The purpose of this study was to explore and describe themes of resilience in the expressions and behaviours of six-year-old children with regard to the mother-child relationship, where the mothers are infected with HIV&AIDS. Themes of resilience were investigated within the framework of positive psychology. A study of limited scope was conducted from a phenomenological paradigm. I followed a mixed method methodological paradigm based on a case study design. I purposefully selected eleven six-year-old participants whose mothers are infected with HIV&AIDS from a five-year randomised control trail study (Kgolo Mmogo). Qualitative data collection methods included the transcriptions of structured baseline interviews relating to the Kinaesthetic Family Drawing (KFD), as well as the KFD per se. I utilised the scores from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland) as uantitative data collection strategy. The transcriptions were analysed by means of an inductive thematic analysis. For the analysis of the KFD I developed and piloted a framework of analysis. The raw scores from the Vineland were compared with the appropriate age norms and compared with themes of resilience identified from the KFD as well as the transcripts of the interviews. I identified both internal and external resources of resilience. The findings of my study illustrate the presence of themes of resilience as well as non-resilience within the participants and the mother-child relationships. More factors of resilience (protective factors) than non-resilience (risk factors) were identified. Secondly, it seems possible to use the KFD with the Vineland when exploring resilience as insights from both mother and child participants are measured. The integrated results from the different data sources indicate that although the results of the KFD and the transcriptions did not correlate with the results obtained from the Vineland, the results from the different data sources supplement one another. The use of the KFD as a measure to generate data related to resilience made it possible to evaluate adaptation and resilience in a specific cultural context unlike the Vineland. The results from the data sources indicate resilience and/or non-resilience in the mother-child relationship in terms of three categories namely, protective factors (Expressive Language Skills, Interpersonal Relationships and Play and Leisure Time), risk factors (Coping Skills and Gross Motor Skills) and a balance between protective and risk factors (Receptive Language, Daily Living Skills, personal and domestic, as well as Fine Motor Skills). It is feasible to use the KFD as a measure to identify themes of resilience and non-resilience when the drawing is accompanied by an interview. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Riskbedömningar är ett betydande inslag för att arbeta förebyggande mot återfall i partnervåld. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka interbedömarreliabiliteten bland socialarbetares riskbedömningar för partnervåld gällande identifiering av risk-, sårbarhets- och skyddsfaktorer samt ärendeprioritering. Undersökningen genomfördes genom att sex socialarbetare, både individuellt och gemensamt, fick bedöma risk- sårbarhet- och skyddsfaktorer samt prioritering av ärendet i sex fiktiva fall. Resultaten påvisade att interbedömarreliabiliteten vid jämförelse av enskilda bedömare varierade beroende på vilken faktor som skulle identifieras samt vilken prioritering som skulle tillskrivas ärendet. Det samma gällde de gemensamma bedömningarna. Riskfaktorer påvisades inneha högst interbedömarreliabilitet och sårbarhetsfaktorer inneha lägst interbedömarreliabilitet. utslaget på samtliga fall. Det gällde även vid jämförelse av gemensam bedömning. Ärendeprioritering påvisade varierande interbedömarreliabilitet med måttlig samstämmighet mellan enskilda bedömare och något lägre samstämmighet i jämförelse med en gemensam bedömning, utslaget på samtliga fall. Vidare forskning rekommenderas i syfte att bistå i utvecklandet och användandet av manualer i bedömningar gällande partnervåld och förstå behovet av stöd till dess användare. / Risk assessments are an important element in preventing recidivism for intimate partner violence. This study aimed to investigate the inter-rater reliability of social workers' risk assessments for partner violence regarding the identification of risk, vulnerability and protective factors as well as case prioritization. The study was conducted by giving six social workers, both individually and jointly, the opportunity to assess risk-, vulnerability- and protective factors as well as prioritization of safety measures for six fictitious cases. The results showed that inter-rater reliability varied when comparing individual assessors depending on the factor that was to be identified and the priority to be attributed to the case. The same was true of the joint assessments. Risk factors were shown to have the highest inter-rater reliability and vulnerability factors to have the lowest inter-rater reliability averaged across all cases. The same was true when comparing joint assessments. Case prioritization showed varying inter-rater reliability with moderate agreement between individual assessors and somewhat lower agreement compared to a joint assessment, averaged across all cases. Further research is recommended in order to assist in the development and use of manuals in assessments of partner violence and in order to understand the need for support to its users.

Introduktion: Fysisk inaktivitet beskrivs idag som ett växande globalt folkhälsoproblem där en tredjedel av världens alla vuxna inte når upp till de internationella rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet. Fysisk inaktivitet fastställs även som en av de ledande riskfaktor för förtida död och förknippas ofta med sjukdomar som hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, diabetes och cancer. Kvinnor i åldrarna 18–64 år boende i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden beskrivs vara i särskild risk för fysisk inaktivitet, framförallt då bristande möjligheter till att utöva fysisk aktivitet är ledande för denna befolkningsgrupp. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva vilka riskfaktorer som kan bidra till fysisk inaktivitet samt vilka skyddsfaktorer som kan bidra till fysisk aktivitet bland kvinnor i åldrarna 18–64 år i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden i höginkomstländer. Metod: Den metod som tillämpades var en systematisk litteraturöversikt där 20 vetenskapliga artiklar stod till grund för resultatet. De databaser som användes i studien var PubMed och Medline och de vetenskapliga artiklarna var publicerade mellan år 2005–2020. Vidare granskades och bearbetats dessa artiklar utifrån en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet redovisades med utgångspunkt från tre huvudteman; socioekonomiska faktorer, psykosociala faktorer samt fysisk miljö. I resultatet framkom det att faktorer som låg utbildningsnivå, låg nivå av self-efficacy, avsaknad av socialt stöd samt bristande ekonomiska förutsättningar och fysisk miljö var påverkande orsaker till fysisk inaktivitet bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden. Slutsats: Utifrån resultatet går det att dra slutsatsen att fysisk inaktivitet bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden är ett synnerligen viktigt ämne som berör många perspektiv, både på individnivå och på samhällsnivå. Den fysiska inaktiviteten bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt missgynnade stadsdelar handlar i stora delar om brist på de skyddsfaktorer som kan bidra till en ökad fysisk aktivitet. / Introduction: Physical inactivity is described as a growing global public health problem where one third of all the world’s adults do not achieve the international recommendations for physical activity. Physical inactivity is also identified as one of the leading risk factors for premature death and is often associated with diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Women aged 18-64 living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods are described as being at particular risk of physical inactivity, especially as lack of opportunitiesis common among this group of population when it comes to physical activity. Aim: The aim of this literature study is to describe the risk factors that can contribute to physical inactivity and the protective factors that can contribute to physical activity among women aged 18-64 living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods in high-income countries. Methods: The method used was a systematic literature review based on 20 scientific articles.The databases that were used in the study were PubMed and Medline and the scientific articles were published between 2005–2020. Furthermore, these articles were reviewed and processed on the basis of a thematic content analysis. Results: The results were presented on the basis of three main themes; socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors and physical environment. The results showed that factors such as low level of education, low level of self efficacy, lack of social support and lack of financial prerequisites and physical environment were influential causes of physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is a particularly important topic that affects many perspectives, both at the individual level and at the societal level. The physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is largely due to a lack of the protective factors that can contribute to increased physical activity.

Key words: coping, disaster psychology, Integrated Rescue System, mass causalty incident, police, psychology in crisis management, psychosocial support, resiliency, risk and protective factors. This work focuses on the area of coping in members of intervening Integrated Rescue System (IRS) bodies in rescue and disaster work following a mass traffic accident. The assumptions is that a vast mass traffic accident is a type of disaster that places increased demands on coping not only for affected citizens concerned, but also on intervening professionals. It is an unexpected, urgent, and emotionally and physically demanding event that requires flexibility, heightened cooperation between different professions, and a non-standard work performance. It is an event where it is not possible to apply routine operative procedures and management. A specific group, which this work explores in depth, is that of police officers. This professional group can be expected, in the given context, to be subjected to an increased burden in comparison to other IRS bodies - medics and firefighters. The reason for this consideration is the following list of burdensome specifics, which relate to the work of police officers in mass disasters: worse material equipment for intervention and worse availability of basic needs,...

El objetivo de la investigación es explorar la resiliencia en personas diagnosticadas con epilepsia idiopática. Para tal fin, se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo de diseño fenomenológico, aplicando la técnica de la entrevista semiestructurada a una muestra de 10 participantes, 6 mujeres y 4 hombres, cuyas edades se situaron en el rango de 20 a 29 años. Los principales resultados muestran que los sesgos personales, la estigmatización, el desconocimiento de la sociedad sobre la enfermedad, la falta de reconocimiento de los participantes sobre la participación en actividades riesgosas y la aversión a la adherencia al tratamiento y su relación con los recordatorios familiares, representan amenazas significativas. Por otro lado, como principales competencias se encuentran el apoyo familiar y el proceso de adaptación a la enfermedad. Las principales conclusiones son: (1) Se comprende que existen riesgos significativos para su autonomía, (2) se identifican factores que representan una protección frente a los posibles riesgos, (3) cuentan con factores protectores que facilitan el crecimiento personal. / The aim of the research is to explore resilience in people diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. For this purpose, a qualitative study of phenomenological design was developed, applying the semi-structured interview technique to a sample of 10 participants, 6 women and 4 men, whose ages ranged between 20 to 29 years. The main results show that personal biases, stigmatization, unawareness by society about the disease, lack of recognition by participants about participation in risky activities and aversion to adherence to treatment and its relationship with family reminders represent significant threats. On the other hand, the main competences are family support and the process of adaptation to the disease. As conclusions: (1) It is understood that there are significant risks to their autonomy, (2) they have factors that represent a protection against possible risks, (3) they have protective factors that facilitate personal growth. / Tesis

Many children and adolescents that live under vulnerable social conditions in Latin America and Colombia do not have access to quality programmes that focus on psychosocial education based on socio-emotional learning. Research evidence on practices used by programme facilitators is still underdeveloped in the region. This study explores facilitators’ perceptions of practices that are considered to generate socio-emotional learning in children and adolescents who participate in related programmes in Bogotá-Colombia. The main objective of this exploratory, non-experimental research study is to provide an account of existing methodologies and practices as perceived by facilitators belonging to the fields of social work, education, and psychology. An interview guide was designed to invite respondents to share their views and experiences of socio-emotional learning. Then, content analysis procedures were used to find out the relevant themes and categories shared by the respondents, and thereby identify the critical factors related to the stated research problem. Respondents were invited to answer a predetermined sequence of questions following an interview guide. This process resulted in two main themes: (1) Conditions that contribute to socio-emotional learning and (2) Factors considered relevant for programme operation. Emerging categories explore the following topics: further observation of needs among children; social, emotional and pedagogical skills among facilitators; parents’ current situation with parenting and social and emotional skills; ways to plan and implement activities or interventions; examples of key partnerships; and ways to follow up the impact of practices on children. In this study, respondents’ shared experiences show that socio-emotional learning is key to resilience processes. With the enacted legislation and some design and management of programmes to promote mental wellbeing through social and emotional education, continued research from psychosocial and education fields is needed to assess the impact of programme practices in schools, families, and communities. Research is also needed on how to revise social and emotional learning approaches implemented in school settings for use by participants in other contexts with increased levels of aggressiveness and violence. These aspects must be considered in regard to a family’s or a community’s willingness to learn and adopt socio-emotional skills. / Muchos niños, niñas y adolescentes que viven en condiciones sociales vulnerables en América Latina y Colombia no tienen acceso a programas de calidad que se enfoquen en la educación psicosocial basada en el aprendizaje socioemocional. La evidencia acerca de la investigación sobre las prácticas utilizadas por los facilitadores en programas relacionados aún está poco desarrollada en la región. Este estudio explora las percepciones de facilitadores sobre prácticas que se consideran generadoras de aprendizaje socioemocional en niñas, niños y adolescentes que participan en programas relacionados en Bogotá-Colombia. El objetivo principal de esta investigación exploratoria, no experimental, es dar cuenta de las metodologías y prácticas existentes tal como las perciben los facilitadores pertenecientes a los campos del trabajo social, la educación y la psicología. Se diseñó una guía de entrevistas para invitar a los participantes a compartir sus puntos de vista y experiencias sobre el aprendizaje socioemocional. Luego, se utilizaron procedimientos de análisis de contenido para derivar temas y categorías relevantes compartidos por los encuestados, y así identificar factores críticos relacionados con el problema de investigación planteado. Se invitó a los encuestados a responder una secuencia predeterminada de preguntas siguiendo una guía de entrevista. Este proceso resultó en dos temas principales: (1) Condiciones que contribuyen al aprendizaje socioemocional y (2) Factores considerados relevantes para la operación del programa. Las categorías emergentes exploran los siguientes temas: mayor observación de las necesidades de los niños; habilidades sociales, emocionales y pedagógicas entre los facilitadores; la situación actual de los padres en relación a la crianza y sus habilidades sociales y emocionales; formas de planificar e implementar actividades o intervenciones; ejemplos de asociaciones clave; y formas de hacer un seguimiento del impacto de las prácticas en los niños. En este estudio, las experiencias compartidas de los participantes muestran que el aprendizaje socioemocional es clave para los procesos de resiliencia. Con la legislación promulgada y algunas iniciativas de diseño y administración de programas para promover el bienestar mental a través de la educación social y emocional, se hace necesaria el desarrollo de una investigación continua desde los campos psicosociales y educativos para evaluar el impacto de las prácticas de programas en las escuelas, las familias y las comunidades. También se requiere investigación sobre cómo evaluar los enfoques de aprendizaje social y emocional implementados en entornos escolares para revisar el uso las habilidades aprendidas en otros contextos con mayores niveles de agresividad y violencia. Estos aspectos deben considerarse en relación con la disposición de una familia o una comunidad para aprender y adoptar habilidades socioemocionales.

Summary: The organized youth crime that exists today is a relatively newsocial problem in most parts of our country. Younger people are drawn intothe criminal lifestyle and the phenomenon is an upgoing trend in Sweden,especially in ages between 15-20. In this study we wanted to see how oursociety responds to this phenomenon, in a local context. Our study is done ina municipality with 70 000+ inhabitants.We choose to use a case study as a research method. The empirical datacollected through interviews, with a total of eight respondents affiliated tothe phenomenon. The results given from the interviews shows that there is alack of clarity in how the phenomenon should be handled. We could see thatthe interventions of the problem are still under development. There aredifferent views on who carries what responsibility and which interventionsare most appropriate to these young kids. The schools approach seems to notmatch the target groups needs and their actions can be seen as one of thesocial mechanisms that is enabling the problem.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker socialsekreteraren uppfattning av det egna arbetet med risk- och skyddsfaktorer kring unga som befinner sig i riskzon för narkotikaanvändning. Vidare undersöker denna uppsats socialsekreterarens uppfattningar kring hur både denne själv och kollegiet utför arbetet med dessa skydds- och riskfaktorer bland unga och unga som befinner sig i riskzon för narkotikaanvändning. Det är vanligt att det förekommer flera riskfaktorer vid samma tillfälle hos en ungdom vilket ökar risken för normbrytande beteende. Socialtjänsten arbetar för att ge stöd och tillgodose de behov som ungdomen har för att främja en positiv utveckling och minska riskerna som riskfaktorerna medför. Med hjälp av semi-strukturerade intervjuer har vi intervjuat sex socialsekreterare på ungdomsenheten i Malmö för att besvara frågeställningarna (1)Hur beskriver socialsekreterare sitt arbete med att identifiera och hantera risk- och skyddsfaktorer i utredningar med ungdomar? (2) Vilka uppfattningar och åsikter framkommer hos socialsekreterare när de reflekterar över arbetet med risk- och skyddsfaktorer i utredningar om ungdomar? (3) Vilka uppfattningar och åsikter framkommer hos socialsekreterare när de reflekterar över arbetet med risk- och skyddsfaktorer i utredningar om ungdomar i riskzon för narkotikaanvändning? Vid undersökningen av den första frågeställningen fanns det återkommande utsagor som beskrev upplevelsen av en gemensam förståelse och samsyn kring allt som relateras till risk- och skyddsfaktorer. Trots denna gemensamma förståelse visade resultatet att upplevelsen kring om arbetet med bedömning och/eller analys sker kollektivt eller individuellt tycks bero på ärendets omständigheter. Vid nästa frågeställning var det varierande uppfattningar kring arbetet men många tenderar att tro att uppfattningarna är gemensamma. Sista frågeställningen visade att uppfattningen och åsikterna påverkades beroende på ärendets omständigheter, ungdomens helhetssituation och faktorer såsom typ av substans, narkotikaanvändningens tidsram och vilka andra framträdande riskfaktorer som finns. / This essay examines the social worker's perception of their own work with risk and protective factors around youths in risk zones of using narcotics. Furthermore, this essay investigates the social worker's perceptions regarding how both they themself and other coworkes carry out the work with protective and risk factors among youths in risk zones of using narcotics. It is common for a young person to have several risk factors at the same time, which increases the risk of norm-breaking behaviour. Social services work to provide support and meet the needs of adolescents in order to promote positive development and reduce the risks that the risk factors entail. Using semi-structured interviews, we have interviewed six social workers at the youth unit in Malmö to answer the following questions (1) How do social workers describe their work with identifying and managing risk and protective factors in investigations with youths?(2) What perceptions and opinions emerge from social workers when they reflect on the work with risk and protective factors in investigations of youths? (3) What perceptions and opinions emerge from social workers when they reflect on the work with risk and protective factors in investigations of youths in risk zones of using narcotics? When examining the first question, there were recurring statements that described the experience of a common understanding and consensus regarding everything related to risk and protective factors. Despite this common understanding, the results showed that the experience of whether the work with assessment and/or analysis is done collectively or individually seems to depend on the circumstances of the case. In the next question, there were varying perceptions about the work, but many tended to believe that there is a common consensus of the perceptions.The last question showed that the perceptions and opinions were affected depending on the circumstances of the case, the young person’s overall situation and factors such as the type if substance, the time frame if the narcotic use and what other prominent risk factors exist.

Syftet är att undersöka konsekvenser för barn, unga och unga vuxna i åldern 0-25 år som växer upp tillsammans med syskon som har funktionsnedsättning. Dessutom är syftet att identifiera betydande faktorer för att uppnå ökad kunskap om hur professionella inom hälsooch sjukvård kan utveckla arbetet och bemötandet till barnen och deras familjer. Studiens teoretiska ramverk är Eriksons åtta utvecklingsfaser och Marcias identitetsstatusmodell som berör människors identitetsutveckling ur ett psykosocialt perspektiv samt copingstrategier för att hantera sin situation. Studien är utformad som en integrativ litteraturstudie, vilket innebär att vetenskapligt material med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod samlas in. Samtliga artiklar bearbetas och sammanställs genom tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet visar att målgruppen löper ökad risk för sociala konsekvenser, emotionell överbelastning och psykisk ohälsa. Resultatet tyder på att syskon med funktionsnedsättningen i sig inte bidrar till ökad psykisk ohälsa hos barnet, däremot eventuella konsekvenser av funktionsnedsättningen. Det framträder även positiva konsekvenser som utvecklad stresshantering, ökat tålamod samt värderingar om respekt för andra trots olikheter. Framträdande risk- och skyddsfaktorer är tillgång till socialt stöd, föräldrar, diagnosens karaktär och ålder. Utöver konsekvenser som mätbar hälsa framkommer även att identitetsutvecklingen kan påverkas och således även copingstrategiernas betydelse för att hantera situationen på ett framgångsrikt sätt. / The following study aims to investigate the consequences for children aged 0-25 growing up with a sibling with a developmental disorder. In addition, the study intends to identify significant factors to achieve knowledge on how professionals in healthcare can develop the work and treatment with the children and their families. The study's theoretical framework is a psychosocial perspective on identity development and coping strategies. The study is designed as an integrative review in which both qualitative and quantitative data have been included. The data is processed and compiled through thematic analysis. The results show that growing up with a sibling with a developmental disorder can be related to higher risk of social consequences, emotional overload and mental illness. The results indicate that it’s the potential consequences of the disorder that is the main reason for the higher risk of mental illness. There are also positive consequences such as developed stress management, increased patience and values about respect for others despite differences. Identified prominent factors are social support, parents, the diagnosis and age. Identity development can be affected and thus also the importance of coping strategies for managing the situation in a successful way.

This report examines the risk and protective factors that the students who live and attend school in a particularly vulnerable area have, according to the “school personnel”, that are linked to antisocial and norm-breaking behavior. A particular targeting has been made for the girl’s risk- and protective factors. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted at a school for children between 6-12 years old, which is presented and analyzed using a thematic analysis and literature. The report uses the ecological explanatory model as a theoretical background. The conditions are different for children living and attending school in a particularly vulnerable area, where the students risk factors significantly outnumber their protective factors, that increase the student’s risk of developing anti-social and/or norm-breaking behavior such as drug use, violence and criminality. School personnel are positive about their own work and the school's role as a protective factor but illustrate several challenges for their work. In the discussion, the student’s risk- and protective factors are problematized, and the Swedish language is presented to be the factor that has the greatest impact on the student’s future without antisocial and/or norm breaking behavior. / Denna rapport undersöker risk- och skyddsfaktorer, kopplade till antisocialt och normbrytande beteende, som skolpersonal identifierar hos sina elever, som bor och går i skolan i ett särskilt utsatt område. En särskild fördjupning görs gällande flickornas risk- och skyddsfaktorer. Detta görs genom semistrukturerade intervjuer på en låg- och mellanstadieskola, som redovisas och analyseras med hjälp av en tematisk analys och befintlig litteratur/forskning. Rapporten har den ekologiska förklaringsmodellen som teoretisk bakgrund. Förutsättningarna är annorlunda för de barn som bor och går i skolan i ett särskilt utsatt område. Dessa elever exponeras för betydligt fler riskfaktorer än skyddsfaktorer, vilket ökar risken för eleven att utveckla antisocialt och/eller normbrytande beteende såsom droganvändning, våld och kriminalitet. Skolpersonalen förhåller sig positiva till sitt eget arbete och skolans roll som skyddsfaktor men belyser även ett flertal utmaningar i sitt arbete. I diskussionen problematiserats elevens risk- och skyddsfaktorer och det svenska språket redovisas vara den faktor som har störst betydelse för elevens framtid utan ett antisocialt och/eller normbrytande beteende.