Cette thèse explore les implications des stratégies hors marché des entreprises en termes de performance. Elle attire notamment l'attention sur la nature paradoxale des stratégies hors-marché ainsi que sur l'importance pour les entreprises de former des portefeuilles spécifiques de ce type de stratégie. En utilisant une approche fondée de la théorie de l'échange social et sur la théorie de la dépendance aux ressources, cette thèse tout d'abord analyse les conditions pour lesquelles les entreprises sont soumises à une extraction de “rente” de la part des politiciens. Elle explore ensuite l'impact de ces liens politiques sur la performance financière des entreprises. Elle distingue notamment différents types de liens politiques qui exposent les entreprises à différents niveaux d'incertitude quant à la continuité de leur échange avec les politiciens, et à différents niveaux de dépendance à leurs ressources à postériori. Enfin, cette thèse examine comment l'engagement communautaire des entreprises pourrait agir comme une stratégie complémentaire aux liens politiques, et comment cette complémentarité peut permettre d’obtenir de meilleurs retours financiers de ces liens politiques. Les hypothèses de cette thèse sont empiriquement testées sur des données longitudinales uniques couvrant différents types de liens entre l’ensemble des politiciens britanniques et toutes les sociétés cotées en bourse au Royaume-Unis, sur une période allant de 2002 à 2011. En prenant une position critique sur la valeur que les entreprises peuvent tirer des stratégies hors-marché, cette thèse contribue à la littérature en management stratégique, en particulier à celle portant sur les stratégies hors-marché des entreprises et leurs implications en termes de performance financière / This dissertation looks into performance implications of firms’ non-market strategies. It draws attention to the double-blade nature of firms’ non-market strategies, as well as the importance for the firm of forming a right portfolio of such strategies. Using insights from social exchange theory and resource dependence theory, it first outlines the conditions under which firms will be subject to rent extraction by politicians. It then looks into the impact of political linkages on firms’ financial performance, differentiating between different types of political linkages; which expose a firm to different levels of uncertainty regarding the continuity of exchange with the politician, and different levels of ex-post dependency on the politician. Finally it investigates how community engagement might act as a complement to firms’ political linkages, and how such complementarity may help to achieve improved financial returns from those political linkages. The predictions of the essays are empirically tested using a unique longitudinal dataset covering various types of linkages between all politicians and all publicly listed companies in the UK, for the period from 2002 to 2011. Taking a critical stand on the value to be drawn from firms’ non-market strategies, this dissertation contributes to strategic management literature, particularly the literature on firms’ non-market strategies and their implications on financial performance

Based on in-depth semi-structured interview data from 35 housing professionals, this study examines the question; why do social landlords evict their tenants. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu this study argues that by examining the relationship between objective and subjective positions, the false antinomy of structure/agency can be dissolved, providing a more heuristic understanding of eviction practices in the social rented housing sector. This relationship is captured in what Bourdieu (2000) calls ‘objectivity of the second order’, that is, the collective conventions, the shared norms and values, and the categories of perception which agents apply to the world. The argument put forward here is that, in order to understand evictions practices in their ‘totality’, it is necessary to move beyond social physics and social phenomenology by constructing, as the object of study, the relation between the two. Using Boltanski and Thevenot’s (1991) ‘economy of worth’ model, (itself a form of frame analysis), it is possible to capture an important aspect of this ‘objectivity of the second order’, via the frames through which housing professionals derive meaning from their work, providing access to an otherwise elusive aspect of qualitative enquiry. This research contributes new insights and analysis in the field of housing studies by adopting a comprehensively theoretical approach, which has not been applied to understanding evictions practices, thereby adding to existing knowledge. It also provides a detailed political sociology of why, despite the apparent contradictions, social landlords evict their tenants.

[pt] O trabalho aborda o problema da habitação social no Brasil, repensando o papel do aluguel como modalidade de acesso à moradia digna para a população de menor renda. Para o estudo, tomamos como referência o Programa de Locação Social que a prefeitura de São Paulo vem desenvolvendo desde o Governo da Marta Suplicy, com influência da experiência francesa e europeia em geral. O resumo histórico revela que o tema habitacional está presente no contexto em que as questões sociais foram assumidas pelo Estado brasileiro, durante o Governo Vargas, fazendo parte do conjunto das estratégias que incluíam a ampliação da proteção dos trabalhadores através das políticas sociais. Por um longo período, o aluguel foi a principal maneira utilizada pela população para se alojar nas cidades, chegando a induzir sua expansão no território, e foi sempre uma atividade econômica bastante lucrativa para o mercado imobiliário. A Lei do Inquilinato, de 1942, foi a principal iniciativa criada pelo governo para regular a relação locatícia entre proprietários e inquilinos, antes, a cargo do Código Civil. Mas o reforço adotado pelo governo para estimular a casa própria, individualizada e na periferia, consolidou a ideia da moradia como mercadoria. Sendo assim, a ação fragmentada das políticas sociais é refletida nos programas habitacionais, que passaram a privilegiar a produção habitacional em grande escala como solução para o problema. A metodologia adotou as entrevistas de campo com lideranças dos movimentos por moradia e técnicos que participaram da elaboração do Programa de Locação Social. Os resultados revelam grupos sociais organizados, que buscam a satisfação das suas necessidades com a conquista da moradia na área central da cidade de São Paulo, gerando processos de participação e de fortalecimento em torno da defesa e cobrança de seus direitos à cidade e à moradia. A locação social requer aprimoramentos e maior investimento dos governos para que se torne viável, e as cidades cumpram a sua função social, sobretudo, no momento em que as áreas estão sendo revitalizadas. / [en] This work deals with the problem of social housing in Brazil rethinking the role of social rent as an access mode to decent housing for lower income population. The main reference is the Social Rental Policy the municipality of Sao Paulo has been developing since the Government Marta Suplicy, which brings in its bulge influences of French and European previous experiences. The historical summary demonstrates that the topic of social housing has been present since social issues were assumed by the Brazilian State during the Government Getúlio Vargas, becoming part of a set of strategies aimed at the extension of protection to workers through social policies. For a long period renting was the most widely used mode for living in cities, going so far as to induce the expansion of the so called beneficiary population in the territory, and was always a fairly lucrative economic activity for real state market. The Tenancy Law of 1942 was the main initiative created by the Government GV to regulate the relationship between owners and tenants about location, which was previously in charge of the Civil Code. The strategy adopted by the Government to encourage individualized home ownership in peripheral areas consolidated the idea of housing as a commodity. Thereby, the fragmentary action of social policies eventually influenced housing programs, which began to favoring large-scale housing production as a solution to the problem of social housing. The methodology adopted was field interview with leaders of urban movements for housing and technicians who took part in the drafting of Social Leasing Program. The results reveal that organized social groups are seeking the right to housing in the central area (downtown) of the city of Sao Paulo, originating participatory processes and strengthening the defense and the recovery of their rights to the city and to decent housing. Accordingly, social lease requires improvements and greater investments by Governments in order to help the cities to fulfill their social function, especially when these central areas are being revitalized.

I detta arbete beskrivs intresset för och kännedomen om tre innovativa boendeformer som riktar sig till unga vuxna mellan 18 och 35 år på den svenska bostadsmarknaden. Det belyser det befintliga beståndet av bostäder och unga vuxnas största hinder för att erhålla en bostad. Arbetet tar sin utgångspunkt i den rådande bostadsbristen i Sverige, där flertalet grupper av olika skäl upplever hinder att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden. Detta bidrar till att offentliga aktörer och olika bostadsutvecklare behöver hitta nya sätt för att underlätta för utsatta grupper att erhålla en bostad. Studien baseras på litteraturstudier av bland annat tidigare forskning, enkätundersökningar med unga vuxna och intervjuer med representanter från olika delar av branschen. Resultaten visar ett intresse för, men låg kännedom om, de tre boendeformerna: hyrköp, ungdomsettor och kooperativa hyresrätter. Dessa är alla anpassade för att avhjälpa problematiken för vissa inom målgruppen, särskilt gruppen unga vuxna, att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden. / This work concerns the examination of the interest and awareness of three innovative forms of housing that target young adults between the ages of 18 and 35 in the Swedish housing market. It also describes the existing stock of housing and highlights the most serious obstacles for the target group to obtain an accommodation. The work takes it’s starting point in the current housing shortage in Sweden where many groups for various reasons are hindered from the housing market for various reasons. The market is in need for public actors and various housing developers to find new ways to remedy the problem of obtaining an accommodation for these vulnerable groups. The study is based on previous research, surveys with young adults and interviews with intermediaries from different parts of the industry as a methodology. The results show an interest for, but low knowledge about the three types of housing: rent purchases, youth sets and cooperative rental apartments adapted for young adults. These are all adapted to reduce the problem for some persons within the target group to enter the housing market.

The dissertation is focused on the analysis of the institute of residential lease. At the beginning a brief historical progress of the legal regulations of the lease of the apartment is described with the reference to social circumstances which influenced it. Subsequently, attention is paid to the lease agreement as the legal reason for using an apartment. The dissertation deals also with the object of the lease agreement, i.e. with the apartment and its definition in the legal regulations, and also with the subjects of the lease agreement, i.e. with the landlord and the tenant. In the next part the dissertation describes rights and obligations of the contracting parties. A special chapter is dedicated to the rent, as one of the essential requirements of the lease agreement. Also the institutes of the subtenancy, passage of the lease of flat and exchange of the apartments are mentioned. Furthermore, the issue of the termination of the lease is elaborated in detail. The whole dissertation contains also important rulings of the courts and presents changes that will come into effect with new civil code.

La privatisation des entreprises industrielles en Algérie a été initiée en 1995 par le PAS (Programme d’Ajustement Structurel) appliqué à une économie qui était en cessation de paiement. La privatisation des entreprises sous l’égide du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale avait donc pour principal objectif d’alléger les dépenses de l’Etat pour rétablir l’équilibre budgétaire et l’équilibre des comptes extérieurs dans le contexte d’une économie en voie de libéralisation progressive. Les mesures du PAS dont la privatisation ne sont pas intégrées dans une politique industrielle. En 2001, une ordonnance stipule que toutes les entreprises sont privatisables. Un tournant a cependant été observé dés 2007 puisque la privatisation des entreprises est intégrée dans une politique industrielle. Elle doit désormais contribuer à freiner la désindustrialisation amorcée durant la décennie 1980 et aggravée par le PAS et à améliorer la compétitivité de l’économie algérienne. Après un échec, le bilan de la privatisation des entreprises s’améliore d’un point de vue quantitatif (dés 2005) et qualitatif (IDE hors-hydrocarbures) particulièrement en 2007, comme le montre notre bilan qui est global et qui traite aussi dans le détail de cas d’entreprises privatisées. Cependant, depuis 2008, le « climat des affaires » marqué par une instabilité juridique, l’interventionnisme, la crise économique mondiale semble peu propice à une privatisation qui pourrait permettre à l’industrie algérienne de sortir de sa dépendance vis-à-vis des hydrocarbures. Nous concluons que malgré quelques rares succès, la privatisation des entreprises en Algérie a échoué parce que ces dernières n’ont pas bénéficié, au préalable de restructuration stratégique. De plus, la privatisation n’a pas été encadrée par des institutions et une politique industrielle efficaces. / The privatization of industrial enterprises in Algeria was initiated in 1995 by the SAP (Structural Adjustment Program) applied to an economy that was insolvent. The privatization of companies under the aegis of the IMF and the World Bank had therefore the main objective to reduce government expenditure in order to restore the balance of both state budget and external accounts in the context of an economy in the process of gradual liberalization. The SAP measures including privatization are not integrated into an industrial policy. In 2001 an ordinance stipulates that all companies can be privatized. A turning point was however observed in 2007 because privatization is integrated into an industrial policy. Privatization must now help to stop the deindustrialization that began during the 1980s and exacerbated by the SAP and to improve the competitiveness of the Algerian economy. After a failure, the privatization results improves by a quantitative point of view (from 2005) and qualitative (non-hydrocarbon FDI), especially in 2007, as shown in our assessment that is global, and dealing also in details of cases of privatized enterprises. However, since 2008, the "business climate" marked by legal instability, interventionism, the global economic crisis does not seem conducive to a privatization that could help the Algerian industry to go out of its dependence on hydrocarbons. We conclude that despite a few successes, the privatization of enterprises in Algeria failed because these last ones have not benefited from prior strategic restructuring. In addition, privatization has not been supervised by effective institutions and industrial policy.

Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar e testar se os preços das moradias nas cidades de Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo podem ser explicados por um conjunto de indicadores econômicos selecionados, que inclui variáveis sociais e de custos de construção. Modelos de previsão de preços das residências foram construídos por meio da aplicação de análise fatorial seguida de regressão linear por mínimos quadrados ordinários. Estes modelos não cumpriram com todos os pressupostos estatísticos necessários. Alternativamente, para cada uma das cidades, foi obtido um modelo ajustado a partir da regressão das séries em estado estacionário, seguida da aplicação da técnica de omissão de variáveis a partir do modelo completo. Finalmente, por meio da cointegração de Johansen, foi elaborado um modelo que evidencia o comportamento de longo prazo dos índices de preços. Este modelo foi utilizado para analisar o risco de existência de bolhas imobiliárias nas cidades estudadas, que se mostrou menor em São Paulo que no Rio de Janeiro onde, no entanto, pode-se observar um movimento de convergência dos preços reais para a curva de preços de longo prazo, indicando redução gradual no sobrepreço dos imóveis, se mantida a tendência. / This study aimed at exploring and testing whether house prices in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo could be explained by a set of selected economic indexes, which includes social variables and construction costs. Some prediction models were constructed by applying a factor analysis followed by an ordinary least-squares linear regression. However, these models have failed to comply with all the necessary statistical assumptions. Alternatively, for each of the cities, an accurate model was obtained by applying a stepwise regression technique to a set of steady state variables (first, second and third difference). Finally, it was used the Johansen cointegration to develop a model for the long-term behavior of house prices. The model was used to analyze the risk of real estate bubbles in the studied cities, which was shown to be lower in Sao Paulo than in Rio de Janeiro. However, Rio exhibits a convergence trend in real prices to the long-term price curve, indicating gradual reduction in overpricing, if the trend continues.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Paccola Mesquita.pdf: 850022 bytes, checksum: c34c66db7e7bf97076d90e4aa0a48fc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper has the objective of demonstratin, through doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, the effect of fundamental rights in private relations, demonstrating, thereby, the necessity to harmonize principles considered eminently civilians with the constitutional norm. In this way, we start from the analysis of fundamental rights by inserting them in particular relations with strong reflection on the principle of private autonomy, who is relativize. In this context, it seeks to analyze the jurisprudence of the national courts, in order to contextualize the discussion, bringing out the occurrence of divergence between the judiciary and the understanding of national doctrine. It is through critical analysis of specific cases that it also shows the existence of conflict between rules, with the collision of fundamental principles that must be solved in the pursuit of higher conservation interests, and by considering the principle of proportionality. Finally, through the premises and the conflict between fundamental rights and autonomy, it is analyzed the possibility, or not, to take the family property from the guarantee of rent contract, due to the art. 3, VII of Law 8.009/90, It would lose the protection of immunity, because, freely, offer his property to assure the rent obligation / O presente trabalho objetiva demonstrar, pela análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, a eficácia dos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas, demonstrando, com isso, a necessidade de se harmonizar princípios considerados eminentemente civis com a norma constitucional. Para tanto, parte-se da análise dos direitos fundamentais, inserido-os nas relações particulares, com forte reflexo no princípio da autonomia privada, ao ponto de relativizá-lo. Neste contexto, busca-se analisar a jurisprudência dos Tribunais Pátrios, com o fim de contextualizar a discussão, trazendo à tona a ocorrência de divergência entre o entendimento do Judiciário e da doutrina nacional. É pela análise crítica de casos concretos que se pretende, também, mostrar a existência de situações de conflito entre normas, com a colisão de princípios fundamentais, que devem ser solucionados, na busca da conservação de interesses maiores, pela ponderação e pelo princípio da proporcionalidade. Por fim, partindo das premissas levantadas e da conflituosidade entre os direitos fundamentais e a autonomia privada, faz-se a análise da (im)possibilidade de penhora do bem de família do fiador de locação que, em razão do art. 3º, VII da Lei 8.009/90, perderia a proteção da impenhorabilidade ao, livremente, ofertá-lo como garantia locatícia

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A arquitetura contemporânea vive hoje uma arriscada fusão com a publicidade e a indústria do entretenimento. Tal convergência exige uma expansão da forma arquitetônica até o limite de sua materialidade. Em busca da renda informacional máxima, característica do universo das marcas mundiais, constatamos uma inversão de seus antigos fundamentos construtivos e produtivos, subvertidos por um jogo de volumes e efeitos para além de qualquer regra ou limitação. Aliado às técnicas digitais de projeto e à reorganização dos canteiros de obra, esse novo fetichismo da forma, análogo à autonomização do poder e da riqueza abstrata no capitalismo contemporâneo, define a nova condição da arquitetura. Estudaremos essa condição tomando como fio condutor projetos dos arquitetos mais consagrados pelo atual sistema de distinção e premiação. No propósito de melhor identificar esta arquitetura da exceção, investigamos nas obras emblemáticas dos últimos vinte anos um conjunto de particularidades e recorrências, que a nosso ver define a economia política da exceção e da regra no mundo atual. Principiamos pela análise do emaranhado de significados que sustentam hoje a forma construída, passando em seguida à esfera da produção das novas modalidades de projeto digital às transformações no canteiro de obras para, ao fim, examinar como ocorrem a circulação (com a proliferação de imagens midiáticas), o consumo (especialmente por meio da indústria do turismo) e a distribuição de riquezas que essa arquitetura favorece. O que se verifica é uma produção sobredeterminada pela busca da renda monopolista derivada das propriedades intrínsecas da forma, em seu novo estágio de concepção e realização. Esperamos, assim, mostrar como a arquitetura de ponta tornou-se uma das manifestações mais expressivas da acumulação flexível e da renda das marcas sob a dominância da lógica das finanças. / Contemporary architecture is dangerously enmeshed with the entertainment industry and the field of advertising. This meshing has pushed architectural form to the limits of materiality. Architecture today searches for maximum informational rent, a process typical of global product branding; through this process, established building and production principles are subverted by a play of volumes and effects beyond any rule or limitation. Relying on digital design technologies and the reorganization of the building site, this new fetishism of form, analogous to the autonomization of power and abstract wealth in contemporary capitalism, defines the new condition of architecture. We study this condition by focusing on the work of those architects who are most successful in the current system of professional recognition and rewards. So as to identify this architecture of exception more precisely, we analyze emblematic works from the last twenty years; in these works we identify a set of particularities and recurrent issues that define the political economy of exception and rule today. We begin by analyzing the tangle of meanings associated with contemporary built form. We then move on to the sphere of production from the new technologies of digital design to transformations in the building site. Finally, we examine three processes as they relate to contemporary architecture: circulation (through the proliferation of images in the media), consumption (in particular through the tourist industry), and distribution of wealth. Our investigation reveals that architectural production, in its new stage of conception and realization, is overdetermined by the search for monopoly rent through intrinsic properties of form. We argue that cutting-edge architecture has become one of the most expressive manifestations of flexible accumulation and brand revenue under the prevailing logic of financial capitalism.