Text in Afrikaans / OPSOMMING `n Verkennende en beskrywende studie is onderneem om wetenskaplike gefundeerde riglyne ten opsigte van die benutting van onderrigtegnieke vir praktykopleiers beskikbaar te stel vir maatskaplikewerksupervisie aan voorgraadse studente. Om supervisie effektief te kan aanwend, moet praktykopleiers van onderrigtegnieke kennis dra en dit kan aanwend. Die literatuurstudie fokus op die onderrigfunksie van supervisie en `n klassifikasie en beskrywing van onderrigtegnieke wat binne die supervisieproses aangewend kan word. Al twee-en-twintig supervisors/praktykopleiers wat betrokke is by gesinsorgorganisa- sies in die Metropool- en Bolandstreek, Wes-Kaap is betrek. `n Gestruktureerde vraelys is as data-insamelingsmetode benut. Die bevindinge en resultate toon aan dat voortgesette opleiding deur middel van informele opleidingstrategieë van praktykopleiers noodsaaklik is, om hul kennis ten opsigte van die onderrigfunksie van supervisie uit te brei asook die benutting van onderrigtegnieke aan te moedig. Verdere navorsing kan fokus op die benutting van onderrigtegnieke uit die Gestalt- of ander benaderings tydens supervisie. SUMMARY An exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to provide scientifically based guidelines regarding educational techniques used by practical trainers when providing social work supervision to undergraduate students. To apply supervision effectively, practical trainers must have knowledge of educational techniques and be able to apply these. The literature study focuses on the educational function of supervision and provides a classification and description of educational techniques that can be applied within the supervision process. The sample included twenty-two supervisors/practical trainers at family welfare organisations in the Metropolitan and Boland regions, Western Cape. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data. The findings and results show that continuing education through informal training strategies by practical trainers is essential to expand their knowledge of the educational function of supervision and to encourage the use of educational techniques. Further research should focus on educational techniques from the Gestalt approach or other approaches. / Social work / M.Diac.

Text in Afrikaans / OPSOMMING `n Verkennende en beskrywende studie is onderneem om wetenskaplike gefundeerde riglyne ten opsigte van die benutting van onderrigtegnieke vir praktykopleiers beskikbaar te stel vir maatskaplikewerksupervisie aan voorgraadse studente. Om supervisie effektief te kan aanwend, moet praktykopleiers van onderrigtegnieke kennis dra en dit kan aanwend. Die literatuurstudie fokus op die onderrigfunksie van supervisie en `n klassifikasie en beskrywing van onderrigtegnieke wat binne die supervisieproses aangewend kan word. Al twee-en-twintig supervisors/praktykopleiers wat betrokke is by gesinsorgorganisa- sies in die Metropool- en Bolandstreek, Wes-Kaap is betrek. `n Gestruktureerde vraelys is as data-insamelingsmetode benut. Die bevindinge en resultate toon aan dat voortgesette opleiding deur middel van informele opleidingstrategieë van praktykopleiers noodsaaklik is, om hul kennis ten opsigte van die onderrigfunksie van supervisie uit te brei asook die benutting van onderrigtegnieke aan te moedig. Verdere navorsing kan fokus op die benutting van onderrigtegnieke uit die Gestalt- of ander benaderings tydens supervisie. SUMMARY An exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to provide scientifically based guidelines regarding educational techniques used by practical trainers when providing social work supervision to undergraduate students. To apply supervision effectively, practical trainers must have knowledge of educational techniques and be able to apply these. The literature study focuses on the educational function of supervision and provides a classification and description of educational techniques that can be applied within the supervision process. The sample included twenty-two supervisors/practical trainers at family welfare organisations in the Metropolitan and Boland regions, Western Cape. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data. The findings and results show that continuing education through informal training strategies by practical trainers is essential to expand their knowledge of the educational function of supervision and to encourage the use of educational techniques. Further research should focus on educational techniques from the Gestalt approach or other approaches. / Social work / M.Diac.

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie verhandeling fokus op persoonlikheid. selfaktualisering en toesighouersvaardighede. as voorspellers van toesighouersukses. Persoonlikheid en selfaktualisering word vanuit die dimensionele en humanistiese persoonlikheidsteoriee en toesighouersvaardighede vanuit die bestuurpsigologie beskryf. 'n Psigometriese toetsbattery is saamgestel uit drie instrumente wat onderskeidelik persoonlikheid (16 PF Vraelys), selfaktualisering (Persoonlike Orientasie-inventaris) en toesighouersvaardigheid (Posmandjie) evalueer. Vir die doel van hierdie navorsing, is toesighouersukses (volgens prestasiebeoordeling), die afhanklike veranderlike terwyl persoonlikheid. selfaktualisering en toesighouersvaardigheid die onafhanklike veranderlikes is. Die psigometriese toetsbattery is gebruik om te bepaal of daar 'n verband bestaan tussen: a) persoonlikheid. selfaktualisering en toesighouersvaardigheid onderling b) persoonlikheid. selfaktualisering en toesighouersvaardigheid. en prestasie c) persoonlikheid, selfaktualisering en toesighouersvaardigheid gesamentlik, en prestasie deur die formulering van statistiese kombinasies. Die resultate is weergegee en die nulhipoteses aanvaar of verwerp waarna die resultate bespreek is. Hierna is die gevolgtrekking geformuleer dat die gekombineerde statistiese kombinasies of gedeeltes van die drie psigometriese instrumente saam gebruik kan word om toesighouersukses te voorspel. / This dissertation focuses on personality. self-actualisation and supervisory skills as predictors of supervisor success. The dimensional and humanistic personality theories were used to describe personality and self-actualisation while supervisory skills were explained in the context of management psychology. A psychometric battery was compiled consisting of three instruments to evaluate personality (16 PF Questionnaire). self-actualisation (Personality Orientation Questionnaire). and supervisory skills (In-basket Exercise) respectively. In this research supervisory success is the dependent variable. and personality, self-actualisation and supervisory skills the independent variables. The psychometric battery were used to determines if any correlation exists between: a) personality, self-actualisation and supervisory skills b) personality, self-actualisation and supervisory skills. and performance. c) personality, self-actualisation and supervisory skills combined and performance through the formulation of statistical combinations. The results were provided. interpreted and discussed. The conclusion was reached that the statictical combination or parts of the three psychometric instruments combined could be used to predict supervisory success. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Bedryfsielkunde)

Many child and youth care organisations in South Africa struggle to implement adequate supervision structures for their child and youth care workers. If supervisors in this field had adequate knowledge and skills, they could enable child and youth care workers to grow and develop competently and provide more professional services to troubled young people in South Africa, This qualitative research sought to identify what knowledge and skills supervisors need in child and youth care settings in South Africa to provide effective supervision to workers. This research confirmed that there are specific skills and knowledge required by supervisors in child and youth care settings in South Africa and while there is an awareness of these in some settings, they are not being fully utilised in organised supervision structures. / Social Work / M.Tech. (Child and Youth Care)

在資本主義盛行之今日，「公司治理」已成為舉世矚目之焦點。自從1997年亞洲爆發金融危機後，許多國際組織、非政府組織及亞洲經濟體投入大量的資源與時間研究此一議題，認為完善的公司治理是提昇企業策略能力及國際競爭力的最佳良方。在台灣，隨著資本主義盛行的浪潮，近二十年來產業轉型、高科技事業蓬勃發展的幕後功臣，除了政府主導科技研發計劃與租稅優惠及專案補助措施外，首推「創業投資業」；創業投資業之所以成為台灣高科技產業之推手，主要在於其「投資後管理」之積極性、策略性功能。根據經濟合作暨發展組織（OECD）於2002年所發表之研究報告顯示，創業投資業投資額佔GDP比率與該國公司治理績效之評比成正相關，由此可見創業投資業對提昇公司治理的貢獻。 本研究之目的在探討創業投資業於各投資階段，增進轉投資事業公司治理之最佳實務作法，期能提供我國創業投資業者參酌、運用，以發揮其對被投資公司積極、正面之監督控管功能，並符合公司治理的四個基本原則：公平性（Fairness）、透明性（Transparency）、課責性（Accountability）、責任性（Responsibility），建立二者間良性、穩定的溝通模式及信賴關係，讓創業投資業繼續為台灣產業競爭力加分。 「創業投資」（Venture Capital）又稱「風險投資」，而專為投資於高科技、高風險、具發展潛力且成長快速之事業所募集之資金，則為「創業投資基金」（Venture Capital Fund）。創業投資的投資模式是在高風險、高報酬的前提下，對具成長潛力的被投資公司提供中、長期資本及經營、資源、網絡的加值服務，協助投資標的快速成長，克服各項經營問題，申請上市櫃，以實現其高額之資本利得；因此，創業投資業與被投資公司間之投資關係，是建立在相互合作之互信基礎，互謀長期最大利益，而創業投資業最重視的則是，投資資金是否能順利回收及獲利，被投資公司的獲利是否有如預期、體制運作是否健全，進而進入資本市場，讓其所投入之資金有退出機制。 公司治理 (Corporate Governance) 這個議題是從美國發展出來的，當初國內學者對該名詞的翻譯不盡相同，有譯為「公司管理」、「公司治理」者；亦有譯為「公司監控」、「公司管控」者；在台灣統稱為「公司治理」，以兼顧管理、監控及自治、自律之功能。依據中華公司治理協會之定義：「公司治理是一種指導與管理的機制，以落實公司經營者責任為目的，在兼顧其他利害關係人利益下，藉由加強公司績效，保障股東權益」。 良好的公司治理必須符合四個原則，分別是公平性 (Fairness)、透明性 (Transparency)、課責性 (Accountability)以及責任性 (Responsibility)。公平性指的是對公司各投資人以及利益相關者予以公平合理的對待；透明性指公司財務以及其他相關資訊，必須適時適當地揭露；課責性指公司董事以及高階主管的角色與責任應該明確劃分；責任性則指公司應遵守法律以及社會期待的價值規範。 依據OECD公司治理原則之說明，良好的公司治理具有：提高經濟效率、降低資金成本、健全財務結構之基礎等功能。 在台灣，上市公司與大多數國家一樣，公司的所有權結構大都傾向於具有控制股東，而控制股東會透過金字塔結構、交叉持股與互為董事等方式而達到控制公司的目的，在此情況下，控制股東極可能透過利益輸送和掏空公司資產等方式，剝奪奪小股東的財富，並衍生道德危機與逆選擇的相關代理成本，而引發核心代理問題。 本研究發現創業投資業推動公司治理之誘因如下列： 一、期藉由灌輸經營團隊公司治理--「課責性」及「責任性」之基本原則，塑造正確之價值觀，建立企業長治久安之基礎。 二、強調公司治理--「公平性」之基本原則，保障少數股東之權益，維護創業投資業持有股權之股東權益及價值。 三、確信良好之公司治理會提昇轉投資事業之獲利能力及市場價值，同時增加創業投資業退出時所獲之資本利得。 本研究發現創業投資業評估轉投資事業公司治理之重點如下列： 一、轉投資事業之財會數據之正確性、可信賴度及資訊透明度、詳細度。 二、轉投資事業股東成員、股權結構及背景，及具實質影響力之股東特性。 三、轉投資事業董事會運作之情形，如：董事會成員、董事選任方式、董事會議題及會議進行模式。 四、轉投資事業經營團隊之商譽及誠信度，各項法令之遵循程度，公司章程之適法性及可執行程度。 五、董事會、董事長、總經理之權責劃分是否適當及課責性是否落實。 六、轉投資事業之會計制度是否建立且落實執行，以避免轉投資事業做假帳，並確保能按時提供財務報表。 本研究針對創業投資業推動創建期事業公司治理之方法建議如下： 一、建立企業主正規之「公司法制」觀念。 二、正視「公司章程」之法律地位及重要性。 三、導入「股份有限公司」之運作機制，建立「股東會」、「董事會」及「監察人」之基本功能及符合法令規定之決策模式。 四、建制符合「內部控制機制」之作業系統及程序。 本研究針對創業投資業推動擴充期事業公司治理之方法建議如下： 一、善用「公司章程」及「法令規章」解決「核心代理問題」。 二、強化「董事會」、「監察人」職能，推動「上市上櫃公司治理實務守則」。 本研究針對創業投資業推動成熟期事業公司治理之方法則建議由實踐股東行動主義著手；包括： 一、創投業於投資前，應確信公司治理之重要性，將投資標的推動公司治理之績效，納入投資組合考量。 二、執行投資後，創投業應經常與公司重要股東與經營階層充份溝通及於董事會、股東會中充份表達意見，以促使公司控制股東及經營階層重視少數股東之權益。 關鍵字：創業投資業、創建期、擴充期、成熟期、公司治理、核心代理問題、控制股東、公司章程、股東會、董事會、監察人 / According to the OECD research report released in 2002 that existed a positive relevant between the investment amount of venture capitalist to the GDP and the corporate governance performance in the most countries worldwide. The contribution of venture capitalist for the corporate governance is obviously numerous. The objectives of this thesis is intend to research venture capitalist how to enhance the investee corporate governance in the investees’ start-up, development, maturing stages practicably. Basing on this study, both of the venture capitalist and the investee can conduct a beneficial and stable communication manners and relationship. In Taiwan, most of the listing companies are same as the developed countries; the majority shareholders almost constitute the whole shareholders’ structure and possess the great majority voting rights. Under this circumstance, the majority shareholders instinctively intend to create the arms-in-length transactions to deprive the minority the shareholders’ benefits and wealth, and cause the core agent problems. The study was conducted by analysis, induction, and case study methodology covering three samples of venture capitalist. The results of this study are follows: 1.At the investees’ start-up stage, the measures of venture capitalist enhances corporate governance are listed as below: 1)Educating the business owner to establish the corporate legal concept. 2)Paying much attention about the article to follow the company law. 3)Introducing and following the company law’s operating structure, and establish the “shareholders”, “board of directors” and “supervisors” basic functions and decision model. 4)Establish the internal control system and procedures. 2. At the investees’ development stage, the measures of venture capitalist enhances corporate governance are listed as below: 1)Practicing the article and regulation to overcome the core agent problems. 2)Empowering the board of directors and supervisors function, and progressing the “Corporate Governance Best Practice Principles for TSEC/GTSM Listed Companies” in the investees business running. 3. At the investees’ maturing stage, the venture capitalist suggested to practice the shareholders activism; for example: taking the corporate governance performance into the investment evaluation. Key Words: venture capitalist, start-up stage, development stage, maturing stage, corporate governance, core agent problem, majority shareholders, article, shareholders’ meeting, the board of directors supervisor

中文摘要 公司治理的強化已成為世界各國所共同重視的議題，我國亦不落其後自1997年起逐步推動各項公司治理政策，若仔細觀察其發展過程，主管機關應是甚為期盼公司治理能正本清源的從董事、監察人獨立性的強化這個源頭紮實做起。 惟自民國94年起引進了董監候選人提名制度，特別是上市櫃公司的獨立董事，更強制採候選人提名制度，然近幾年我國上市櫃公司掏空、內線交易、不正當利益輸送、背信、董事自肥、財報不實等案件仍時有所聞，究竟我國引進董監候選人提名制度是改進公司治理的有效解決方案嗎?即是本文探討的主題。 首先，本文先研究公司治理與董監選任制度的關聯程度，分析公司治理的意義、目標、監督機制、架構以及董監選任於公司治理的重要性。隨後簡介美國及日本的董監選任制度，希望能對我國的現行董監選任制度有所借鏡。 接著，分析我國現行董監選任制度的主要問題，包括第192-1條第1項限制股東應就董事候選人名單中選任之，係對股東權的限制而非強化；允許股東選任自己認定的理想人選與董監候選人提名制度並不衝突，在現行制度下，所當選之董監較公司法第192條之選任方式更不具獨立性，對公司治理的提升並無助益，故實無限制之必要。第192-1條第3項對於無表決權之股份，為避免計算基礎過度膨脹，保障真正少數股東之權利，應限縮解釋。第216-1條監察人選舉準用第192-1條之規定，監察人之候選人可由董事會提名，將違反公司治理精神，恐造成監察人成為董事會之附屬而無法執行監督義務。而上市櫃公司依公開發行公司獨立董事設置及應遵循事項辦法第5條強制採候選人提名制度選任獨立董事，依新近大法官釋字第733號精神涵攝，關於選舉方式之強制，恐有限制團體內部組織與事務之自主決定已逾必要程度，而有違反憲法第二十三條所定比例原則及侵害基於結社自由所含的自治精神之嫌。另現行主管機關發佈董事、監察人提名委員會組織章程參考範例，也可能因獨立性不足、權限劃分不明等原因而形同聊備一格。同時，本文亦將現行公開發行公司出席股東會使用委託書規則(以下簡稱委託書規則)其與董監候選人提名制度法律條文進行比較，發現主要差別除持股比例之要求外，委託書規則對董監資格限制可謂更為嚴謹。此外，委託書規則遇有股東會董監選舉徵求時，被選舉人資格審查無須經董事會或提名委員會審議，亦無強制公司股東僅能就委託書徵求人本人或所擬支持之候選人名單選任，但反而強制將候選人經營理念予以公開，故本文以為委託書規則不僅有董監候選人提名制度之實，又不失為一種更直接訴諸「股東民主」的制度，同時也是對股東行動主義正面回應的一種機制。 最後，本文認為，董監選任應回歸公司法第192條規定，使董監選任更具獨立性， 也無違反大法官第733號解釋之虞。若希望對散戶股東進行董監選舉時能有參考依據而堅持採董監候選人提名制度之精神，亦無需疊床架屋，另立新法條，只需放寬或廢除徵求門檻及上限，回歸現行委託書規則即可。否則，至少現行制度應針對董事會等審查機關若違法濫權等，授權審理法院得在股東會召開前或召開後，視情況採取緊急保全處分，以保障股東提名權。同時對獨立董事形式或實質獨立要件亦宜擴大認定，並可考慮拉長獨立董事的冷卻期間，來淡化利害關係並強化獨立董事之獨立性。

This quantitative study investigated faculty trust in their immediate supervisors (academic deans and faculty chairs) in a state college setting. A survey instrument created for this study was based on existing research on trust in schools by Bryk and Schneider (2002) and Tschannen-Moran and Hoy (1998), as well as research on trust in corporate setting. The study’s purpose was to determine the types and frequencies of interactions between community college faculty and deans/faculty chairs – i.e., faculty immediate supervisors – that are related to higher levels of faculty trust. Also investigated were the relationships between faculty trust and demographic characteristics including age, gender, ethnicity, length of employment, and number of faculty in department. The study’s findings suggest policies and practices for creating more trusting environments in community and state college settings, thereby leading to higher faculty retention levels. These, in turn, can contribute to increased levels of student success, higher graduation rates, and financial savings for schools.

Knowledge has been recognized as an important resource that should be carefully managed in order to enhance organizational competitiveness. Therefore, it is important to manage knowledge resources that have been learned and stored in organizations. Several scholars in the public administration literature have examined whether public service motivation (PSM) can help employees share their knowledge in ways that contribute to the effective functioning of public organizations. However, the mechanisms by which PSM influences individuals’ propensity to share knowledge have not been clarified by past research. Against this background, at first, this study contributes to understanding the relationship between PSM and knowledge sharing by applying self-determination theory with a logical insight of the intrinsic knowledge sharing motivation process. This study also examined that relationship by testing three competing psychological mechanisms based on person-environment (P-E) fit theory: (1) person-group (P-G) fit, (2) person-job (P-J) fit, and (3) person-supervisor (P-S) fit. The research questions for this study are as follows: Do individuals with higher levels of PSM have a higher propensity toward knowledge sharing? Does the congruence between employees and their work environment increase employees’ knowledge sharing behavior? Do PSM-driven employees have higher willingness to fit in the work environment? Does P-E fit theory help explain the causal relationship between PSM and knowledge sharing? Based on primary data of 1,094 occupationally diverse employees working in 33 local governments in South Korea, the current study found that caution should be exercised when making claims regarding the effects of PSM on individuals’ propensity to share knowledge and that greater emphasis should be placed on ways public sector organizations can foster P-G fit and P-J fit. However, this study also found that the relationship between PSM and knowledge sharing is not mediated by the extent to which employees perceive that their values are congruent with those of their supervisors. Keywords: public service motivation (PSM), person-environment fit (P-E fit), person-group fit (P-G fit), person-job fit (P-J fit), person-supervisor fit (P-S fit), knowledge sharing

Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

人際互動是組織運作的基礎，但有關人際層次的認同研究過去時常被忽略，Sluss與Ashforth（2007）即提出一關係認同的理論架構試圖解釋關係認同如何形成。然而，此關係認同架構僅為一理論性的論述，過去尚未有研究針對其中的角色認定與個人認定構念發展量表，測量三類關係認同的工具也有所缺乏，其理論架構尚待檢驗。據此，本研究的目的為根據Sluss與Ashforth（2007）提出之關係認同理論，以主管部屬關係出發，驗證此理論的邏輯關係網絡（nomological network）。本研究主要分兩部份進行，第一部份參考Hinkin（1998）建議的量表編製步驟，撰寫部屬對主管之角色認定、個人認定評價，以及三類關係認同題項並進行此量表的信效度檢驗與修正；第二部份則檢驗部屬對主管的角色認定與個人認定之正、負向評價結果，和其與關係認同、關係不認同以及關係矛盾認同之間的關聯；此外，亦檢驗此三類關係認同與結果變項之間的關係。在樣本部分，本研究請205位台灣醫療院所的基層護理人員針對自身與護理長之間的主管部屬關係進行評估，分析結果指出Sluss與Ashforth（2007）的關係認同理論可以獲得初步驗證。本研究的貢獻除了在於補足對角色認定、個人認定，以及三類關係認同構念的測量，並且對Sluss與Ashforth（2007）的關係認同理論的邏輯關係網絡證據進行檢驗，使我們對於關係認同的形成有更多理解。 / Interpersonal interaction is the foundation of organization operations, but the study of identification in interpersonal level has often been ignored. Sluss and Ashforth (2007) proposed the relational identification framework to explain how the relational identification forms. However, this framework is still in conceptual debate, and no researcher has developed the scale for measuring the role-based identity and person-based identity construct yet. Moreover, the scale of three types of relational identification, the relational identification, relational disidentification, and ambivalent relational identification, are also not well-developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is focus on supervisor-subordinate relationship, and validate the nomological network of Sluss and Ashforth’s relational identification theory. First, based on the suggestion of Hinkin (1998), this study generated items to measure the valence of role-based and person-based identity, and three types of relational identification. Second, after testing the reliability and validity of these scales, this study tested the connection between subordinates’ positive/negative valence of role-based and person-based identity, and the three types of relational identification outcome. Furthermore, this study examines the relationships between three types of relational identification and criterion variables. Current study samples 205 registered first-line nurses from hospitals in Taiwan and asks them to evaluate their supervisor-subordinate relationship with head nurses. The result shows that there are some initial validation evidences for the relational identification framework. The contributions and limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future relational identification research are discussed.