Studien handlar om läs- och skrivsvårigheter och syftet med detta arbete var att få kunskap om hur några pedagoger med hjälp av en speciallärare utformar den dagliga undervisningen för elever som har läs- och skrivsvårigheter i år tre – fem i en Montessoriskola. Intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod för att få kunskap och djupare förståelse. Då det endast var tre pedagoger som ställde upp med sin kunskap och tid kan inga generella slutsatser dras av denna studie. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna i den mån det är möjligt arbetar utifrån elevernas behov och att de anpassar material och övningar efter elevens förutsättningar. Pedagogerna är mycket medvetna om de brister som finns när det gäller användandet av kompensatoriska hjälpmedel då eleverna för närvarande endast har talböcker att tillgå.

The development of five individual pupils’ writing abilities, as reported by six of their teachers, is analysed. The thoughts and reflexions inspired by the everyday interaction between the teacher and the pupil suffering from some kind of reading and writing disability are presented. The purpose is to capture what was unique and characteristic in the measures that triggered a positive response in the pupils. Some of the questions answered in this study are: How does the phenomenon of reading and writing disabilities manifest itself in the classroom, and what are the consequences for the individual pupil of the various pedagogical measures available? One conclusion that may be drawn from this study is that there is no cut-and dried method for working with pupils suffering from reading and writing disabilities. Nor is there any such thing as a standard pupil with this disability. Instead, both the type and the extent of the problem vary greatly, and individual pupils develop their own personal strategies to cope with them and take in new knowledge. Also the skills of the individual pupils vary widely, and the possibility to use and develop them is dependent on the pedagogical context he/she is part of, on the actions of the individual teacher and several other interacting environmental factors. It also becomes clear that the ’capacity’ of the individual pupil, rather than being a fixed constant, is entirely dependent on the context. There is a strong correlation between the successful development of the pupil and the sensitivity, empathy, imagination, competence and ability of the teacher to capture opportunities as they arise. Some common features of the teachers involved in this study were that they helped their pupils to structure their thinking and involved them in their own acquisition of knowledge, and that their education was focused on the process rather than the goal. The methods they used were based on both theoretical knowledge and practical experience. They were well versed in many different theories and methods, and prepared to try different things till they found the best solution for the individual pupil. The communication between teacher and pupil was the cornerstone of their tuition. The classroom situation was characterised by a mixed group of pupils where individual measures constituted a natural component. The borderline between ‘ordinary’ and remedial teachers was deliberately blurred. Instead a spirit of constructive co-operation prevailed where all available resources were used in the work with the pupils. Events that promoted progress in the individual pupil were episodes where he experienced success and stood out in a positive sense among his class-mates. On these occasions the teacher had succeeded in identifying some specific skill possessed by the pupil, and made it visible also to the pupil himself and the people surrounding him. It was also a matter of identifying and challenging the individual weaknesses of the pupil, and of making him conscious of the progress he made. The social context surrounding the pupil did, of course, play a vital part in these positive events. This study demonstrates that a thorough linguistic diagnose followed by carefully tailored tuition is far superior to other kinds of remedial tuition in enhancing the reading-and writing abilities of the individual pupil. The common method of lumping together a group of pupils with widely varying types of reading and writing disabilities into a ’remedial class’ did, by contrast, appear to be an unfortunate strategy.

In schools today, we expect student performances and achievements to be exceptional. Having good reading and writing skills are essential if students want to excel at their school assignments. Students with reading and writing difficulties have to work much harder than their other classmates. Their having to work harder coupled with being teenagers and facing all the uncertainties which are present at that age, these students face the difficult task of trying to find out who they are and who they want to be. In other words, they try to create their own individual identities. This study investigates the experiences of students with reading and writing difficulties in their interactions with other students and school personnel, in different situations. The collection of data has been done through group interviews. Thirteen, 15 year old students participated in these interviews. Some of the factors which characterise a hermeneutic approach have helped to form the basis on which the study lies. A hermeneutic approach suggests that the data collected is sorted and analysed to enable the identification of differences and patterns. These patterns are arranged to give results that are subjective and which also show an interpretation of the data collected. The results show that students are more comfortable with their identities, when they are diagnosed or made aware that their performances in school are directly affected by their reading and writing difficulties. The study also shows that having reading and writing difficulties tells the students who they are but, at the same time, plays an important role in their interactions with other classmates and adults. The outcomes of these interactions greatly affect the formation of their identities. The way in which school personnel treat students is also shown to be of great importance.

Syftet med denna studie är att ge en översikt över forskning om skrivsvårigheter hos flerspråkiga elever. Forskningsfrågorna som besvaras i studien är vilka orsaker som ligger bakom skrivsvårigheter hos flerspråkiga, hur orsakerna till skrivsvårigheter hos flerspråkiga identifieras och hur den pedagogiska praktiken kan utformas för att stötta flerspråkiga elever med skrivsvårigheter. För att besvara dessa forskningsfrågor har jag gjort systematiska sökningar efter relevant forskningslitteratur och därefter kritiskt granskat och sammanställt sex forskningsartiklar. Forskningen visar att det kan finnas flera orsaker till skrivsvårigheter hos flerspråkiga. Orsakerna kan kopplas till såväl bristande språkfärdighet i andraspråket som dyslexi, men svårigheterna kan också bero på annan funktionsnedsättning och psykosociala faktorer. Vidare visar forskningen att identifiering av skrivsvårigheter hos flerspråkiga kan vara problematisk eftersom det kan vara svårt att bedöma om flerspråkiga elevers läs- och skrivsvårigheter beror på tillägnandet av andraspråket eller om det är dyslexi eller andra kognitiva eller kulturella problem som är orsaken. I forskningen betonas att lärarens kompetens är den mest betydelsefulla faktorn för en gynnsam läs- och skrivutveckling i skolan.

In order for special educators and specialist teachers to be able to support multilingual students, a mapping system is needed in the student’s mother tongue. It’s needed because special educators and specialist teachers should, in the best possible way, be able to assess and offer the support that a multilingual student need. The purpose of the study is to analyze in detail how special educators and specialist teachers work to support multilingual students who have dyslexia. The study has the socio-cultural perspective as a theoretical starting point and the reason for that is that the socio-cultural perspective focuses on learning and the learning of individuals in social contexts. The scientific approach that becomes current and applied in the study is qualitative research method and the applicable method is semi- structured qualitative interview, where four special educators and two specialist teachers are interviewed regarding their work to support multilingual students with dyslexia. The result of the study is that screening tests can determine if a student has dyslexia and therefore assess the support that is required. If a student has dyslexia in Swedish, the student will also have it in their mother tongue. Since the tests are performed in Swedish, in order to be able to process dyslexia in the best possible way, you have to map the difficulty in both the students mother tongue and Swedish.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka lärares uppfattningar om läs- och skrivsvårigheter hos elever på mellanstadiet och hur mellanstadielärare uppger att de arbetar med dessa elever. Det teoretiska ramverk som ligger till grund för studien är kognitiva processer och läsningens fem utvecklingsdimensioner. Sju kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer utförs för att samla in data. Resultatet visar att mellanstadieelevers svårigheter är läsförståelse, fonologisk medvetenhet, avkodning, stavning och grammatik. När lärare upptäcker läs- och skrivsvårigheter tar de direktkontakt med elever, anpassar materialet efter elevers behov, tar kontakt med speciallärare eller specialpedagog och kontaktar vårdnadshavare. Resultatet visar även att mellanstadielärare använder sig av grupp- och pararbeten, en-till-en undervisning, motivationsskapande undervisning, undervisning som är fokuserad på språk- och läsförståelse och digitala verktyg. Elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter behöver varierad undervisning och olika arbetsmetoder för att utveckla deras läs- och skrivförmågor. Om eleverna tidigt och utifrån sina egna behov får hjälp, stöttning och anpassningar kan det hjälpa dem att komma ur dessa svårigheter.

This study is a quantitative study that has examined 29 students in grade 8 who have not received a pass grade in mathematics. The focus of this study is in two areas: first, which mathematical abilities do the students have the greatest difficulties in, and second, on the relationship between mathematics difficulties and reading and writing difficulties. Mathematical abilities have been studied using knowledge matrices from the national tests in mathematics. Reading and writing difficulties has been investigated using test results from diagnostic material in the area. The results show that conceptual and problem-solving skills are the most difficult abilities in which previous research also indicates. Procedural ability is the ability where most students show competency, which also is consistent with previous research. The study indicates that there are links between mathematics difficulties and reading and writing difficulties, although it is not possible to show strong correlations in this small study.

This case study uses a reading comprehension test and interviews to investigate how readers with and readers without reading or writing difficulties understand and perceive a decision on building permission in two versions: an original version and a version revised in accordance with the recommendations in a guide to plain language, Klarspråk­stestet för beslut. The aim is to contribute to usage guidance on adjusting texts for people with reading and writing difficulties and to study how comprehension and perception differ between those who have reading and writing difficulties and a control group. The study includes twelve participants, half of them with reading and writing difficulties. The theoretical framework of the study is plain language based on adequate simplifications and explanations for the intended recipient.   The result shows that there were differences between the groups’ mean scores on comprehension questions when they have read the decision in the original form, but there were no longer any differences between the groups when they had read the version in plain language. Just two people answered all the questions on the reading comprehension test correctly. One of the reasons for this may be that decisions on building permission are a type of decision that can be difficult to understand. Revising such decisions in accordance with the recommendations of the Swedish Language Council can facilitate reading comprehension, but does not automatically mean that the content is correctly understood or that the decision is perceived as being sufficiently adapted to the reader’s perspective. The result of the reading perception test shows that most participants were more positively disposed towards the plain language version of the decision. Another result is that there is a tendency for the last text the informants read to be perceived as better. All the informants’ responses to the questions on perception show that they want to find answers to their questions early in the text. The participants with reading and writing difficulties think that the technical terms should be explained in detail, while the informants without reading and writing difficulties think that these words are sufficiently well explained. The viewpoints expressed about the content show that the informants have different reading goals.

Denna litteraturöversikt syftar till att utforska hur läs- och skrivsvårigheter yttrar sig hos elever, mer specifikt flerspråkiga elever, och hur detta kan identifieras. Ett urval av fem relevanta forskningsartiklar analyserades och möjliggjorde att vi kunde identifiera och utforska olika aspekter av hur läs- och skrivsvårigheter yttrade sig hos flerspråkiga elever och hur lärare möter dessa svårigheter. I vår litteraturöversikt framkom det att det finns olika typer av läs- och skrivsvårigheter, både generella läs- och skrivsvårigheter och specifika läs- och skrivsvårigheter, som benämns som dyslexi. Resultatet visade att olika faktorer har en avgörande roll i flerspråkiga elevers läs- och skrivutveckling, bland annat samarbetets betydelse, ordförrådets storlek, identifiering genom kartläggning och vikten av tidiga insatser.   Vår litteraturöversikt bidrar till en ökad förståelse för de komplexa utmaningar som lärare står inför i arbetet med elever från olika språkliga och kulturella bakgrunder och ger insikter som kan vara användbara i förbättringen av undervisningspraxis och stödstrukturer för flerspråkiga elever. / This literature review aims to explore how reading and writing difficulties present in students, specifically multilingual students, and how these difficulties can be identified. A selection of five relevant research articles was analyzed, allowing us to identify and explore various aspects of how reading and writing difficulties present in multilingual students and how teachers address these challenges. Our literature review revealed that there are different types of reading and writing difficulties, both general reading and writing difficulties and specific reading and writing difficulties, referred to as dyslexia. The results showed that various factors play a crucial role in the reading and writing development of multilingual students, including the importance of collaboration, vocabulary size, identification through mapping, and the significance of early interventions. Our literature review contributes to an increased understanding of the complex challenges that teachers face when working with students from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds and provides insights that can be useful in improving teaching practices and support structures for multilingual students.

Abstract The present study reports the results of an intervention in year two based on proven methods to enhance students decoding and reading speed. Since a slow and uncertain decoding can affect reading comprehension. I have conducted tests in two classes in year 2, in decoding, and reading comprehension. I identified 16 students who received results stanine 1 to 3 on one or both tests. These students were given further tests in listening comprehension and in decoding. A standardized test was used both as a pretest and as a posttest, measuring literally awareness, decoding of the content, form and nonsense words and RAN. Five of the students become members in the intervention group, denoted The reading club.  Four students got constitute a control group. Another four pupils lacked sufficient prerequisites for participation, and three students received too high results of decoding test for participation in the study. Should the intervention study, which lasted for 45 minutes three times a week for five weeks, enhance the students decoding skills and reading speed? After completion of the intervention I compared the results from the intervention group with the pupils from the control group and the students who normed the test. The students who participate in The Reading club enhance the reading speed compare to the control group.