This thesis aims to describe the urban development of the royal town of Znojmo from its beginning to the present and chart the settled principles of architectural and urban planning. Also aims to characterize the architectural and construction details and examples to define the negative consequences of violations of established rules.

A planing catamaran is a high-powered, twin-hull water craft that develops the lift which supports its weight, primarily through hydrodynamic water pressure. Presently, there is increasing demand to further develop the catamaran's planing and seakeeping characteristics so that it is more effectively applied in today's modern military and pleasure craft, and offshore industry supply vessels. Over the course of the past ten years, Vorus (1994,1996,1998,2000) has systematically conducted a series of research works on planing craft hydrodynamics. Based on Vorus' planing monohull theory, he has developed and implemented a first order nonlinear model for planing catamarans, embodied in the computer code CatSea. This model is currently applied in planing catamaran design. However, due to the greater complexity of the catamaran flow physics relative to the monohull, Vorus's (first order) catamaran model implemented some important approximations and simplifications which were not considered necessary in the monohull work. The research of this thesis is for relieving the initially implemented approximations in Vorus's first order planing catamaran theory, and further developing and extending the theory and application beyond that currently in use in CatSea. This has been achieved through a detailed theoretical analysis, algorithm development, and careful coding. The research result is a new, complete second order nonlinear hydrodynamic theory for planing catamarans. A detailed numerical comparison of the Vorus's first order nonlinear theory and the second order nonlinear theory developed here is carried out. The second order nonlinear theory and algorithms have been incorporated into a new catamaran design code (NewCat). A detailed mathematical formulation of the base first order CatSea theory, followed by the extended second order theory, is completely documented in this thesis.

Undersökningens syfte var att identifiera om plan- eller miljöparadigmet haft företräde vid behandling av överprövning av detaljplaner enligt 11 kap. 10 § i plan- och bygglagen och att identifiera om det fanns skillnader mellan länsstyrelserna vid dessa prövningar. Avgränsning gjordes till tidperioden 2012-2015 och länsstyrelserna i Blekinge, Kalmar, Kronoberg och Skåne län. Metoden som använts var en textanalys baserad på dekonstruktion. Det empiriska materialet har huvudsakligen utgjorts av länsstyrelsernas beslut. Resultatet visade att planparadigmet haft företräde i beslut av Länsstyrelsen i Kalmar län, miljöparadigmet haft företräde i beslut av Länsstyrelsen i Skåne län. I beslut av Länsstyrelsen i Kronobergs län växlade företrädet mellan paradigmen. För beslut av Länsstyrelsen i Blekinge län gick inget företrädande paradigm att hitta. Skillnader mellan länsstyrelserna hittades. Den huvudsakliga skillnaden som identifierades var en ovilja att överpröva kommunernas beslut från Länsstyrelsen i Kalmar län och en vilja att styra kommunerna genom en hög skyddsambition hos Länsstyrelsen i Skåne län. / This study was aimed to identify whether the planning or environmental paradigm had precedence in the treatment of appeals of zoning under Chapter 11. § 10 of the Swedish Planning and Building Act and to identify whether there were differences between the county administrative boards in these trials. Delimitation was made to the time period 2012-2015, and the counties of Blekinge, Kalmar, Kronoberg and Skåne. The method used was a text analysis based on deconstruction. The empirical material has mainly consisted of the county administrative boards' decisions.The results showed that planning paradigm had primacy in the decisions of the Administrative Board in Kalmar County, environmental paradigm had primacy in the decisions of the Administrative Board of Skåne. In the decision made by the Administrative Board of Kronoberg changing priority between the paradigms were found. In the decisions made by the County Administrative Board of Blekinge were no predominant paradigm found. Differences between the county administrative boards were found. The main difference identified were a reluctance to challenge the municipalitys decisions from the County Administrative Board in Kalmar County and a high protective aim of the County Administrative Board of Skåne.

The thesis specialize on the logistic activities, regarding using of the controlling in the sphere of logistics. The goal is to analyze what role should subserve the controlling of the company theoretically and compare this teoretical view in the company Intersnack Inc., the logistics department and according to the following facts suggest possible improvements in the department.

Atualmente vive-se uma mudança de paradigma no planejamento dos transportes: o ser humano volta a ser o centro da tomada de decisões e o automóvel fica em segundo plano. Para que isso ocorra, são necessárias ferramentas confiáveis as quais avaliem a situação atual das cidades para que sejam traçadas metas no sentido de melhorar a vida da população. A mobilidade urbana sustentável busca a melhoria do transporte baseada no tripé social, ambiental e econômico. Esse trabalho busca avaliar a condição de segurança do usuário vulnerável (sem carenagem protetora) em relação ao usuário não vulnerável (com carenagem), buscando avaliar fatores como o modo escolhido para justificar a segurança do usuário. Apesar da mudança de paradigma, as intervenções urbanas continuam voltadas ao transporte individual, assim o usuário de transporte público de má qualidade migra para outros modos, o que causa o aumento do risco relativo do usuário vulnerável. Um dos fatores que influenciam muito para essa migração é o tempo de viagem, significativamente maior para o usuário do transporte público. / The present time is known by its change in the paradigm of the transport planning. The human being is once again the main point of the decision making and the automotive vehicles are transcending to a second plan. This demands trust tools to evaluate the real situation of the cities so that real goals to improve people\'s life get drawn. The sustainable urban mobility seeks to improve the transport based on the social, environmental and economic tripod. This essay seeks to evaluate the vulnerable user safety condition (without external protection), against the non vulnerable user (with external protection), such as estimate the choice of the user justifying its safety. Besides the change of the scenario, the urban interventions are still focused in the individual transportation kind, what means that the poor conditions of the transit makes users migrate increasing the relative risk for the vulnerable users. One factor that influences the migration is the time spent on the traveling, which is a lot longer for the user of transit.

Atualmente vive-se uma mudança de paradigma no planejamento dos transportes: o ser humano volta a ser o centro da tomada de decisões e o automóvel fica em segundo plano. Para que isso ocorra, são necessárias ferramentas confiáveis as quais avaliem a situação atual das cidades para que sejam traçadas metas no sentido de melhorar a vida da população. A mobilidade urbana sustentável busca a melhoria do transporte baseada no tripé social, ambiental e econômico. Esse trabalho busca avaliar a condição de segurança do usuário vulnerável (sem carenagem protetora) em relação ao usuário não vulnerável (com carenagem), buscando avaliar fatores como o modo escolhido para justificar a segurança do usuário. Apesar da mudança de paradigma, as intervenções urbanas continuam voltadas ao transporte individual, assim o usuário de transporte público de má qualidade migra para outros modos, o que causa o aumento do risco relativo do usuário vulnerável. Um dos fatores que influenciam muito para essa migração é o tempo de viagem, significativamente maior para o usuário do transporte público. / The present time is known by its change in the paradigm of the transport planning. The human being is once again the main point of the decision making and the automotive vehicles are transcending to a second plan. This demands trust tools to evaluate the real situation of the cities so that real goals to improve people\'s life get drawn. The sustainable urban mobility seeks to improve the transport based on the social, environmental and economic tripod. This essay seeks to evaluate the vulnerable user safety condition (without external protection), against the non vulnerable user (with external protection), such as estimate the choice of the user justifying its safety. Besides the change of the scenario, the urban interventions are still focused in the individual transportation kind, what means that the poor conditions of the transit makes users migrate increasing the relative risk for the vulnerable users. One factor that influences the migration is the time spent on the traveling, which is a lot longer for the user of transit.

<p>The housing estates in the outskirts of Sandviken, consist of relatively large scale apartment buildings. This report, that is a B.A. thesis at 10 Swedish university points, aims to investigate and describe the opportunities to improve safety and security for inhabitants in Norra Björksätra. The purpose with this report is to make Norra Björksätra to a more attractive place to live in, by changing the negative trends in the area. Since demolition of at least some of the houses could be of current interest in some years; the purpose is also to investigate whether demolition or renewal of the area is the best solution. The main methods that are used for this investigation is Botrygg05 and Trygghetsvandring. There is also lots of scientific evidence, that have been used, that proves security and safety can be improved with cost saving changes in the physical structure of the area. The report shows that efforts must be done in the illumination of the area and especially in the parking areas and along footpaths. Further more the vegetation, facades and the yards between the houses, are important factors that today affect the feeling of security and safety in a negative way. A variety of renewal proposals are presented in this report and two different approaches for renewal of the area are suggested. Finally, conclusions are made that not only physical changes can remove the negative trends in areas like Norra Björksätra. Social efforts and activities are important factors as well, and without the comprehensive approach of urban renewal projects like this can fail. Since this kind of urban areas often have social problems and simultaneously need an increased popularity to keep and attract inhabitants, the social work and public relations efforts are important.</p> / <p>Huskomplexen i utkanten av Sandviken består av relativt storskaliga hyreshusområden. Målet med denna rapport, som är en C-uppsats på 10 poäng, är att utreda och beskriva möjligheterna till att förbättra säkerheten och tryggheten för de boende i Norra Björksätra. Arbetet syftar till att göra Norra Björksätra till ett mer attraktivt bostadsområde och därigenom vända de negativa trender som finns i området. Då beslut om rivning hotar åtminstone delar av området, syftar denna rapport även till att utreda huruvida rivning eller stadsförnyelse är den bästa lösningen. Botrygg05 och Trygghetsvandring har huvudsakligen använts för att ta fram resultatet i denna rapport. Även vetenskapliga rapporter har använts för att validera resultat och teser som presenteras i denna rapport. Den vetenskapliga grunden pekar tydligt på att det går att förbättra trygghet och säkerhet genom fysiska åtgärder. Undersökningen visar att insatser måste göras med förbättrad belysningen i området och då särskilt på parkeringsplatser och längs gång- och cykelbanor. Även vegetation, fasader och gårdar mellan husen, är faktorer som idag påverkar trygghets- och säkerhetskänslan på ett negativt sätt. Flera förnyelseförslag presenteras och två sätt att angripa förnyelsen föreslås. Slutligen dras slutsatserna att inte endast fysiska åtgärder kan avvärja den negativa trend som har uppkommit i Norra Björksätra. Sociala åtgärder och aktiviteter är minst lika viktigt som de fysiska åtgärderna, och utan en helhetssyn på stadsförnyelse riskerar arbeten som detta att fallera. Sociala insatser och marknadsföring är av största vikt för Norra Björksätra fortlevnad, då denna typ av områden ofta är drabbade av sociala problem och samtidigt är beroende av en ökad popularitet för att kunna attrahera nya hyresgäster.</p>

Aufgrund der unbefriedigenden betriebswirtschaftlichen Situation ist die Konzeption von Stra-tegien zur Verbesserung der Wirtschaftsergebnisse für viele Forstbetriebe eine existenzsichernde Aufgabe. Die Verfahren der Forsteinrichtung bedienen den Informationsbedarf nicht immer in dem erwarteten Umfang. Die Erweiterung der naturalen Planung um ökonomische Zielgrößen erfolgt bisher nur gelegentlich. Die geänderten Anforderungen verstärken den Anspruch, das klassische Planungs- und Kontrollsystem der Forsteinrichtung um neue integrative Verfahren und Module zu ergänzen und die methodische Einbindung der Forsteinrichtung in den gesamten betrieblichen Planungs- und Entscheidungsablauf sicherzustellen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Planungs- und Simulationsmodell zur Steuerung und Kontrolle von Forstbetrieben entwickelt und beispielhaft erprobt. Das entwickelte Gesamtsystem besteht aus insgesamt vier Komponenten. Die Basis bildet ein Inventurmodul, das eine Schnittstelle zu dem integrierten Wachstumsmodul besitzt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde als Wachstumsmodul das Programm SILVA gewählt. Für die betriebswirtschaftliche Kalkulation der naturalen Fortschreibungsergebnisse fand das Programm tharget Verwendung. Zur Bewertung der kalkulierten Zahlungsreihen wurden investitionstheo-retische Funktionalitäten im Modul Invest verwendet.

In dieser Arbeit werden lineare zeitinvariante endlichdimensionale Systeme (LTI-Systeme) mit m &amp;gt; 1 Eingängen und p &amp;gt; 1 Ausgängen untersucht (MIMO-Systeme). Diese lassen sich darstellen durch lineare Gleichungen mit Matrizen, deren Einträge Polynome im Ableitungsoperator d/dt sind. Bei Nutzung der Laplace-Transformation handelt es sich um Polynome in s. Algebraisch bilden diese einen Euklidischen Ring. Durch Überführung der Matrizen in die Hermitesche Normalform werden m Basisgrößen definiert. Die Verläufe oder Trajektorien der Basisgrößen lassen sich frei vorgegeben. Damit werden die Trajektorien sämtlicher übrigen Signale, insbesondere die der erforderlichen Eingangssignale, festgelegt und können ohne Integration berechnet werden. Ein linksteilerfremdes (auch steuerbar genanntes) Modell ist dabei nicht zwingend erforderlich. Damit eignen sich die Basisgrößen besonders zur Planung von Trajektorien. Genauer untersucht wird die Planung mit Polynomen in der Zeit als Ansatzfunktionen und die Planung von Trajektorien, die ein quadratisches Kostenfunktional minimieren. In der technischen Praxis werden die Systeme stets von den geplanten Trajektorien abweichen. Insbesondere bei instabilen Regelstrecken ist deshalb ein stabilisierender Folgeregler unentbehrlich. Die Struktur der Folgeregelung wird eingeführt und es wird deutlich gemacht, dass jede Methode zum Entwurf linearer Regler angewendet werden kann. Die Nullstellenzuweisung durch dynamische Ausgangsrückführung mit Reglern vorgegebener möglichst geringer dynamischer Ordnung wird detailliert untersucht und eine neue Lösungsmöglichkeit aufgezeigt. Durch Nutzung der modifizierten z-Transformation lässt sich die Theorie auf ein hybrides System, bestehend aus einer zeitkontinuierlichen Regelstrecke und einer zeitdiskreten digitalen Steuerung und Regelung, ausdehnen. Dabei werden die Verläufe der Signale zwischen den Abtastzeitpunkten in die Planung einbezogen. Zum Schluss werden die linearen Beobachter im Licht der polynomialen Matrizendarstellung neu untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die polynomiale Matrizendarstellung einen theoretischen Rahmen bietet, in dem sich sämtliche linearen Beobachter mit einer Methode entwerfen lassen. - (Die Dissertation ist veröffentlicht in der Reihe Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 8 - Mess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik, Band 1164 im VDI Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, ISBN 978-3-18-516408-8) / In this thesis linear time invariant lumped systems (LTI-systems) with m&amp;gt;1 inputs and p &amp;gt; 1 outputs (MIMO-systems) are investigated. These systems can be represented by linear equations with matrices, whose entries are polynomials in the differential operator d/dt. If Laplace-transform is employed, the polynomials are in s. Algebraically polynomials form a Euclidean ring. The conversion of the matrices to the Hermite form leads to defining m basic variables. The trajectories of the basis variables may be chosen arbitrarily. With that choice the trajectories of all remaining variables and especially the input variables are determined and can be calculated without integration. A left coprime (also called controllable) model is not required. Hence basis variables are particularly useful for planning trajectories. Special attention is paid to planning trajectories with polynomials in time as basic functions and planning trajectories which minimise a quadratic functional of costs. In engineering practice the systems will always differ from the planed trajectories. Especially with unstable plants a stabilising tracking controller is compulsory. The structure of the tracking control is introduced. It becomes apparent that every linear theory for the design of closed loop controllers is suitable. Pole assignment by dynamic output feedback with low order controllers of a fixed structure is looked at in more detail. A new approach to this problem is presented. Using the modified z-transform the theory is extended to hybrid systems consisting of a digital or discrete time controller and a plant in continuous time. Thereby the course of the signals between the sampling moments is taken into account. Finally linear observers are reinvestigated using the polynomial matrix representation. It is shown that the polynomial matrix representation provides a theoretical framework in which all linear observers can be designed.

Denna studie har gjorts i syfte att utreda vilka effekter som kommun, byggherre och bank upplever då en exploateringsfastighet överlåts till en byggherre först efter att byggnationer påbörjats inom ramen för en kommunal markanvisning. Studien har gjorts på förslag av Gävle kommun som sökt svar på om en överlåtelsetidpunkt efter byggstart kan vara ett instrument att uppnå rätt resultat då exploatering görs på kommunalt ägd mark.   För att belysa effekterna har studien gjorts genom jämförelse av hur aktörer upplever förfarandet som tillämpas av Örebro kommun med hur aktörer upplever förfarandet som tillämpas av Gävle kommun. I Örebro kommun genomförs marköverlåtelsen till byggherren först efter att byggnationer påbörjats på fastigheten. I Gävle kommun sker normalt överlåtelsen innan byggstart även om svävarvillkor ibland förekommer vilket fördröjer byggherrens möjlighet att erhålla lagfart.   För att förstå hur aktörerna kommun, byggherre och bank upplever effekterna har (1) semi-strukturerade, kvalitativa telefonintervjuer gjorts med aktörer på respektive orter. (2) Avtal om markanvisning har granskats för att förstå hur kommunerna reglerar sina respektive överlåtelsetidpunkter.   Resultatet visar att tidpunkten för exploateringsfastighetens överlåtelse kan användas som instrument att förhindra spekulation med kommunalt ägd mark. Resultatet visar också att mindre byggherrar behöver mer egna medel för att klara ökade kostnader i exploateringsprocessens tidiga skeden som följd av att byggnationer behöver påbörjas innan finansiering genom byggnadskreditiv finns på plats. Av de svar som erhållits från banker indikeras att tidpunkten som sådan inte har någon betydelse för bankens möjlighet att ställa ut ett byggnadskreditiv, så länge banken kan erbjudas tillräcklig säkerhet. Utöver panträtt i fast egendom kan vissa banker godta en moderbolagsborgen som säkerhet.   Som medel att förhindra markspekulation kan också köpets bestånd göras beroende av att byggnationer påbörjas på exploateringsfastigheten. I det fallet påbörjas överlåtelseprocessen innan byggstart med ett giltigt köpekontrakt och panträtt kan upplåtas i fastigheten med den lagfarna ägarens medgivande. Det kommunala målet att säkerställa rätt resultat förefaller snarare vara beroende av kommunala förvaltningars samordning och hur exploateringsprocessen bedrivs i sin helhet. / This study has been conducted to investigate how municipalities, developers and banks perceive the effects of having to commence construction as a prerequisite for vesting of the real estate to be developed, within the scope of municipal land allocations. The municipality of Gävle suggested the study as they sought to establish if the time of vestment, as an activity in the land developing process, could be used as an instrument to ensure the correct results of such a process.   The study was conducted as a comparison between the municipalities of Gävle and Örebro and how stakeholders in the respective areas perceive the effects. In the municipality of Örebro real estate is vested to the developer once construction work on the property has commenced. In the municipality of Gävle the real estate is normally vested prior to commencement of construction work. In some cases, however, full ownership rights are delayed by means of contractual conditions requiring the developer to commence construction work for the contract to become fully valid, and thus allowing the developer to receive the title deed.   To understand how the stakeholders municipality, developers and banks perceive the effects, (1) semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews have been conducted across the mentioned stakeholder groups in both locations. (2) Contracts of land allocation have been studied to understand how the time of vesting is regulated by both municipalities.   The results show that the time of vesting of the real estate to be developed can be used as an instrument to prevent speculation with publicly owned property. The results also show that small scale land developers require more funds to cope with increased costs that result from the inability to receive building loans using the real estate as security for such funding. Interview answers from banks imply that the time of vesting the real estate to be developed is of no importance to them as long as sufficient security can be offered towards building loan funding. Apart from liens in real estate, parent company guarantees were mentioned as a possible alternative.   As a means to prevent land speculation, contract clauses delaying the title deed to be transferred until commencement of construction, may be used. In this case the vesting process is initiated prior to commencement of construction using a valid contract, and a lien in the real estate to be developed can be offered to the bank with the permission of the municipality as the title deed holder. The aim of the municipality to ensure the correct results of the development process appears to be more dependent on how the council boards interact and how the land development process is carried out in its entirety.