On s’est habitué à adopter du concept d’autonomie une perception qui est celle d’un déclin, largement prophétisé dès le XIXème siècle chez les auteurs critiques du contrat. Tous les arguments ont contribué à cette interprétation et bien des choses semblent aller en ce sens. Ainsi, le concept laisse apparaître un bouleversement des distinctions classiques vérifiable du point de vue du langage définissant les sources ou autorités du droit (autonomie législative, judiciaire…). En réalité, la première autonomie de nature subjective n’a pas été contredite autant qu’on aurait pu le supposer. L’autonomie individuelle ou collective continue de définir la personne juridique en fonction d’une titularité plus ou moins étroite de ses droits, libertés, capacités ou pouvoirs. Elle contribue, en effet, à la promotion d’un cadre primordial et persiste dans une sorte de contrôle moral des volontés et des identités individuelles confrontées à des mécanismes exagérément objectifs. Une résurgence apparente du vocabulaire romaniste, sous prétexte d’équilibre des prestations, permet paradoxalement un déséquilibre entre les parties. C’est donc à une autonomie renouvelée, forte de nouvelles exigences, que l’on fait appel. Un plan moral succède au plan théorique sous l’angle de la protection des volontés. L’autonomie s’adapte tout en demeurant conforme à un sens subjectif originel. Elle pourrait devenir une référence de régulation, y compris pour les contrats internationaux. Le droit français aurait là une occasion de se rétablir, au moins du point de vue de l’interprétation. / We became used to adopt some concept of autonomy a perception which is the one of a decline, largely predicted from the XIXth century at the critical authors of the contract. All arguments contributed to this interpretation and many things seem to go this way. Actually, the concept uncovers a classical upheavel of distinctions whiches verifiable from the point of view of sources or authorities defining langage (legislative, judicial autonomy). In fact, the first autonomy of subjective nature was not as contradicted as it was supposed to. The individual or collective autonomy continues to define the legal person according to a more or less narrow tenure of its rights, liberties, capacities or powers. As a matter of fact it contributes to focus on an essential frame and persists in a kind of moral control of the wills and of the individual identities confronted to excessively objective mechanisms. A similar resurgence of the ancient roman law vocabulary, under the pretext of contractual balance, paradoxically allows a destabilization between the parts. So it is to the renewed autonomy strong on new requirements that we appeal. A moral plan succeeds the theoretical plan under the perspective of the protection of the wills. The autonomy adapts itself while remaining in compliance with an original subjective sense. She could become a reference of regulation, including for the international contracts. French law would then have an opportunity to recover, at least from the point of view of the interpretation.

This explorative case study was undertaken to uncover how transformative self-discoveries were facilitated through Gestalt playtherapy, enabling agency of a single pre-school participant. Data were captured around the participant's baseline agentic status; emerging agency, facilitated trough the intervention and post-intervention agentic status. A content analysis aided thematic coding. Theme 1 identified inherent agency trends and the agency blocks "what is that". Theme 2 dealt with patterns of active resistance "I don't want to feel / I don't want to know". Theme 3 captured enhanced agentic behaviour "I can and I understand". Through the intervention the participant's entrapped agency was unleashed, leading to an awareness of her `being', enabling her `doing' and thereby allowing her to `become'. Enabled agency increased the participant's active involvement in her life and her engagement in developmental tasks was increased. Implications of the findings support further investigation and application of this intervention. / Educational Studies / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

A community development project involving the tribal leaders, civic organisations and the aged action group had been completed in 1994 in Rathoke, a rural area in the Mpumalanga Pre ince. In the process, the reseacher observed tension built as a result of the refusal of people in authority like tribal officers, civic organisation members and individual professionals to acknowledge that aged people can take a lead in articulating their needs and alternative solutions. Assumptions prevailing among them are that: 1. Old and rural people need help. 2. Have no potential for leadership development. 3. Are dependent on existing leadership structures and 4. Their needs are not a priority. On the bases of these assumptions, the reseacher undertook to do a case study based on the analysis of community development process reports kept for the project.There have been a number of learnings which can be of benefit to people interested in the leadership concept in the field of community development. / Social work / M.A. (SS) (Mental Health)

La tesi propone una rilettura della teoria di negozio giuridico dall'inclusione della fiducia al centro di supporto fattuale per generare una prospettiva plurale e riflessiva della volontà. Intendiamo analizzare i contratti da un nuovo paradigma, a dimostrazione che l'inclusione della nozione di fiducia nel negozio giuridico, non solo in seguito alla dichiarazione di intenti, ma permettendo a questa analisi riflessiva, risposte a molte domande lasciate dalla teoria dello fatto giuridico che, cresciuto in un ambiente liberale, stabilito la volontà individuale delle parti come un singolo elemento che compone il centro del nucleo di un negozio giuridico. Oggi, la società di massa, i contratti di adesione e contrattazione elettronica, richiedono una revisione dei concetti di base della teoria generale del diritto civile. Così, questa tesi si propone analizzare, non solo la volontà delle parti in modo isolato, ma la fiducia (dalla nozione di vertrauen di diritto tedesco) che le manifestazioni del desiderio reciproco e usi del traffico causa in entrambi i contraenti. Pertanto, al cuore del negozio giuridico non sarebbero le uniche manifestazioni di volontà, ma un consenso che si verifica in modo dinamico, variabile a seconda degli altri elementi, la coniugazione tra l'espressione della volontà di un contraente e di fiducia reciproca e ha causato il consenso dell'altro contraente e la fiducia, legittimo affidamento, ha causato nel primo, considerando le circostanze aziendali. L'obiettivo è quello di studiare il rilassamento del principio di autonomia, che, pur essendo la base del diritto contrattuale, ai nostri tempi dovrebbero dare luogo ad una reinterpretazione della teoria del negozio giuridico, al fine di adattarlo alla realtà delle relazioni sociali, adattando le teorie classiche per includere le nozioni di funzione sociale del contratto, buona fede oggettiva, l'equilibrio economico delle patti, ecc, nella sua struttura teorica. / A tese propõe uma releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico a partir da inclusão da confiança no núcleo do suporte fático a gerar uma ótica plural e reflexa da vontade. Pretende-se a análise dos contratos a partir de um novo paradigma, demonstrando a inclusão da noção de confiança no negócio jurídico, não apenas acompanhando a manifestação de vontade, mas permitindo a análise reflexiva desta. Assim, deve responder a muitas dúvidas deixadas pela teoria do fato jurídico que, criada em um ambiente liberal, estabelecia a vontade individual das partes como único elemento a compor o cerne do núcleo de um negócio jurídico. Hoje, a sociedade de massas, os contratos de adesão e as contratações eletrônicas demandam uma revisão dos conceitos-base da teoria geral do direito civil. Esta tese pretende analisar, não apenas a vontade das partes de maneira isolada, mas a confiança (a partir da noção de vertrauen do direito alemão) que as manifestações de vontade recíprocas e os usos do tráfico provocam em ambos os contratantes. Portanto, no cerne do negócio jurídico não estariam apenas as manifestações da vontade, mas o consenso que se dá de modo dinâmico, variando de acordo com os outros elementos, conjugação entre a manifestação de vontade de um contratante, a confiança provocada no outro e a manifestação de vontade do outro contratante e a confiança, a legítima expectativa, provocada no primeiro, considerando-se as circunstâncias negociais. O objetivo do trabalho é estudar a flexibilização do princípio da autonomia da vontade que, apesar de ser a base do direito contratual, hodiernamente deve ensejar a releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico, a fim de adaptá-la à realidade das relações sociais e adequá-la às teorias clássicas ao incluir noções de função social do contrato, boa-fé objetiva, equilíbrio econômico dos pactos, etc., em sua estrutura teórica. / The thesis proposes a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business from the inclusion of the trust at the core of factual support to generate a plural and reflexive perspective of will. We intend to analyze the contracts from a new paradigm, demonstrating that the inclusion of the notion of trust in the legal business, not just following the declaration of intent, but allowing this reflective analysis, answers many questions left by the theory of legal fact who, raised in a liberal environment, established the individual will of the parties as a single element composing the core of the nucleus of a legal business. Today, mass society, contracts of adhesion and electronic contracting, demand a review of the basic concepts of the general theory of civil law. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze, not only the will of the parties in an isolated way, but confidence (from the notion of vertrauen in German law) that the manifestations of reciprocal desire and uses of traffic cause in both contractors. Therefore, at the heart of the legal business would not be the only manifestations of the will, but a consensus that occurs dynamically, varying according to the other elements, conjugation between the expression of the will of a contractor and trust in each other caused, and the consent from the other contractor and the trust, the legitimate expectation, caused on the first, considering the business circumstances. The objective is to study the flexibilization of the principle of freedom of choice, which, despite being the basis of contract law, in our times should give rise to a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business in order to adapt it to the reality of social relations, adapting the classical theories to include the notions of social function of the contract, objective good faith, economic balance of the pacts, etc., in his theoretical framework.

La tesi propone una rilettura della teoria di negozio giuridico dall'inclusione della fiducia al centro di supporto fattuale per generare una prospettiva plurale e riflessiva della volontà. Intendiamo analizzare i contratti da un nuovo paradigma, a dimostrazione che l'inclusione della nozione di fiducia nel negozio giuridico, non solo in seguito alla dichiarazione di intenti, ma permettendo a questa analisi riflessiva, risposte a molte domande lasciate dalla teoria dello fatto giuridico che, cresciuto in un ambiente liberale, stabilito la volontà individuale delle parti come un singolo elemento che compone il centro del nucleo di un negozio giuridico. Oggi, la società di massa, i contratti di adesione e contrattazione elettronica, richiedono una revisione dei concetti di base della teoria generale del diritto civile. Così, questa tesi si propone analizzare, non solo la volontà delle parti in modo isolato, ma la fiducia (dalla nozione di vertrauen di diritto tedesco) che le manifestazioni del desiderio reciproco e usi del traffico causa in entrambi i contraenti. Pertanto, al cuore del negozio giuridico non sarebbero le uniche manifestazioni di volontà, ma un consenso che si verifica in modo dinamico, variabile a seconda degli altri elementi, la coniugazione tra l'espressione della volontà di un contraente e di fiducia reciproca e ha causato il consenso dell'altro contraente e la fiducia, legittimo affidamento, ha causato nel primo, considerando le circostanze aziendali. L'obiettivo è quello di studiare il rilassamento del principio di autonomia, che, pur essendo la base del diritto contrattuale, ai nostri tempi dovrebbero dare luogo ad una reinterpretazione della teoria del negozio giuridico, al fine di adattarlo alla realtà delle relazioni sociali, adattando le teorie classiche per includere le nozioni di funzione sociale del contratto, buona fede oggettiva, l'equilibrio economico delle patti, ecc, nella sua struttura teorica. / A tese propõe uma releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico a partir da inclusão da confiança no núcleo do suporte fático a gerar uma ótica plural e reflexa da vontade. Pretende-se a análise dos contratos a partir de um novo paradigma, demonstrando a inclusão da noção de confiança no negócio jurídico, não apenas acompanhando a manifestação de vontade, mas permitindo a análise reflexiva desta. Assim, deve responder a muitas dúvidas deixadas pela teoria do fato jurídico que, criada em um ambiente liberal, estabelecia a vontade individual das partes como único elemento a compor o cerne do núcleo de um negócio jurídico. Hoje, a sociedade de massas, os contratos de adesão e as contratações eletrônicas demandam uma revisão dos conceitos-base da teoria geral do direito civil. Esta tese pretende analisar, não apenas a vontade das partes de maneira isolada, mas a confiança (a partir da noção de vertrauen do direito alemão) que as manifestações de vontade recíprocas e os usos do tráfico provocam em ambos os contratantes. Portanto, no cerne do negócio jurídico não estariam apenas as manifestações da vontade, mas o consenso que se dá de modo dinâmico, variando de acordo com os outros elementos, conjugação entre a manifestação de vontade de um contratante, a confiança provocada no outro e a manifestação de vontade do outro contratante e a confiança, a legítima expectativa, provocada no primeiro, considerando-se as circunstâncias negociais. O objetivo do trabalho é estudar a flexibilização do princípio da autonomia da vontade que, apesar de ser a base do direito contratual, hodiernamente deve ensejar a releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico, a fim de adaptá-la à realidade das relações sociais e adequá-la às teorias clássicas ao incluir noções de função social do contrato, boa-fé objetiva, equilíbrio econômico dos pactos, etc., em sua estrutura teórica. / The thesis proposes a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business from the inclusion of the trust at the core of factual support to generate a plural and reflexive perspective of will. We intend to analyze the contracts from a new paradigm, demonstrating that the inclusion of the notion of trust in the legal business, not just following the declaration of intent, but allowing this reflective analysis, answers many questions left by the theory of legal fact who, raised in a liberal environment, established the individual will of the parties as a single element composing the core of the nucleus of a legal business. Today, mass society, contracts of adhesion and electronic contracting, demand a review of the basic concepts of the general theory of civil law. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze, not only the will of the parties in an isolated way, but confidence (from the notion of vertrauen in German law) that the manifestations of reciprocal desire and uses of traffic cause in both contractors. Therefore, at the heart of the legal business would not be the only manifestations of the will, but a consensus that occurs dynamically, varying according to the other elements, conjugation between the expression of the will of a contractor and trust in each other caused, and the consent from the other contractor and the trust, the legitimate expectation, caused on the first, considering the business circumstances. The objective is to study the flexibilization of the principle of freedom of choice, which, despite being the basis of contract law, in our times should give rise to a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business in order to adapt it to the reality of social relations, adapting the classical theories to include the notions of social function of the contract, objective good faith, economic balance of the pacts, etc., in his theoretical framework.

La tesi propone una rilettura della teoria di negozio giuridico dall'inclusione della fiducia al centro di supporto fattuale per generare una prospettiva plurale e riflessiva della volontà. Intendiamo analizzare i contratti da un nuovo paradigma, a dimostrazione che l'inclusione della nozione di fiducia nel negozio giuridico, non solo in seguito alla dichiarazione di intenti, ma permettendo a questa analisi riflessiva, risposte a molte domande lasciate dalla teoria dello fatto giuridico che, cresciuto in un ambiente liberale, stabilito la volontà individuale delle parti come un singolo elemento che compone il centro del nucleo di un negozio giuridico. Oggi, la società di massa, i contratti di adesione e contrattazione elettronica, richiedono una revisione dei concetti di base della teoria generale del diritto civile. Così, questa tesi si propone analizzare, non solo la volontà delle parti in modo isolato, ma la fiducia (dalla nozione di vertrauen di diritto tedesco) che le manifestazioni del desiderio reciproco e usi del traffico causa in entrambi i contraenti. Pertanto, al cuore del negozio giuridico non sarebbero le uniche manifestazioni di volontà, ma un consenso che si verifica in modo dinamico, variabile a seconda degli altri elementi, la coniugazione tra l'espressione della volontà di un contraente e di fiducia reciproca e ha causato il consenso dell'altro contraente e la fiducia, legittimo affidamento, ha causato nel primo, considerando le circostanze aziendali. L'obiettivo è quello di studiare il rilassamento del principio di autonomia, che, pur essendo la base del diritto contrattuale, ai nostri tempi dovrebbero dare luogo ad una reinterpretazione della teoria del negozio giuridico, al fine di adattarlo alla realtà delle relazioni sociali, adattando le teorie classiche per includere le nozioni di funzione sociale del contratto, buona fede oggettiva, l'equilibrio economico delle patti, ecc, nella sua struttura teorica. / A tese propõe uma releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico a partir da inclusão da confiança no núcleo do suporte fático a gerar uma ótica plural e reflexa da vontade. Pretende-se a análise dos contratos a partir de um novo paradigma, demonstrando a inclusão da noção de confiança no negócio jurídico, não apenas acompanhando a manifestação de vontade, mas permitindo a análise reflexiva desta. Assim, deve responder a muitas dúvidas deixadas pela teoria do fato jurídico que, criada em um ambiente liberal, estabelecia a vontade individual das partes como único elemento a compor o cerne do núcleo de um negócio jurídico. Hoje, a sociedade de massas, os contratos de adesão e as contratações eletrônicas demandam uma revisão dos conceitos-base da teoria geral do direito civil. Esta tese pretende analisar, não apenas a vontade das partes de maneira isolada, mas a confiança (a partir da noção de vertrauen do direito alemão) que as manifestações de vontade recíprocas e os usos do tráfico provocam em ambos os contratantes. Portanto, no cerne do negócio jurídico não estariam apenas as manifestações da vontade, mas o consenso que se dá de modo dinâmico, variando de acordo com os outros elementos, conjugação entre a manifestação de vontade de um contratante, a confiança provocada no outro e a manifestação de vontade do outro contratante e a confiança, a legítima expectativa, provocada no primeiro, considerando-se as circunstâncias negociais. O objetivo do trabalho é estudar a flexibilização do princípio da autonomia da vontade que, apesar de ser a base do direito contratual, hodiernamente deve ensejar a releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico, a fim de adaptá-la à realidade das relações sociais e adequá-la às teorias clássicas ao incluir noções de função social do contrato, boa-fé objetiva, equilíbrio econômico dos pactos, etc., em sua estrutura teórica. / The thesis proposes a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business from the inclusion of the trust at the core of factual support to generate a plural and reflexive perspective of will. We intend to analyze the contracts from a new paradigm, demonstrating that the inclusion of the notion of trust in the legal business, not just following the declaration of intent, but allowing this reflective analysis, answers many questions left by the theory of legal fact who, raised in a liberal environment, established the individual will of the parties as a single element composing the core of the nucleus of a legal business. Today, mass society, contracts of adhesion and electronic contracting, demand a review of the basic concepts of the general theory of civil law. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze, not only the will of the parties in an isolated way, but confidence (from the notion of vertrauen in German law) that the manifestations of reciprocal desire and uses of traffic cause in both contractors. Therefore, at the heart of the legal business would not be the only manifestations of the will, but a consensus that occurs dynamically, varying according to the other elements, conjugation between the expression of the will of a contractor and trust in each other caused, and the consent from the other contractor and the trust, the legitimate expectation, caused on the first, considering the business circumstances. The objective is to study the flexibilization of the principle of freedom of choice, which, despite being the basis of contract law, in our times should give rise to a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business in order to adapt it to the reality of social relations, adapting the classical theories to include the notions of social function of the contract, objective good faith, economic balance of the pacts, etc., in his theoretical framework.

Juche ideology, created by founder Kim Il-Sung, governs all aspects of North Korean society. This thesis attempts to answer the questions of why and how Juche ideology and the cult of personality surrounding Kim Il-Sung were successfully implemented in North Korea. It is a historical analysis of the formation of the North Korean state that considers developments from the late 19th century to the late 20th century, with particular attention paid to the 1950s-1970s and to Kim’s own writings and speeches. The thesis argues that Juche was successfully implemented and institutionalized in North Korea due to several factors, including the rise of Korean nationalism, the personal history of Kim Il-Sung, the Korean War and resulting domestic strife, and the influence of the international socialist movement. It provides a historical explanation of Juche and its importance within North Korea, which in turn is necessary for understanding North Korea as a whole.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the lived experiences and treatment of Muslim women in their encounters with the social services. The primal themes for this study was: How does Muslim women experience the treatment of their case in the social services in a situation of need? How can the encounter and experience with the social services affect the clients trust in the social services?  What is the ideal treatment of women with a Muslim identity by the social services? The aim of this study was to investigate and capture the respondents lived perceptions and experiences with the social services, and thus the qualitative interview methodology was implemented to answer the research questions and hypotheses. Seven interviews with Muslim women were conducted in various districts of Stockholm, a city in northern Sweden. Five of the respondents were of ethnic Swedish origin and two were of other ethic origin. The results show that the majority of the respondents experienced a negative response at least once when in contact with the social services. Respondents emphasize that the unsafe and insecure meeting with the social worker was due to a non-verbal body language which they experience as an indication of preconceived notions about Muslim women, which is particularly experienced and described by the respondents with the Islamic headscarf. The trust in the social services decline in connection with the negative reflection of the respondents. However, the lived experiences with the social worker and the social services have not all been of a negative nature. The suggested ideal is also taken from the respondents own lived experiences with the social services.  A pervasive and consistent ideal is that the respondents want to be listened to, understood and respected for who they are as well as empowered rather than suppressed.  Key words: treatment, attitudes, Muslim women, social services, symbolic interactionism, trust, reliance (confidence) ideal, Rothstein, Mead, structural discrimination.   Nyckelord: bemötande, muslimska kvinnor, socialtjänsten, symbolisk interaktionism, tillit, förtroende, ideal, Rothstein, Mead, strukturell diskriminering.

Les expériences de soin vécues par les infirmières de soins intensifs auprès des patients cérébrolésés et de leurs proches alors que l’arrêt de traitement devient une option confrontent les infirmières à des défis qui surgissent particulièrement lors de l’instauration de la relation de soin, infirmière-patient, et lors de la mise en action de leur rôle d’avocate. Parmi les théories en sciences infirmières, celle du Human Caring de Watson (1979/1985/2008/2012) positionne la relation avec le patient, une relation transpersonnelle, comme un idéal moral. Dès lors, lorsqu’elles sont confrontées à des défis pour développer cette relation, les infirmières remettent en question tant leur pratique, que la conception qu’elles ont de la nature du soin, centre d’intérêt de leur discipline. Toutefois, à ce jour, très peu d’études ont eu pour objet de recherche la compréhension de cette expérience de soin vécue par des infirmières auprès de patients cérébrolésés et de leurs proches alors que l’arrêt de traitement devient une option. Cela, même si les défis, et les questionnements qu’ils suscitent chez les infirmières peuvent avoir d’importantes répercussions pour les personnes soignées dans un environnement de soins intensifs. Instruite par le constructivisme projectif, la pensée complexe de Morin et la philosophie de la compréhension de Ricœur, notre étude a eu pour but précisément de chercher à décrire et comprendre l’expérience de soin vécue par des infirmières de soins intensifs auprès de patients cérébrolésés et leurs proches lorsque l’arrêt de traitement devient une option. Cette recherche a été réalisée à partir d’un devis descriptif interprétatif, tirant ses origines de la discipline infirmière, en s’inspirant du Narrative Inquiry, méthode qui a pour visée d’étudier l’expérience (Chase, 2005; Clandinin & Connelly, 2000). Onze infirmières provenant des régions de Montréal et de Québec ont participé. La chercheuse a rencontré chaque participante à trois reprises pour effectuer le recueil des données à partir desquelles les récits de recherche ont été co-construits, et le premier niveau d’analyse a été réalisé. Cette analyse qui demeurait descriptive s’est poursuivie par questionnement analytique (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2012) de conception complexe en dialogue avec les 11 récits de recherche. Les connaissances construites en deux étapes, une phase descriptive et une phase interprétative sur cette expérience de soin ont constitué les fondements de notre réflexion pour activer la conception de nouvelles connaissances disciplinaires sur l’ontologie du soin. Nous avons interprété que le soin, que nous qualifions d’humanéthique, peut être conçu dans le construit d’un système complexe ouvert, comportant : une finalité, la vie bonne avec et pour un patient heureux; une écologie dans laquelle il s’organise, où l’environnement social est prépondérant; une évolution temporelle se déployant dans un espace-temps; une reliance indicible, la dimension relationnelle essentielle au soin; mais aussi une part d’incertitude. Une modélisation du soin humanéthique, un système perçu complexe, est présentée à travers un récit s’inspirant de la pratique infirmière. Dans cette étude, le récit s’est révélé être un outil pertinent, car la narrativité a non seulement contribué à questionner et réfléchir la pratique lors du recueil des données, et de l’analyse; mais elle a aussi permis de réaliser une représentation dynamique et pragmatique des résultats empiriques et théoriques. Ainsi, notre projet à travers l’approfondissement d’expériences vécues en pratique par des infirmières a conduit à l’avancement d’un nouvel éclairage théorique sur le soin. De plus, à travers un récit, nous avons proposé des leviers qui puissent être actionnables en pratique par les infirmières, quel que soit le contexte dans lequel le soin se déroule. Des pistes de réflexion et des implications en ont résulté pour les secteurs de la pratique clinique, de la formation, de la gestion et de la recherche en sciences infirmières. Dès lors, cette étude orientée vers la pratique a non seulement la faculté de pouvoir soutenir la pratique infirmière, mais aussi d’être à l’origine de nouveaux questionnements sur la nature du soin, permettant ainsi de poursuivre son développement. / The care experiences of critical care nurses with brain-damaged patients and their loved ones as withdrawing treatment becomes an option confront nurses with challenges that arise particularly when establishing the nurse-patient care relationship and when putting their advocacy role into action. Among the nursing theories, Watson's Human Caring (1979/1985/2008/2012) positions the relationship with the patient, a transpersonal relationship, as a moral ideal. Therefore, when faced with challenges in developing this relationship, nurses question both their practice and their understanding of the nature of care, which is the focus of their discipline. However, to date, very few studies have focused on understanding nurses' experience of caring for brain-damaged patients and their loved ones as withdrawing treatment becomes a care option. This is despite the fact that the challenges, and the questions they raise for nurses, can have important implications for those being cared for in a critical care environment. Based on projective constructivism, Morin's complex thinking and Ricoeur's philosophy of understanding, the purpose of our study was precisely to seek to describe and understand the care experience of critical care nurses with brain-damaged patients and their families when withdrawing treatment becomes an option. This research was carried out from an interpretative descriptive specification, drawing its origins from the nursing discipline, inspired by the Narrative Inquiry, a method that aims to study the experience (Chase, 2005; Clandinin & Connelly, 2000). Eleven nurses from the regions of Montreal and Quebec City participated. The researcher met with each participant three times to carry out the data collection from which the research narratives were co-constructed, and the first level of analysis was carried out. This analysis, which remained descriptive, continued through analytical questioning (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2012) of complex design in dialogue with the 11 research narratives. The knowledge built up in two stages, a descriptive phase and an interpretative phase on this experience of care constituted the foundations of our reflection to activate the conception of new disciplinary knowledge on the ontology of care. We have interpreted that the care, which we call “humanethical”, can be designed in the construction of a complex open system, with: a purpose, a good life with and for a happy patient; an ecology in which it is organized, where the social environment is preponderant; a temporal evolution unfolding in space-time; an unspeakable relatedness , the relational dimension essential to care; but also an element of uncertainty. Modelling the “humanethical” care, a complex system, is presented through a narrative inspired by nursing practice. In this study, storytelling proved to be a relevant tool, as narrativity not only helped to question and reflect on practice during data collection and analysis, but also provided a dynamic and pragmatic representation of empirical and theoretical findings. Thus, our project through the deepening of experiences lived in practice by nurses has led to the advancement of a new theoretical perspective on care. In addition, through a narrative, we have proposed levers that can be operated in practice by nurses, regardless of the context in which the care takes place. This led to a number of reflections and implications for clinical practice, education, management and research in nursing. Therefore, this practice-oriented study not only has the potential to support nursing practice, but also to raise new questions about the nature of care, thus enabling its further development.

Natural disasters and hazards pose significant risks and challenges for people and communities all around the world, among the groups most vulnerable to these events are elderly populations who face physical, social, and psychological hardships in the face of disasters. The vulnerability and lacking resilience of elderly are a growing global concern as their proportion of the world's population is steadily increasing with an estimated 1 in 6 people being aged 65 and over by 2050, doubling the current number. The physical frailty, cognitive decline, sensory impairment, and economic disadvantage that often come paired with aging can make older adults more susceptible to harm in the face of natural disasters and social isolation, limited access to resources, and dependency on caregivers or family members further increase the risk of adverse outcomes for the elderly during and after a disaster. It is essential for the future to address the unique challenges faced by older populations in disaster situations and identify effective strategies to enhance their resilience and reduce their vulnerability. In Japan, with a rapidly aging society and increasing numbers of elderly individuals, the issue of disaster preparedness and response becomes even more pronounced. The current policies of individual self-reliance and community-based disaster management are heavily promoted as the way forward, but are these policies suitable and sufficient for elderly and vulnerable populations? This thesis seeks to explore whether these policies are suitable for the needs and realities of the increasing number of elderly and vulnerable individuals who are unable to take care of themselves in times of crisis.  Through an analysis of vulnerability and resilience, this thesis seeks to identify the key factors that contribute to the experiences of elderly people in disaster situations. By presenting a case study of Japan, the thesis aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of current policies and strategies in promoting resilience and reducing vulnerability among elderly populations in Japan. This thesis aims to provides a critical insight into the policies and strategies for promoting resilience and reducing vulnerability among elderly populations during disasters and to highlight the need to critically reflect on the suitability of current policies in relation to the the growing number of vulnerable elderly.