С переходом на рыночную экономику организации получили самостоятельность в выборе модели, формы и системы стимулирования и оплаты труда. В торговле единственным источником средств на оплату труда является выручка от реализации товаров. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка эффективных методов стимулирования и оплаты труда персонала при внедрении изменений в деятельность сбытовых организаций. В магистерской диссертации разработана методика стимулирования и оплаты труда персонала при внедрении изменений, учитывающая специфику деятельности сбытовых организаций, при этом акцент сделан на выявлении типа изменений, причины сопротивлений, бальной оценки сотрудников, напрямую задействованных в реализации продукции и установлении процента вознаграждения, позволяющая лучшим образом подавить сопротивление, мотивировать персонал и достигать целевых показателей деятельности организации. / With the transition to a market economy, organizations gained independence in choosing a model, form and system of incentives and remuneration. In trade, the only source of funds for wages is the proceeds from the sale of goods. The purpose of the master's thesis is to develop effective methods of incentivizing and remunerating personnel when introducing changes in the activities of sales organizations. In the master's thesis, a methodology was developed to stimulate and remunerate personnel when introducing changes, taking into account the specifics of the activities of sales organizations, while the emphasis is on identifying the type of changes, the reasons for resistance, the score of employees directly involved in the sale of products and setting the percentage of remuneration, which allows you to better suppress resistance, motivate staff and achieve organizational performance targets.

Organizations are changing and growing constantly, which leads to higher complexity in development processes. For the development of complex products in a systematic way, requirements provide support. At Scania, it is of interest to investigate how engineers in the company work with requirements since a new safety standard is set to be implemented, which entails a change in the work with requirements. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the ambition for working with requirements at Scania and to identify factors that can impede a change improvement in requirement engineering. This study aids in providing support for applying new practices when implementing a new safety standard. Literature within the fields of organizational change, change management and requirement engineering are considered. A qualitative case study at an automotive OEM has been conducted, where data was collected through 21 semi-structured interviews and internal documents. The findings show that the ambition level from the company perspective is not clear at Scania, thus engineers and units at the company set their own individual ambition for working with requirements and work in different ways across the organization. Also, several impeding factors such as standardization and different processes have been identified that could impede a change initiative for an improvement in the requirement engineering process. The findings contribute to the understanding of engineers purposes and motivation for requirement engineering. Furthermore, a change initiative in requirement engineering is investigated, where the impeding factors for the change are identified. Also, safety critical system development using requirement engineering is explored. It is suggested that future studies could compare other units and companies requirement engineering, and also leverage qualitative methods. Originality – To the best knowledge of the authors this is the first study to examine change initiative using Schein’s change model in a requirement engineering setting. / Organisationer förändras och växer ständigt, vilket leder till högre komplexitet i utvecklingsprocesser. För utveckling av komplexa produkter på ett systematiskt sätt ger krav stöd. Hos Scania är det av intresse att undersöka hur ingenjörer arbetar med krav i företaget eftersom en ny säkerhetsstandard är på väg att implementeras, vilket innebär en förändring av kravarbetet. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur ambitionen att arbeta med krav är hos Scania och att identifiera faktorer som kan hindra en förbättring av arbetet med krav. Denna studie bidrar med att ge stöd vid tillämpning av nya metoder under implementeringen av en ny säkerhetsstandard. Litteratur inom områdena organisationsförändring, förändringshantering och kravhantering beaktas. En kvalitativ fallstudie hos en fordonstillverkare har genomförts där data samlades in genom 21 semistrukturerade intervjuer och från interna dokument. Resultaten visar att ambitionsnivån från ett företagsperspektiv inte är tydligt på Scania, vilket gör att ingenjörerna eller avdelningar sätter en individuell ambition för att arbeta med krav och arbetar på olika sätt inom organisationen. Dessutom har flera faktorer så som standardisering och olika arbetssätt identifierats, vilka kan förhindra ett förändringsinitiativ för en förbättring av kravhanteringsprocessen. Resultaten bidrar till att förstå ingenjörers syften och motivationen för kravhantering. Vidare undersöks förändringsinitiativ inom kravhantering samt faktorer som kan förhindra förändringen. Dessutom undersöks hur säkerhetskritiska system utvecklas med användning av krav. Det föreslås att framtida studier kan jämföra andra enheters och företags kravhantering, och även utnyttja kvalitativa metoder. Originalitet – Enligt författarnas uppfattning är detta den första studien som undersöker förändringsinitiativ med Scheins förändringsmodell i samband med kravhantering.

Purpose - The aim of this study is to provide large incumbent organizations a tool to moreeffectively evaluate and implement digital platforms while taking into account the needs ofthe stakeholders. To do so, we developed a roadmap consisting of nine steps that are dividedinto three different phases. Method - This study was conducted by using a abductive research method utilizing aquantitative data collection by analyzing earlier research and qualitative data collectionthrough interviews. The interviews were conducted in three phases: exploratory, semistructured and validatory interviews. In total 21 interviews were conducted which wereanalyzed through a thematic analysis. Findings - The thematic analysis resulted in three main themes; Platform transitionassessment, Planning platform transition, and Execute platform transition. These themes ledto a roadmap for platform transitions, for large incumbent organizations. Theoretical and Managerial implications - The presented study contributes to existingliterature by combining existing change management and technology adoption models todevelop a roadmap for evaluation and implementation of digital platforms. Furthermore, thisstudy provides managers with important insight and practical implications of importantfactors that should be considered before and during a digital transformation. Limitations and future research - This study is limited by its qualitative method since it isfocused on a single case study in a limited time-span in a large international industry.Therefore, the generalizability of the findings in this study might be limited and needs to beconfirmed in other contexts.

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie is onderneem om die invloed van die veranderingsproses op die funksionering van 'n welsynsorganisasie te bepaal. 'n Literatuurstudie en empiriese studie is onderneem. Die navorsing het aangedui dat die redes vir verandering hoofsaaklik ekstern van aard is, dat 'n hoe persentasie respondente nie altyd die noodsaaklikheid of rede vir verandering verstaan nie, en dat die meerderheid die kommunikasieproses en deurgee van inligting nie altyd duidelik beleef nie. Die ondersoek dui verder aan dat die motivering van grondvlak maatskaplike werkers deur die bestuurders nie onderskat moet word nie. Die deurgee van inligting is positief ervaar, maar die werkers sou meer ondersteuning daarvan van die bestuur wou ervaar. Tydens die studie is daar 'n beperkte mate van weerstand gevind. Weerstand by werkers word egter beperk indien hulle ervaar dat hulle deel van die proses is, voorberei word op verandering, sekuriteit nie be"invloed word nie en hulle oor die nodige redes vir verandering ingelig wor / The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of the process of change on the functioning of a welfare organisation. A literature and empirical study was done. Research showed that reasons for change were primarily of an external kind, that a high percentage of respondents not always understand the necessity or reasons for change, and that most of the respondents experienced the communication channels and information not always as open and clear. The research shows that motivation of ground level social workers by managers must under no circumstances be under-estimated. The way in which information was given, was experienced positively, but workers needed more support with it from management. During the research a limited degree of resistance was further found. Resistance experienced by workers became less when they were part of the process, are prepared for change, their security not threatened and the reasons for change are known to them. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Maatskaplike Werk-rigting)

Toute entreprise, par choix ou par obligation, doit s’adapter en permanence aux différentes évolutions économique, technologique et social de son environnement. Dans cette visée, des changements internes et externes s’avèrent nécessaires afin d’optimiser les performances existantes de l’entreprise. Pour anticiper et réussir ces changements, les organisations doivent réfléchir à une stratégie adéquate en tenant compte du volet humain, car toute modification ou rupture des pratiques de travail peut déstabiliser les habitudes des acteurs et dans certains cas peut être à l’origine des mécanismes de résistance. Dans la littérature académique et dans le discours managérial la résistance au changement est souvent présentée comme un fait négatif mené par une minorité d’individus impactant significativement les projets de changement. Dans ce sens, l’étude de la compréhension et de la mesure des résistances des acteurs est donc essentielle pour réussir le changement dans une organisation. Notre étude démontre que, pour ne pas compromettre la réussite du projet de changement, une analyse des niveaux de résistances s’avère nécessaire par le gestionnaire afin de minimiser les effets de la résistance des acteurs face au changement. Le dispositif de recherche diachronique nous a permis de suivre l’évolution des comportements des acteurs, d’un projet de changement, dans le secteur médical, pour faire émerger les principaux caractéristiques et les niveaux de résistances. L’intérêt de cette étude est de déterminer les différents niveaux de résistances pour identifier les freins possibles auxquels le manager devra faire face, et de proposer des solutions adéquates pour réussir de manière positive un changement dans l’entreprise. / Every company, by choice or by necessity, must constantly adapt itself to various economic, technological and social environment changes. From this perspective, the internal and external changes are needed in order to optimize the existing of the company. To anticipate these changes and to be successful, organizations need to consider an appropriate strategy taking into account the human dimension, because any modification or termination of work practices can destabilize the habits of actors and in some cases can cause resistance mechanisms. In the academic literature and in the managerial discourse, the resistance to change is often presented as a negative led by a minority of individuals impacting significantly change projects. In this sense, the study of understanding and measuring resistances actors is essential for managing change in an organization. Our study demonstrates that, in order to not jeopardize the success of the change project, an analysis of resistance levels is necessary for the manager to minimize the effects of the actor’s resistance to change. This diachronical research has allowed us to monitor the behavior of actors, a proposed change in the medical industry, to bring out the main characteristics and resistance levels. The interest of this study is to determine the different levels of resistance, to identify the possible obstacles, that the manager will have to deal and then to propose appropriate solutions to achieve positively the change in the company.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la diffusion de la stratégie au sein de la banque. En effet, nous avons cherché à déterminer les étapes clés de la mise en évidence d’un processus de diffusion au sein de la banque, de déterminer les freins que peuvent rencontrés les banquiers lors de ce processus et d’évaluer leur impact sur la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie. En effet, la diffusion est le processus par lequel la stratégie est déclinée à travers toute la banque. Or, la compréhension et le soutien qu’accordent les membres de la banque dépendent, entre autres, du processus grâce auquel iles en prennent connaissance. C’est pourquoi, l’étude de la diffusion apparait pertinente. Ainsi, comprendre en profondeur le processus de la diffusion en termes de modalités et de contenus, nous a permis de détecter les éléments qui peuvent freiner le développement d’une représentation stratégique partagée et comprise par l’ensemble de la banque, de la stratégie envisagée, et influencer la qualité de la mise en oeuvre. Notre analyse s’est essentiellement basée sur une démarche abductive qui consiste à procéder par allers retours entre théorie et terrain et qui nous a permis de renforcer la validité de notre cadre conceptuel et de le compléter par les éléments de notre analyse des cas. Au final, nous avons détecté un ensemble de freins à la diffusion de la stratégie au sein de la banque qui sont essentiellement : la sur information, les capacités cognitives, la résistance au changement, la nature de la stratégie et le nombre des niveaux hiérarchiques et dont l’impact le plus marquant est le dérapage de la mise en oeuvre. / This study deals with the communication of strategy within the banking sector. Our aim was to highlight the key steps involved in the communication process of banks, identify the challenges faced by bankers regarding that process and assess their role in the promotion of the strategy. Indeed, communication is the channel through which the strategy will be spread throughout the bank. Yet, the understanding and defense of the strategy by the employees, greatly depends on the way it has been conveyed to them; hence the importance and relevance of communication studies. Thus, a deep understanding of communication processes in terms of form as well as content, allowed us to pinpoint the elements that might prevent the development of a common strategic representation, understood by all, and affect the quality of its implementation. Our study is essentially based on an abductive approach that consists in going back and forth between theory and confirmation on the field. This method allowed us to strengthen the validity of our conceptual framework and supplement it with examples derived from our study case. In the end, we came up with the conclusion that many elements prevent the good circulation of strategy information within a bank. The main ones being: over-information, cognitive capacities, the resistance to change, the nature of the strategy as well as the number of hierarchical levels whose most striking consequence is the failure of implementation.

The research was conducted from the perspective of a positive psychological paradigm and investigated the interrelationship dynamics between the psychological constructs of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital which have been under-researched in the rapidly changing open distance learning work environment of academics. A quantitative survey was conducted on a probability sample of 423 (N=423) academics at a South African open distance learning higher education institution. Confirmatory- and exploratory factor analysis, in the absence of goodness of fit, revealed a four-construct measurement model for resistance to change, a two-factor measurement model for work engagement and a four-construct measurement model for psychological capital. A correlational analysis revealed significant relationships between resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital and structural equation modelling indicated an adequate fit of the conceptual structural model. Tests for statistically significant mean differences revealed no differences between male and female academics, or between the educational levels of groups of academics, with regard to levels of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital. At a theoretical level, the research provided insight into the different concepts and theoretical models that lead to the development of positive psychological functioning, such as understanding of the notion of resistance to change in the work environment. At an empirical level, the new knowledge and insights derived from the results may add to a broader perspective on interrelationships between the psychological behavioural constructs of resistance to change, work engagement and psychological capital. This research has also added to the body of knowledge on how academics’ positive psychological behaviour can contribute to a positive organisation as well as to individual well-being in a changing open distance learning work environment. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie is onderneem om die invloed van die veranderingsproses op die funksionering van 'n welsynsorganisasie te bepaal. 'n Literatuurstudie en empiriese studie is onderneem. Die navorsing het aangedui dat die redes vir verandering hoofsaaklik ekstern van aard is, dat 'n hoe persentasie respondente nie altyd die noodsaaklikheid of rede vir verandering verstaan nie, en dat die meerderheid die kommunikasieproses en deurgee van inligting nie altyd duidelik beleef nie. Die ondersoek dui verder aan dat die motivering van grondvlak maatskaplike werkers deur die bestuurders nie onderskat moet word nie. Die deurgee van inligting is positief ervaar, maar die werkers sou meer ondersteuning daarvan van die bestuur wou ervaar. Tydens die studie is daar 'n beperkte mate van weerstand gevind. Weerstand by werkers word egter beperk indien hulle ervaar dat hulle deel van die proses is, voorberei word op verandering, sekuriteit nie be"invloed word nie en hulle oor die nodige redes vir verandering ingelig wor / The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of the process of change on the functioning of a welfare organisation. A literature and empirical study was done. Research showed that reasons for change were primarily of an external kind, that a high percentage of respondents not always understand the necessity or reasons for change, and that most of the respondents experienced the communication channels and information not always as open and clear. The research shows that motivation of ground level social workers by managers must under no circumstances be under-estimated. The way in which information was given, was experienced positively, but workers needed more support with it from management. During the research a limited degree of resistance was further found. Resistance experienced by workers became less when they were part of the process, are prepared for change, their security not threatened and the reasons for change are known to them. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Maatskaplike Werk-rigting)

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between attitude and resistance to organizational change in mineworkers. An associative transversal strategy of natural groups design was used. The following instruments were administered: the scale of attitudes towards change (EAC), the scale of resistance to change (ERC) and a survey to collect sociodemographic data. 251 workers participated, mostly men. The results indicate a favorable attitude toward organizational change, and a medium/moderate level of resistance. Significant differences in scores of ERC and EAC according to the work task were found. Labor hierarchy generates a modest effect on differences in factors associated with responsibility and the attitude of cynicism to change. With respect to age, workers older than 51 years of age scored lower than the lowest ranks in the dimension of fearful attitude towards change. / El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre la actitud y resistencia al cambio organizacional en trabajadores mineros. Se utilizó una estrategia asociativa de tipo transversal de diseño de grupos naturales y la escala de actitudes hacia el cambio (EAC), la escala de la resistencia al cambio (ERC); y una encuesta para recabar datos sociodemográficos. Participaron 251 trabajadores. Los resultados indican una actitud favorable hacia el cambio organizacional, y un nivel medio/moderado de resistencia. Se presentan diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de la ERC y la EAC en función de la faena laboral. La jerarquía laboral genera un efecto moderado en las diferencias de los factores asociados a la responsabilidad y la actitud de cinismo al cambio. Con relación a la edad, los trabajadores mayores de 51 años puntúan más bajo que los rangos menores en la dimensión actitud de temor hacia el cambio. / L’objectif de l’étude était d’analyser la relation entre l’attitude et la résistance au changement organisationnel chez les travailleurs miniers. Nous avons utilisé une stratégie associative de conception transversale des groupes naturels et l’échelle des attitudes envers le changement (EAC), l’échelle de la résistance au changement (ERC); et une enquête pour collecter des données sociodémographiques. 251 travailleurs ont participé. Les résultats indiquent une attitude favorable envers le changement organisationnel et un niveau de résistance moyen / modéré. Il existe des différences significatives dans les scores de l’EAC et de l’ERC en fonction de la journée de travail. La hiérarchie du travail génère un effet modéré dans les différences des facteurs associés à la responsabilité et l’attitude du cynisme à changer. En ce qui concerne l’âge, les travailleurs de plus de 51 ans obtiennent des scores inférieurs à ceux des groupes d’âge inférieurs dans l’attitude de peur face au changement. / Atitude e resistência à mudança organizacional em trabalhadores de mineração O objetivo do estudo foi analizar a relação entre a ação e a resistência ao cambio organiza- çional em mineiros. Utilizou-se uma estratégia asociativa de tipo transversal de planejamento de grupos naturais midimdo-se con uma escada de atitudes ao cambio (EAC), a escada da resistência ao cambio (ERC); e uma pesquisa para coletar dados socio-demográficos. Participaram 251 trabalhadores. Os resultados indicam uma atitude favorável para o cambio organizacional e um nível médio / moderado de resistência. Foram apresentadas diferenças significativas na classificação da ERC e da EAC em função da categoría do trabalho feito. A hierarquia laboral gera um efeito moderado nas diferenças dos fatores associados à responsabilidade e à atitude de cinismo ao cambio. Con relação a idade, os trabalhadores maiores de 51 anhos tiveron uma contagem superior aos das faixas etáreas menores na dimensão da atitude de temor para o cambio.

Kring grundskolemedarbetares delaktighet förbättringsarbete är forskningslandskapet tunt, speciellt beträffande studier där forskningsförfarande som förutsättningslöst tillåter multivetenskapliga fynd, praktiserats. För att fylla det gapet har Grundad Teori använts med intervjuer, fokusgruppsintervjuer och observationer för att uppnå studiens syfte, som var att förutsättningslöst, ur ett medarbetarperspektiv, bidra med ny teoribildning kring medarbetares delaktighet i förbättringsarbete inom grundskola. Mer specifikt innebar det att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar grundskolepersonals delaktighet i sin verksamhets förbättringsarbete. Det innefattade även att undersöka eventuella samband mellan dessa faktorer, samt hur de eventuella sambanden påverkar grundskolepersonals delaktighet i sin verksamhets förbättringsarbete. Resultatet visade att förutsättningar behöver tillgodoses för att öka sannolikheten för att medarbetare ska vara delaktiga i förbättringsarbete. Även ledarskapsstilen har betydande påverkan. Emellertid kan medarbetare utveckla både negativa och positiva attityder gentemot förändring om förutsättningarna saknas, till viss del beroende på deras personlighetsdrag, vilka även avgör deras behov samt hur de bör matchas med kollegor. Därför behöver ledare beakta personlighetsdrag både beträffande behov och sammansättning av arbetsgrupper. Vidare har fenomenet samverkan, enligt resultatet, en betydande positiv effekt på grundskolemedarbetares delaktighet i förbättringsarbete. Genom dessa fynd kan studien tillskriva etablerad teoribildning och tidigare forskning relevans även inom domänen grundskola / Regarding compulsory school staff’s participation in their school’s improvement activity, the area of research is thin, especially regarding research approaches which allows unconditional multidisciplinary findings. To fill this gap this study has been using Grounded Theory, with interviews, focus group interviews and observations, to achieve the purpose of this study, which was to, with an unconditionally approach, provide a new theory from an employee perspective, of employee’s participation in improvement activity, within compulsory school. More specific, this meant investigating the factors that influence compulsory schools staff participation in their work of improvement. It also included examining possible correlations between these factors, as well as how these possible correlations affect compulsory school staff's participation in their improvement activities.   The findings showed that prerequisites need to be met to improve the probability of employees participating in work of improvement. The kind of leadership practiced also have great impact. However, employees can develop both negative and positive attitudes towards change if the prerequisites are not met, in part depending of their personality traits, which also determine their needs as well as how they need to be matched up with co-workers. Leaders therefore need to take personality traits into consideration regarding both needs of the employees and team composition. Furthermore, the phenomenon of teamwork has, as the result shows, a greatly positive impact on compulsory school staff’s participation in improvement activities. With these findings this study recognizes established theories and previous research, as valid even within the domain of compulsory school. / <p>2020-06-26</p>