Teil 1 dieser Dissertationsschrift fasst die Person-Situation Debatte zusammen und definiert stabile Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (Traits) sowie deren temporäre Expressionen (States). Zentrales Element der sogenannten Person-Situation Debatte war unter anderem das Konsistenzproblem, welches in der ersten empirischen Studie weiter beleuchtet wurde. Hierzu unterschieden wir Person- und Situation-Effekte auf Verhalten. Um diese Effekte zu differenzieren schlugen wir die Konzepte simple Konsistenz und residuale Konsistenz vor und zeigten, wie Verhalten in funktional äquivalenten Situationen auch nach Kontrolle des Einflusses von Persönlichkeit konsistent ist. Teil 2 befasst sich dann mit der Definition und Erfassung von Situationen, da diese zentral sind um Konsistenz im Verhalten zu untersuchen. Im Rahmen von zwei Buchkapiteln beschrieben wir die bisherige Entwicklung der Situationsforschung und zeigten Herausforderungen auf, welche während der Entwicklung von Situationsmaßen zu meistern sind. Anschließend stellten wir sowohl eine neue Taxonomie zur Beschreibung von Situationen vor, die Situation Five, als auch ein Messinstrument zur Erfassung von Situationswahrnehmung vor. Teil 3 adressiert die Validierung bestehender Situationsmaße und im Besonderen die mögliche Überschneidung von Situationswahrnehmung und Affekt. In zwei Studien wurde untersucht, ob beide Phänomene überlappen und dennoch jeweils Verhalten vorhersagen können. Hierbei konnten wir zeigen, dass dies nicht nur der Fall ist, sondern dass spezifische Verbindungen zwischen Verhalten und Situationswahrnehmung erst nach Berücksichtigung von Affekt sichtbar waren. Teil 4 diskutiert die Implikationen der vorliegenden Arbeit und zeigt auf, wie insbesondere die Überlappung von Affekt und Situationswahrnehmung durch Einschätzungs-Theorien der Emotionsforschung erklärt werden können. Teil 5 schlussendlich gibt einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschung und zeigt die Bedeutung der vorliegen Arbeit auf. / Part 1 of the current work briefly reviews the person-situation debate and addresses the definition of personality traits and states. Central to the person situation debate was the definition of consistency. In the first empirical study presented here, we examined consistency in more detail. We introduced the concepts of simple and residual consistency, and showed how functionally equivalent situations may influence behavior, even after controlling for effects of personality. Part 2 is concerned with the definition and measurement of situations. In two book chapters, we reviewed the past development of situation research and specific challenges that can be faced during the construction of measures for situation dimensions. We then present a new taxonomy for the description of situations, the Situation Five, as well as a measurement tool to assess situation perception, a person’s interpretation and perception of situations. Part 3 addresses the validation of existing situation measures and, more specifically, the potential overlap of affect and situation perception. I the first empirical study, we examined this overlap, which turned out to be substantial. In the second study, we investigated if this overlap threatened the validity of situation measures: Would measures of situation perception predict behavior in daily life after controlling for affect? As it turned out, they did – and more importantly, controlling for affect unveiled specific, logically coherent links between situation perception and behavior. Part 4 then discusses implications of the current work. A special focus is placed on explaining why affect and situation perception were correlated and yet contributed uniquely to the explanation of variance in behavior. To summarize, appraisal theories of emotion may serve well as a general framework for understanding the processes involved in situation perception. Part 5 then briefly discusses implications of the current work for future research.

Die Dokumentation zeigt an ausgewählten Praxisbeispielen, wie es den Grundschulen der Pilotphase gelungen ist, ihre spezifischen Konzepte, die in besonderer Weise auf die Förderung einer heterogenen Schülerschaft ausgerichtet sind, auszugestalten und weiterzuentwickeln. Redaktionsschluss: 30.11.2023

This study examines the crisis management of COVID-19 in the municipality of Stock-holm by applying HRO-principles. HRO-principles are, according to earlier research, used by organizations with the ability to manage risky situations without mistakes. The HRO-principles were first used to study especially nuclear power plants and airplanes; the or-ganizations seemed to be able to avoid mistakes since they acted in accordance with the principles. Currently, the HRO-principles are increasingly applied to studies of crisis ma-nagement, for example COVID-19. The municipality of Stockholm is a particularly inte-resting case to study because of the high risks they encountered as the municipality that was affected the most in the beginning of a pandemic and also had to manage the exten-sive lack of knowledge. To perform the study, qualitative content analysis of written evaluations of the municipal crisis management was completed. This study draws con-clusions about the fulfillment of the principles and about lessons learned concerning the principles applicability in this crisis. The result shows that the municipality to a varying degree acted in accordance with the principles, however, no one of the five principles were completely fullfilled. The result also shows that lessons are learned from the HRO-prin-ciples applicability in this crisis. This study also highlights the need for further research about the HRO-principles in the study of crisis management.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1961 M34

The goal of this thesis is to create a methodology that helps companies in the sawmill industry to improve their efficiency. The purpose the case study is to create a more efficient production process by improving the structure of the work through improvements in leadership, commitment and motivation. The methodology is tested in the case company and together with the selected empirical data l generates a situation analysis in order to facilitate detection and observation of factors that are essential to study to improve the production. The results of the methodology used in the case company led to several factors considered important for improved efficiency. The most relevant success factors are better quality in communication and leadership processes. Recommendations for the case company to succeed with the implementation of the relevant factors, is to induce motivation and highlight the purpose of the change, and introduce more openness between managers and workers. This will lead to an improved structure that will benefit the critical improvement factors. / Målsättningen med arbetet är att skapa en metodik som skall hjälpa företag inom sågverksindustrin att förbättra effektiviteten. Syftet med fallstudien är att skapa så effektiva produktionsprocesser som möjligt genom att förbättra strukturen på arbetet genom förbättringsåtgärder inom ledarskap, engagemang och motivation. Metodiken testas på ett fallföretag och tillsammans med det insamlade empiriska materialet genereras en nulägesanalys som underlättar identifieringen av faktorer som är väsentliga att studera för att förbättra en produktion. Resultaten från den använda metodiken på fallföretaget ledde till flera faktorer som anses viktiga för en förbättrad effektivitet. Dem mest relevanta förbättringsfaktorerna är bättre kvalitet inom kommunikation och ledarskapsprocesser. Rekommendationer för att fallföretaget ska lyckas med implementeringen av de relevanta faktorerna är att framkalla motivation och lyfta fram syftet till att en förändring, samt införa mer öppenhet mellan chef och arbetare. Detta kommer leda till en förbättrad struktur som kommer att gynna de kritiska förbättringsfaktorerna.

Au Québec, la pratique d'intervention psychosociale en soutien à domicile auprès des personnes ayant des déficiences physiques est étroitement liée à l'offre de services de première ligne définie par le Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS).Au cours des trente dernières années, cette pratique s'est transformée sous l'effet des nombreuses réformes qui ont modifié l'organisation des services et l'approche d'intervention dans ce secteur. La pratique psychosociale, qui est héritière de la discipline du travail social, a également subi l'influence des politiques sociales. Or, ces politiques, qui mettent l'accent sur l'égalisation des chances et qui valorisent le domicile, ont été façonnées par les pressions en provenance du mouvement des personnes handicapées, mais aussi par les travaux de révision de la Classification internationale des déficiences, incapacités et handicaps (CIDIH). Toutefois, en dépit des changements introduits par ces réformes et du développement des connaissances dans le champ du handicap, les pratiques d'intervention auprès des personnes présentant des déficiences physiques demeurent un sujet peu documenté. C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons décidé de mener une recherche qualitative, de nature descriptive et à visée exploratoire, afin de mieux cerner comment se pose l'intervention psychosociale dans le secteur du soutien à domicile. Notre question de recherche était la suivante: Comment les personnes ayant des incapacités en lien avec une déficience physique et les intervenants sociaux qui les accompagnent, expérimentent-ils l'intervention psychosociale en soutien à domicile dans le programme Déficience physique (DP) des Centres de santé et de services sociaux (CSSS) au Québec? Ce questionnement prend appui sur la politique À part entière (OPHQ, 2009), qui prône la participation sociale des personnes handicapées. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous avons exploré l'intervention psychosociale auprès de deux types d'acteurs, en l'occurrence les personnes-usagères du programme DP recevant des services de soutien à domicile d'un CSSS et les intervenants psychosociaux travaillant dans ce secteur. La posture critique que nous avons adoptée dans notre recherche s'inscrit dans une volonté de favoriser la participation sociale des personnes marginalisées, notamment celles expérimentant des situations de handicap. Pour ce faire, nous avons ancré notre questionnement dans une source théorique principale, en l'occurrence le Processus de production du handicap (PPH), qui fournit les assises de la politique À part entière . De façon complémentaire, nous avons emprunté des éléments à l'approche par les capabilités (AC) et à celle axée sur le développement du pouvoir d'agir des personnes et des collectivités (DPA). L' approche par les capabilités (AC) nous a ainsi permis de poser la question du sujet dans le processus de production du handicap. De l'approche du pouvoir d'agir, nous avons retenu la dimension structurelle des problèmes sociaux et la prise en compte du point de vue des personnes concernées dans la définition du problème et des solutions envisageables, lesquelles constituent dans le processus de production du handicap autant de préalables à la participation sociale. Les, résultats de notre analyse nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les points de vue des personnes-usagères et des intervenants psychosociaux. Aussi, le contexte particulier de l'intervention à domicile, le visage pluriel de l'intervention psychosociale à domicile et, enfin, l'influence exercée par les instruments d'évaluation standardisés sur le processus d'intervention ont aussi émergé avec force. Nos résultats de recherche nous permettent de faire ressortir l'unicité des situations de handicap et du vécu subjectif relié à ces situations, l'importance de la relation de confiance unissant la personne-usagère et l'intervenant psychosocial et, enfin, l'étendue d'une intervention psychosociale qui tantôt se limite au domicile de la personne recevant des services du programme DP, tantôt s'inscrit dans une vision plus vaste de la communauté.

Syftet med denna studie är att belysa pedagogers samarbete i affektsituationer samt hur de ser på detta samarbete, affektsituationer och sin uppgift i dessa och vad som krävs för att denna uppgift ska kunna genomföras. Studien är en kvalitativ sådan och för att besvara dess frågeställningar har fyra pedagoger intervjuats. Intervjuerna har genomförts på två skolor i en kommun i Stockholm varpå de sedan transkriberats och analyserats systematiskt. Resultaten visar att pedagogernas samarbete kring affektsituationer strävar mot en lösning för barnets bästa. Barns behov och barns perspektiv är i pedagogernas samarbete en viktig del för att finna en lösning på affektsituationer. För att nå detta mål delas ansvaret på ett sådant vis att pedagoger som inte är direkt involverade i situationen bidrar i andra aspekter av arbetet som att ta hand om övriga barn. Detta för att skapa förutsättningar för eleven i affekt samt för kollegor för att situationen ska lösas på ett bra vis. / The purpose of this study is to highlight pedagogues cooperation regarding affective situations and how they view this cooperation, affective situations as such, their task in them and what is required for this task to be carried out. The study is a qualitative study and to answer its questions four pedagogeus have been interviewed. The interviews were conducted at two schools in a municipality in Stockholm, after which they were transcribed and analyzed systematically. The results show that pedagogues cooperation regarding affective situations strives towards a solution that is best for the child. Children's needs and child perspective are in the pedagogues cooperation an important part of finding a solution to affective situations. To reach this goal the responsibility is divided in such a way that pedagogues who are not directly involved in the situation contributes to other aspects, such as taking care of other children. This is to create desired conditions for children in an affective state, and for colleagues, so that the situation may be resolved in a good way.

Kontorsmiljön kan variera beroende på arbetsplats, därför anses det viktigt att studera hur den fysiska kontorsmiljön kan påverka arbetstagarnas trivsel, gemenskap och arbetssituation. Tidigare forskning har visat att faktorer så som antal personer som delar kontorsrum eller individens möjlighet till att sitta avskilt kan ha en påverkan på arbetstagarens känsla av sammanhang i sitt arbete. Till och med arbetstagarens upplevelse av kontorets luftkvalitet och belysning har visat påverka arbetstagarnas beteenden i arbetet. I januari 2016 bytte arbetstagarna inom Hälso- och Sjukvårdssektorn i en av Göteborgs stads stadsdelsförvaltningar kontorslokaler, de flyttade från kontorslokaler i ett äldreboende till ett av kommunens kontorslokaler. Syftet med denna studie var att få en bättre förståelse över hur deras nya kontorsmiljö kan ha påverkat arbetstagarnas arbetssituation samt känsla av gemenskap och trivsel. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med nio av Hälso- och Sjukvårdssektorns medarbetare samt en mindre observation av den fysiska arbetsmiljön i deras nya kontorslokaler. De mest framträdande slutsatserna som drogs i studien var att det nya kontoret bidrog till att alla sektorns funktioner nu delar kontorslokal. Något som haft en stark påverkan på arbetstagarnas arbetssituation, gemenskap och trivsel. Då de nu fått en förbättrad kommunikation   mellan funktionerna, vilket även bidragit till bättre förutsättningar för samarbete. Studiens resultat visade även att kontorens storlek, struktur och fysiska attribut hade en påverkan av arbetstagarens känsla av sammanhang, genom att skapa bättre förutsättningar för ordning, kontroll och samarbete. / The office environment can variate in different workplaces, therefore it’s important to research how much the physical office environment can influence the employees’ work situation and feeling of community and wellbeing. Previous research has shown that factors such as the amount of people in an office space or the possibility to privacy can influence the employees’ sense of coherence in their work. Even the employees’ experience of the air quality and light has been shown to affect the employees’ behavior at work. In January of 2016 the employees at the Health Care sector in one of the city districts in Göteborgs stad moved their offices, from offices in an old retirement home to a county office building. The purpose of this research is to get a better understanding of how the new office environment have influenced the employees’ experience in regards to their new work situation and feeling of community and wellbeing. The research was conducted with the help of quality based interviews with nine employees and a small observation of the physical work environment at the Heath Care sector’s new office spaces. The major findings in this study showed that the new closeness, were the different functions within the sector now share the same office space, has had a clear influence on the employees work situation and feelings of community and wellbeing. Where the communication between the functions has improved, something that also has improved their conditions for cooperation. The study also showed that the size, the structure and the physical attributed of the office space has had an influence on the employees’ sense of coherence, by creating better conditions for organization, control and cooperation.

Bakgrund: Alkoholproblematik är ett stort problem som påverkar den enskilda personen, anhöriga och samhället. Lagar och riktlinjer slår fast att anhöriga ska erbjudas stödinsatser. Sjuksköterskans etiska kod omfattar både den enskilda individen, anhöriga och samhället. Tidigare studier har uppmärksammat livssituation och hälsa hos anhöriga till personer med psykisk ohälsa, men det saknas studier kring anhöriga till personer med alkoholproblem. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva livssituationen med särskilt fokus på hälsa hos vuxna anhöriga till personer med alkoholproblematik. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Sex vuxna anhöriga till personer med alkoholproblematik intervjuades individuellt med halvstrukturerad metod enligt Kvale och Brinkmann. Intervjumaterialet analyserades enligt Elo och Kyngäs metod för kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet från intervjuerna utmynnade i fyra kategorier: En otrygg och ansvarstagande livssituation, Att leva för den andra och förlora sig själv, Variation av starka känslor samt Att komma vidare i livet och försonas med sig själv. Diskussion: Studiens metod diskuteras utifrån Graneheim och Lundmans kvalitetsbegrepp. Centrala fynd i resultatet diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning samt Antonovskys teori om känsla av sammanhang (KASAM). / Background: Alcohol problems is a major problem that affects the individual, family and society. Laws and guidelines states that family members must be offered support. Nurse’s Code of Ethics includes both the individual, family and society. Previous studies have drawn attention to life situation and health of family members of persons with mental illness, but there is a lack of studies of family members of persons with alcohol problems. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the life situation with a particular focus on health in adult family members of persons with alcohol problems. Method: The study has a qualitative design with an inductive approach. Six adult family members of persons with alcohol problems were interviewed individually with semi-structured method by Kvale and Brinkmann. The interview material was analysed using Elo and Kyngäs method of qualitative content analysis. Results: The results from the interviews resulted in four categories: An insecure and responsible life situation, To live for the other and lose yourself, Variety of strong emotions and To move on in life and to reconcile with yourself. Discussions: The study’s method is discussed based on Graneheim and Lundmans quality concepts. Central findings in the results are discussed in relation to previous research and Antonovsky’s theory of sense of coherence (SoC).

Four studies were included in this doctoral dissertation aiming to investigatehow habilitation professionals perceive the ICF-CY in clinical work and to identify everyday life situations specific for children and youth aged 0-17 years. The ICF-CY was the conceptual framework and since the research was conducted on as well as with the ICF-CY, the use of the classification runs like a thread through all the work. The design was primarily qualitative and included descriptive and comparative content analyses. Study I was longitudinal, aiming to explore how an implementation of the ICF-CY in Swedish habilitation services was perceived. Studies II-IV were interrelated, aiming to explore children’s most common everyday life situations. Content in measures of participation, professionals’ perspectives, and external data on parents’ perspectives were linked to the ICF-CY and compared. Mixed methods design bridged the Studies III-IV. Results in Study I indicated that knowledge on the ICF-CY enhanced professionals’ awareness of families’ views of child functioning and pointed to the need for ICF-CY based assessment and intervention methods focusing on child participation in life situations. A first important issue in this respect was to identify everyday life situations. Two sets of ten everyday life situations related to the ICF-CY component Activities and Participation, chapters d3-d9, were compiled and adopted for younger and older children respectively, establishing a difference in context specificity depending on maturity and growing autonomy. Furthermore, key constructs in the ICFCY model were discussed, additional ICF-CY linking rules were presented and suggestions for revisions of the ICF linking rules and the ICF-CY were listed. As the sample of everyday life situations reflects the perspectives of adults, further research has to add the perspective of children and youth. The identified everyday life situations will be the basis for the development of code sets included in a screening tool intended for self- or proxy- report of participation from early childhood through adolescence.