thinks that secrets are in their way of help-seeking and that honesty is needed in the help-seeking process. Finally, results also showed that the environment could have both a positive and negative impact on the help-seeking, although the latter was most prominent. One example of a negative aspect is that people with gambling addiction experiences that authorities and the social network are nonchalant about the addiction.

I dag har det utvecklats många olika betalmetoder och tekniken har bidragit till att många betalningar nu sker digitalt. Pengar är inte det självklara valet för betalning utan alternativ som bankkort och andra digitala alternativ har utvecklats. De digitala alternativen har också mynnat ut i nya typer av valutor såsom kryptovalutor. Sveriges riksbank undersöker därför om digitaliseringen ska tas ett steg framåt vad gäller Sveriges valuta och har därför startat en utredning angående huruvida det kan vara till fördel för Sverige att skapa en ny digital valuta, en e-krona, som ska fungera som ett komplement till pengar. Obeståndsrättsligt finner vi idag regleringar för pengar samt enkla kontofordringar, men inte vad gäller kryptovalutor. När Kronofogdemyndigheten, utför ett utmätningsbeslut kan de två första egendomslagen behandlas enligt reglerna i utsökningsbalken (1981:774), men det blir mer komplicerat när det kommer till exempelvis kryptovalutor.  Frågeställningen i denna uppsats är hur ett eventuellt införande av en digital e-krona kan påverka utmätningsförfarandet i jämförelse med flera andra betalmetoder. Uppsatsen är skriven på ett sätt som jämför de nuvarande betalmetoderna pengar, enkla kontofordringar och kryptovalutor med ett eventuellt nytt betalsätt. För att kunna jämföra e-kronan med ovan nämnda betalmetoder utförs en grundlig genomgång av Riksbankens rapport vad gäller bakgrunden till initiativet, tänkt funktion och hur Riksbanken vill utforma den nya e-kronan. De moment som lyfts fram och analyseras i uppsatsen vad gäller utmätning är förhållandet till tredje man vid utmätning av lös egendom samt säkerställandet av egendomen.  Slutsatsen lyder att e-kronor som egendom ej kan besittas och ska därmed behandlas enligt 4 kap. 17 § i utsökningsbalken. Utmätningsförfarandet kan likt för enkla kontofordringar, ske genom att Kronofogdemyndigheten delger det berörda institutet, i e-kronors fall Riksbanken, att gäldenärens bankkonto ska utmätas och att alla inkomster och utgifter tillfaller Kronofogdemyndigheten. Likaledes kan säkerställandet liknas vid det med enkla kontofordringar, där Kronofogdemyndigheten meddelar berört institut, som ovan nämnt Riksbanken, ett förbudsmeddelande skriftligen, vilket ska delges Riksbanken enligt 6 kap. 11 § utsökningsförordningen (1981:981). Dock krävs vissa ställningstaganden inom områden såsom transparens, penningtvätt och redovisningsmedel innan Riksbanken kan vidareutveckla e-kronor.

Syftet med denna studie var att svara på hur personer med ett icke aktivt spelberoende beskriver sin situation som spelberoende. Studien bygger på fem intervjuer som transkriberades och analyserades sedan med hjälp av en innehållsanalys. Analysen bygger på tidigare forskning och teorin the defining moment av Devine och Sparks (2014) samt Beckers (2006) avvikelseteori. Resultatet presenteras med hjälp av teman och kategorier. Studiens resultat visar att samtliga respondenter upplevde negativa konsekvenser till följd av spelandet. Konsekvenserna kunde visa sig ekonomiskt, hälsomässigt, socialt, arbetsmässigt samt påverkade även respondenternas närstående. Vidare framkom att samtliga respondenter ägnade en stor del av sin tid till att spela. Motivation var en stor faktor till att respondenterna till slut lyckades med sitt utträde ur spelberoendet. / The purpose of this study was to answer how people with a non-active gambling addiction described their situation as gambling addicts. The study is based on five interviews that were transcribed and then analyzed using a content analysis. The analysis is based on previous research and the theory the defining moment by Devine and Sparks (2014) aswell as Becker (2006) theory about outsiders. The result is presented with the help of themes and categories. The study results show that all respondents experienced negative consequences as a result of gambling. The consequences could prove economically, health, social, at the workplace and also affected the respondents relatives. Furthermore, it was found that all respondents spent a great deal of their time playing. Motivation was a major factor in the fact that the respondents eventually managed to withdraw from the game addiction.

The emergence of stablecoins and their current implementations share many similarities to the American free banking era. This was an era with economically inefficient money and payment systems, where banks issued private money that were fully redeemable in theory but not always in practice. As of today, parts of the monetary and payment systems can also be considered inefficient, and a digital currency such as a stablecoin could provide significant improvements in areas such as cross-border payments, financial inclusion, as well as contribute to a more robust monetary system.  This thesis aims to help contribute insights into how the future payment systems may look like, with a specific focus on stablecoins and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). The emergence of the two technologies are closely interlinked, and are currently in an early state of coexistence. This qualitative study investigates the sentiment regarding the future development of stablecoins and their possible continued coexistence with CBDCs. Semi-structured interviews were held with participants from three categories of the Swedish corporate landscape; cryptocurrency innovators and investors, state representatives, and corporate representatives. The main conclusions were was that in the short term, regulations will be a key enabler for continued stablecoin development. There is currently a lack of clarity and guidelines which is making it hard for generally accepted stablecoins to be established. Furthermore, the general consensus is that stablecoins and central bank digital currencies will co-exist in the future monetary system in the long-term, where each technology will have different use cases. / Framväxten av stablecoins och dess nuvarande implementationer delar många likheter med den amerikanska ”free-banking” eran. Detta var en tidsepok med ekonomiskt ineffektiva pengar och betalsystem, där banker emitterade pengar som skulle vara fullt inlösningsbara teorin, men inte alltid i praktiken. Även idag kan delar av penga- och betalsystemen anses vara ineffektiva, och en digital valuta såsom en stablecoin skulle kunna bidra med betydande förbättringar inom områden såsom utrikesbetalningar, finansiell inkludering, samt bistå i utvecklingen av ett mer robust pengasystem. Denna uppsats ämnar bidra med insikter om hur framtidens betalsystem kan se ut, med ett specifikt fokus på stablecoins och centralbanksvalutor (eng. central bank digital currencies, CBDCs). Framväxten av de två teknologierna är nära relaterade, och för närvarande samexisterar dessa i ett tidigt stadie. Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker sentimentet kring den framtida utvecklingen av stablecoins och dess möjliga fortsatta samexistens med centralbanksvalutor. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer hölls med deltagare från tre kategorier av svenskt näringsliv: innovatörer och investerare inom kryptovalutor, företrädare för staten, samt bolagsrepresentanter. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna var att på kort sikt kommer regleringar vara viktiga för att möjliggöra fortsatt utveckling av stablecoins. I dagsläget saknas det klarhet och riktlinjer vilket gör det svårt för en generellt accepterad stablecoin att utvecklas. Vidare så är den generella uppfattningen att stablecoins och centralbanksvalutor kommer samexistera i framtidens betalsystem, då de båda teknikerna kommer ha olika användningsområden