Depuis plus de 50 ans, les chercheurs s’intéressent à la résistance au changement. Or, malgré plusieurs années de recherche, on ne sait toujours pas exactement quelles variables peuvent prédire les comportements de résistance et encore moins ceux de soutien. La présente thèse vise à pallier cette lacune en identifiant des variables pouvant expliquer à la fois les comportements de soutien et de résistance lors d’un changement organisationnel majeur. Le modèle des phases de préoccupations (Bareil 2004a) s’avère intéressant à cet effet puisqu’il intègre bien les savoirs actuels et s’adapte à différents changements. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de vérifier jusqu’à quel point les comportements de soutien et de résistance peuvent être prédits par les phases de préoccupations, en tenant compte de l’engagement affectif envers le changement comme variable médiatrice et du rôle des acteurs et de l’avancement de la mise en œuvre comme variables modératrices. Pour ce faire, une étude a été menée auprès d’enseignants, de professionnels et de directeurs d’une Commission scolaire québécoise ayant implanté une réforme majeure provoquant des préoccupations d’intensité variée et des comportements divers, allant de la résistance au soutien. Les analyses acheminatoires effectuées auprès de deux échantillons indépendants (n=464 et n=171) indiquent que les premières phases du modèle (centrées sur le destinataire, l’organisation et le changement) sont liées positivement aux comportements de résistance et négativement à ceux de soutien. À l’inverse, les dernières phases (centrées sur l’expérimentation, la collaboration et l’amélioration continue) sont liées négativement aux comportements de résistance et positivement à ceux de soutien. Ainsi, plus on avance dans la séquence des phases de préoccupations, plus les comportements de soutien augmentent et ceux de résistance diminuent. Également, l’engagement affectif envers le changement agit à titre de variable médiatrice et permet d’expliquer davantage de variance des comportements de soutien et de résistance. De plus, les analyses de régression indiquent que les phases de préoccupations expliquent davantage de variance des comportements de soutien des agents de changement, alors qu’elles expliquent plus de variance des comportements de résistance des destinataires. On constate aussi que c’est au début de la mise en œuvre que les phases de préoccupations expliquent le plus de variance des comportements de soutien et de résistance. Finalement, un troisième échantillon (n=143) permet de suivre l’évolution des participants ayant répondu deux fois au questionnaire. Les tests t ne rapportent aucune différence significative entre les deux temps de mesure et ce, autant pour les phases de préoccupations que pour les comportements de soutien et de résistance. On constate que lorsque les phases de préoccupations n’évoluent pas, les comportements de soutien ou de résistance demeurent les mêmes. En somme, ces résultats indiquent qu’il est possible de prédire à la fois les comportements de soutien et de résistance avec les phases de préoccupations. En outre, on sait maintenant à quel moment et avec quel type d’acteurs le modèle des phases de préoccupations s’avère le plus utile. Afin de généraliser ces résultats, il serait pertinent de reproduire cette recherche dans une autre organisation qui implante un changement majeur. / For over 50 years, researchers have been interested in resistance to change. However, despite several years of research, it remains unclear which variables can predict resistance and support behaviours. The aim of this thesis is to fill this gap by identifying variables that can explain both support and resistance behaviours during a major organizational change. The stages of concerns’ model (Bareil, 2004a, adapted from Hall & Hord, 2001) is an interesting option for this purpose since it includes many current knowledge and can be adapted to various changes. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to ascertain to what extent support and resistance behaviours can be predicted by stages of concerns, taking into account affective commitment to change as a mediator variable and the actor’s role and the progress of the implementation as moderator variables. To this end, a study was conducted with teachers, professionals and directors of a school board in Quebec, implementing a reform causing major concerns of different intensities and various behaviours, ranging from resistance to support. The path analysis performed with two independent samples (n = 464 and n = 171) indicates that the first stages (focused on the employee, on the organization and on the change) are positively related to resistance behaviours and negatively related to support behaviours. Conversely, the last stages (focused on experimentation, on collaboration and on continuous improvement) are negatively related to resistance behaviours and positively related to support behaviours. Thus, the further along the sequence of stages of concerns, the more supportive behaviours increase and resistance behaviours decreases. Also, affective commitment to change can act as a mediator variable in this relation. Moreover, regression analysis indicates that the stages of concerns explain more variance in supportive behaviours of change agents as they explain more variance in resistance behaviours of employees. We also note that it is in early implementation that the stages of concerns explain the most variance in support and resistance behaviours. Finally, a third sample (n = 143) follows the evolution of participants who completed the questionnaire twice. The t-tests report no significant difference between the two measurement time, and this for both preoccupations and support and resistance behaviours. We note that when the stages of concerns do not change, support or resistance behaviours remain the same. In sum, these results indicate that we can now predict both support and resistance behaviours with the stages of concerns. In addition, this study permitted to know when this model is the most appropriate and who benefits the most of it. To generalize these results, it would be appropriate to replicate this research in another organization implementing a different major change.

Change management is a highly researched topic. With industry changing at record speed, it is inevitable that corporations will engage in a change management endeavor. As humans innately resist change at first exposure, corporations strive to acquire knowledge in adoption. It may not be enough to understand status quo proponents, but rather their underlying long-standing belief systems which may be affecting how they view change. What makes an employee resist corporate change? Most studies conclude that humans will resist innately. This research dives into the unique environment of the equine industry to uncover how long-standing belief systems contribute to adoption or resistance. The motivation for this research began with a fascination with long-standing belief systems within the equine industry. The unique environment of the equine industry is steeped in centuries of tradition, and while housing long-standing belief systems that are time-tested and passed down from generation to generation, in most cases, without awareness. The industry is currently experiencing a phenomenon that has never taken place: a change is occurring that is positioning two equine factions, natural and traditional, against each other in opposing viewpoints. Some view this change as the start of a paradigm shift; others view it as a fad. The nature of natural horsemanship is now up for debate. The study was conducted by using qualitative data collection in a semi-structured format. Forty-one (41) equine leaders in natural and traditional hoof care and horsemanship were recorded in over 30 hours of data. The interview model included not only the industry leaders proposing or resisting change but also the professionals in the industry working in the field, experiencing the conflict first hand. The research presented revealed an interesting finding. Although 61 codes were identified, a specific area within the study revealed a “hybrid” group of codes amongst the traditional horsemen in hoof care and horsemanship. Leaders who are advocating for the status quo showed levels of natural adoption that was unexpected. The research pivoted to the areas of traditional resistors and traditional adopters. The main objective is to decipher why some members of the industry are adopting while others are resisting. As adoption is the main objective for change management, uncovering the reasons for resisting seemed to dictate the data more prevalently. From this research, it can be deduced that there is significant evidence to support the findings that people who resist change may have these characteristics or traits in their belief system: Strong traditional beliefs such as culture and history, honor-driven, strong religious ties, defensive by nature, communicate well, believe safe, minimal adaptation (innovation), and consider themselves to be trustworthy and responsible, are people-oriented and outgoing. According to this research, people with those traits and characteristics are more apt to resist change and may be a potential problem when instituting change in an organization. This research points towards the significant evidence to support the findings that people who resist change may have these characteristics or traits in their belief system: Frustration in industry or a sense of apathy, open-mindedness or flexibility, vulnerability, communicate well, family ties, controlling and shows hero tendencies. Not many other industries can report that it has remained unchanged over time, even in the face of industrial revolution, war, and domestication. However, in the past 20 years, the equine industry has been divided through a new belief system that is challenging these time-tested traditions and beliefs regarding hoof care and horsemanship. The natural horse viewpoint has created an opposing faction to the traditional belief system that governed horse care and welfare since the dawn of time. The qualitative data that was gathered for this research allows for the synthesis of the proposed paradigm shift and opposing force analysis. Although not a true paradigm shift to date, these two factions, natural and traditional, are dividing the industry in two. Not a more perfect scenario could be present to study long-standing belief systems in relation to adoption and resistance to change. The Hybrid Adaptation Model was formed from the qualitative data provided by 41 industry experts through the grounded theory method. This model can be used to navigate through the change management process. This research revealed a theory that adaptation must occur prior to adoption and partial adoption may cause a “hybrid” sector.

En förändring är ett tillstånd som vi upplever under hela vår livstid, både privat och i arbetslivet. Företag måste förändras för att kunna bevara sin konkurrens-kraft. Motstånd till förändring kan anses som det största enskilda hotet mot ett framgångsrikt införande av en strategi på ett företag. Ett sätt att hantera detta motstånd är att använda sig av den delaktiga förändringsmodellen samt stävja rädslor och osäkerhet.   Syftet med detta examensarbete var att vi ville få en ökad förståelse för hur företag arbetar med produktionsförbättringar och om de känner av något motstånd vid dessa förändringar. De intervjuade företagen anger som sin absolut största förändring deras införande av ett eget produktionssystem med stort fokus på Kaizen – Ständiga förbättringar.   Under arbetets gång stötte vi på en psykologisk och vetenskaplig teori om Förändringens fyra rum som anses vara ett kraftfullt hjälpmedel vid alla förändringar. / A change is a state that everyone experiences during their whole life, both privately as well as at work. Companies must change in order to keep their competitiveness. Resistance to change can be considered as the largest single threat against a successful implementation of a strategy in a company. One way to deal with the resistance is to apply the participation change model as well as suppressing fears and insecurity.    The purpose of this thesis was to achieve a higher understanding for how companies work with productivity improvements and if they experience any resistance when making these changes. The interviewed companies state as their absolute largest change to be the implementation of their own production system with big focus on Kaizen – Continuous improvements.   During our work we encountered a psychological and scientific theory about Four rooms of change which is considered to be a powerful aid of assistance during all changes.

Depuis plus de 50 ans, les chercheurs s’intéressent à la résistance au changement. Or, malgré plusieurs années de recherche, on ne sait toujours pas exactement quelles variables peuvent prédire les comportements de résistance et encore moins ceux de soutien. La présente thèse vise à pallier cette lacune en identifiant des variables pouvant expliquer à la fois les comportements de soutien et de résistance lors d’un changement organisationnel majeur. Le modèle des phases de préoccupations (Bareil 2004a) s’avère intéressant à cet effet puisqu’il intègre bien les savoirs actuels et s’adapte à différents changements. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de vérifier jusqu’à quel point les comportements de soutien et de résistance peuvent être prédits par les phases de préoccupations, en tenant compte de l’engagement affectif envers le changement comme variable médiatrice et du rôle des acteurs et de l’avancement de la mise en œuvre comme variables modératrices. Pour ce faire, une étude a été menée auprès d’enseignants, de professionnels et de directeurs d’une Commission scolaire québécoise ayant implanté une réforme majeure provoquant des préoccupations d’intensité variée et des comportements divers, allant de la résistance au soutien. Les analyses acheminatoires effectuées auprès de deux échantillons indépendants (n=464 et n=171) indiquent que les premières phases du modèle (centrées sur le destinataire, l’organisation et le changement) sont liées positivement aux comportements de résistance et négativement à ceux de soutien. À l’inverse, les dernières phases (centrées sur l’expérimentation, la collaboration et l’amélioration continue) sont liées négativement aux comportements de résistance et positivement à ceux de soutien. Ainsi, plus on avance dans la séquence des phases de préoccupations, plus les comportements de soutien augmentent et ceux de résistance diminuent. Également, l’engagement affectif envers le changement agit à titre de variable médiatrice et permet d’expliquer davantage de variance des comportements de soutien et de résistance. De plus, les analyses de régression indiquent que les phases de préoccupations expliquent davantage de variance des comportements de soutien des agents de changement, alors qu’elles expliquent plus de variance des comportements de résistance des destinataires. On constate aussi que c’est au début de la mise en œuvre que les phases de préoccupations expliquent le plus de variance des comportements de soutien et de résistance. Finalement, un troisième échantillon (n=143) permet de suivre l’évolution des participants ayant répondu deux fois au questionnaire. Les tests t ne rapportent aucune différence significative entre les deux temps de mesure et ce, autant pour les phases de préoccupations que pour les comportements de soutien et de résistance. On constate que lorsque les phases de préoccupations n’évoluent pas, les comportements de soutien ou de résistance demeurent les mêmes. En somme, ces résultats indiquent qu’il est possible de prédire à la fois les comportements de soutien et de résistance avec les phases de préoccupations. En outre, on sait maintenant à quel moment et avec quel type d’acteurs le modèle des phases de préoccupations s’avère le plus utile. Afin de généraliser ces résultats, il serait pertinent de reproduire cette recherche dans une autre organisation qui implante un changement majeur. / For over 50 years, researchers have been interested in resistance to change. However, despite several years of research, it remains unclear which variables can predict resistance and support behaviours. The aim of this thesis is to fill this gap by identifying variables that can explain both support and resistance behaviours during a major organizational change. The stages of concerns’ model (Bareil, 2004a, adapted from Hall & Hord, 2001) is an interesting option for this purpose since it includes many current knowledge and can be adapted to various changes. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to ascertain to what extent support and resistance behaviours can be predicted by stages of concerns, taking into account affective commitment to change as a mediator variable and the actor’s role and the progress of the implementation as moderator variables. To this end, a study was conducted with teachers, professionals and directors of a school board in Quebec, implementing a reform causing major concerns of different intensities and various behaviours, ranging from resistance to support. The path analysis performed with two independent samples (n = 464 and n = 171) indicates that the first stages (focused on the employee, on the organization and on the change) are positively related to resistance behaviours and negatively related to support behaviours. Conversely, the last stages (focused on experimentation, on collaboration and on continuous improvement) are negatively related to resistance behaviours and positively related to support behaviours. Thus, the further along the sequence of stages of concerns, the more supportive behaviours increase and resistance behaviours decreases. Also, affective commitment to change can act as a mediator variable in this relation. Moreover, regression analysis indicates that the stages of concerns explain more variance in supportive behaviours of change agents as they explain more variance in resistance behaviours of employees. We also note that it is in early implementation that the stages of concerns explain the most variance in support and resistance behaviours. Finally, a third sample (n = 143) follows the evolution of participants who completed the questionnaire twice. The t-tests report no significant difference between the two measurement time, and this for both preoccupations and support and resistance behaviours. We note that when the stages of concerns do not change, support or resistance behaviours remain the same. In sum, these results indicate that we can now predict both support and resistance behaviours with the stages of concerns. In addition, this study permitted to know when this model is the most appropriate and who benefits the most of it. To generalize these results, it would be appropriate to replicate this research in another organization implementing a different major change.

The study was conducted to determine the key obstacles to strategy implementation at the Social Security Commission. The objective was to establish various factors that inhibit successful strategy implementation and explore alternative approaches that could be adopted to facilitate effective implementation of strategic decisions. The data was collected through questionnaires distributed to the personnel of the institution. 34 respondents out of a population of 56 participated in the study. The results showed serious lack of change management practice which could be regarded as the reason why resistance to change from the majority of the personnel is being experienced. Indications are also prevalent from the results obtained that show lack of ownership of the implementation process. In addition, lack of commitment to achieve positive results, lack of control of the implementation plan, ineffective information sharing methods as well as negative organizational culture are influencing the outcome of the strategy implementation process. / Business Management / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

Organisations and job content will continually change irrespective of the employee or job context. The ability to understand, initiate and manage change is therefore, an essential skill for any change agent. The general aim of this research was to investigate the impact of change management on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction. "Change management", "role conflict", "role ambiguity" and "job satisfaction" were conceptualised. This change process was described and the effect of change management on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction was determined. Instruments for measuring these concepts were administered among 116 employees who have been subjected to extensive organisational change within a large transport organisation. It was found that change management has a significant impact on role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction. The change management process used in this research potentially enables Human Resources managers and change agents to reduce role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction during large scale organisation change. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Comm. (Industrial Psychology)

Submitted by Joel de Lima Pereira Castro Junior (joelpcastro@uol.com.br) on 2016-06-13T15:31:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArnaldoMendes.pdf: 1524208 bytes, checksum: 6b18d1408203463205809c90794100a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca de Administração e Ciências Contábeis (bac@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-06-20T17:05:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ArnaldoMendes.pdf: 1524208 bytes, checksum: 6b18d1408203463205809c90794100a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T17:05:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArnaldoMendes.pdf: 1524208 bytes, checksum: 6b18d1408203463205809c90794100a4 (MD5) / Coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de ensino superior - CAPES / Universidade Estácio de Sá. Rio de Janeiro, RJ / A reforma do Estado brasileiro dos anos 1990 teve como uma das suas premissas que a administração pública deveria ser transformada de administração burocrática para administração gerencial, importando conhecimentos da gestão empresarial para se tornar “mais adequada ao capitalismo moderno”, nas palavras do ex-ministro Bresser Pereira. O problema da pesquisa tem origem no fato de que os métodos da gestão privada são desenvolvidos para criar valor para os clientes em ambientes competitivos, e não estarem adaptados necessariamente para a missão do gestor público, que é criar valor público para os cidadãos e comunidades. O presente trabalho de dissertação busca analisar a migração dos conhecimentos gerenciais que têm origem na iniciativa privada e ingressam na administração pública e os canais por onde essa migração se processa. A parte empírica do trabalho visou investigar quais têm sido os cuidados analíticos para a adaptação desses conhecimentos e quais problemas de adaptação são detectados em uma pesquisa de campo com gestores públicos. A dissertação conta com uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre reforma do Estado, nova gestão pública, valor público, consultoria privada em modernização da gestão pública, escolas de governo, perfil dos gestores públicos. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica, há uma pesquisa de campo, feita com base em entrevistas de uma amostra de 21 gestores públicos do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que investiga os canais de migração de conhecimentos, sua importância relativa e alguns efeitos da migração de conhecimentos na gestão pública. A combinação das duas pesquisas leva à conclusão de que a distinção entre valor público e valor privado é reconhecida, mas não tem sido a referência dominante no processo de migração estudado. / One of the main assumptions of the 1990’s Brazilian State Reform Program was that the traditional bureaucratic administration should change radically into a managerial kind, bringing in private companies methods, in order to become more “in line with the modern capitalism” in the words of former minister Bresser Pereira. The research problem comes out when we consider that private companies’ managerial methods are developed to create value to consumers in a competitive environment, and so they are not necessarily applicable to the daily mission of public managers, that involves creating public value to citizens and communities. The present work intends to analyze the migration of managerial knowledge from markets to public administration and the channels by which this happens. The field research presented on this dissertation investigates the effects of the above referred knowledge migration on current public management, and the possible detectable odds of this phenomenon. Besides the field research, the dissertation is also comprised by a theoretical analysis. This analysis involves public value concept, new public management and its theoretical basis, state reform trajectories and channels of knowledge migration, like private consultants and schools of government. Combining the theoretical with the empirical researches one can find out that differences between public and private values are recognized in the knowledge migration process. However, those differences have not been often a reference for the public management modernization.

Organisationer står ständigt inför förändring för att behålla sin plats på dagens arbetsmarknad. Merparten av organisationsförändringar misslyckas varpå motstånd till förändring (MTF) antas vara en bidragande orsak. Forskning har undersökt hur MTF kan minskas via bl.a. förändringsledning. Denna studie avsåg undersöka individuella faktorer vilka kan påverka medarbetares MTF. Detta undersöktes via en enkät besvarad av 209 medarbetare på 11 företag. Enkäten bestod av Oregs skala för MTF, arbetsrelaterad self-efficacy (ASE), arbetsrelaterad KASAM (WSOC), attityd till organisationsförändring samt bakgrundsvariablerna kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, antal år på arbetsplatsen och sektor. Studien hittade signifikanta samband mellan MTF och ASE, WSOC, attityd till organisationsförändring samt kön. Vidare visade sig prediktorvariablerna tillsammans förklara 29 % av variationen i MTF. Studiens resultat går i linje med tidigare resultat inom ASE och WSOC men går emot forskning om könsskillnader i MTF. Studiens slutsats var att de hälsofrämjande individuella aspekterna (ASE, WSOC) troligen inverkar mest på MTF.

Change is invariable and continuous, and has become inevitable in almost every sphere of business. The FNB Namibia operates in a highly vibrant competitive environment that is influenced by external and internal change drivers, and has not been resistant to any forces of change. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between corporate culture and organisational change of FNB Namibia. In this study corporate culture is the independent variable while organisational change is the dependent variable under the investigation. The data were collected through the questionnaires distributed to the staff members of the bank. A total of 50 questionnaires were administered, 33 of the questionnaires were correctly completed and returned. The findings showed that there is a relationship between corporate culture and organisational change. The findings also showed that the dominant existing organisational culture at the bank is hierarchy culture. Even though hierarchy culture is found to be the dominant organisational culture of the bank, the findings however, further revealed that the bank has adopted all four types of organisational culture. The study also found that different types of organisational culture have different levels of perceptions towards organisational change. / Business Management / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

Problem: Communication is critical but neglected and underestimated by leaders during PAI, which is furthermore considered a key reason for acquisition failure. In connection to this problem is the lack of case studies conducted on cross-border M&amp;A. This study therefore attempts to bridge this gap by doing a qualitative multiple case study on four global Swedish cross-border acquirers. Purpose: This thesis investigates how Swedish cross-border acquirers utilize leadership communication in the execution of PAI, if there are key challenges within this scope and how they could be managed based on theoretical guidelines. Method: To achieve the purpose the method of this study is based on an explanatory abductive approach with an interpretivist research paradigm. Furthermore, qualitative research has been conducted in the form of collecting primary data through semi-structured interviews with five firm leaders with experience of PAI working for global Swedish cross-border acquirers. Furthermore, this study includes a pre-study on management consulting firms working with PAI. Secondary data is collected from annual reports and other information from the firms’ websites. Finally, the empirical findings are thematically analysed through testing the conceptual framework. Results: The results of this study highlights implications in the form of seven sub-themes needed to be managed by leaders utilizing communication for successful PAI. Furthermore, based on this sample, Swedish cross-border acquirers are generally equipped with how to utilize communication from leaders in PAI. However, results also highlight that neglecting PAI leads to negative results. / Problem: Kommunikation är kritiskt men försummat och underskattat av ledare under PAI, vilket dessutom anses vara en viktig anledning till förvärvsmisslyckande. I koppling till detta problem råder det även brist på fallstudier inom cross-border M&amp;A. Denna studie försöker därför fylla detta gap genom att genomföra en kvalitativ flerfallstudie på fyra globala svenska cross-border förvärvare. Syfte: Denna studie undersöker hur svenska cross-border förvärvare nyttjar ledarskapskommunikation vid genomförandet av PAI, om det finns nyckelutmaningar inom detta tillämpningsområde samt hur dessa kan hanteras baserat på teoretiska riktlinjer. Metod: För att uppnå syftet är metoden i denna studie baserad på ett förklarande abduktivt tillvägagångssätt med ett interpretivistiskt forskningsparadigm. Dessutom har kvalitativ forskning genomförts i form av insamling av primärdata genom utförandet av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fem ledare med erfarenhet av PAI som arbetar för globala svenska cross-border förvärvare. Fortsättningsvis inkluderar denna studie en förstudie på managementkonsultbolag som arbetar med PAI. Sekundärdata har samlats in från årsredovisningar och annan information från firmornas hemsidor. Slutligen analyseras det empiriska resultatet i form av en tematisk analys genom att testa det konceptuella ramverket. Resultat: Resultaten av denna studie upplyser implikationer i form av sju underteman som behöver hanteras av ledare genom kommunikation för framgångsrik PAI. Vidare, baserat på detta urval av svenska cross-border förvärvare är att de är generellt välrustade med hur de kan hantera kommunikation från ledare inom PAI. Dock visar resultatet även på att försummad PAI leder till negativa resultat. / <p>One respondent opted to not take part of the study just prior to publication. This means that the uploaded version of this thesis is without one of the case firms.</p><p>En respondent valde att inte vara en del av studien precis innan publicering. Detta innebär att den uppladdade versionen av detta examensarbete är utan ett fallföretag.</p>