Turismen organiseras av offentlig sektor, privata aktörer eller dessa två i samverkan och kan avgränsas på olika sätt, geografiskt eller politiskt. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och jämföra destinationer i Sverige på lokal och regional nivå för att se hur de är organiserade, med fokus på hur offentliga och privata aktörer arbetar för destinationens utveckling. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med privata och offentliga aktörer på destinationerna Bohuslän och Stockholms skärgård har vi genomfört en komparativ studie. Studien diskuterar olika former av turismorganisationer och visar att Bohuslän och Stockholms skärgård liknar varandra i hur de är organiserade på lokal och regional nivå och att det på båda destinationerna finns samarbeten mellan offentliga och privata aktörer för att utveckla destinationerna. / The tourism in Sweden is organised by the public sector, the business world or these two in collaboration. The boundaries can be either geographical or political. This study aims at study and compare Swedish tourist destinations at local regional level to find how they are organized with focus at how public sector and the business world manage destination development. Through qualitative interviews with public sector and the business world at the destinations Bohuslän and Stockholms skärgård we have a comparative study. The study discusses different types of tourist organizations and shows that Bohuslän and Stockholms skärgård are similar in the way their tourism is organized at local and regional level. At both destinations there is collaboration between the public sector and the business world to develop the destination.

This thesis firstly attempts to provide a theoretical basis for how the complex cases related to corporate misbehaviour in relation to human rights respect should be handled. Secondly, it attempts to critically examine how well the Swedish National Contact Point (SNCP) functionsin relation to its goals through the usage of elite interviews. Thirdly and finally it also explores the interest of concerned stakeholders in finding other non-judicial conflictmanagement mechanisms for cases within the CSR – human rights nexus at other mediation institutions such as the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) and/or the InternationalChamber of Commerce (ICC). The thesis argues that it is possible and advisable to apply Dworkin’s idea of hard cases to the conflictual cases appearing within CSR-human rights nexus in Sweden. It directs criticism towards the usage of opaque social pressure currently applied when hard cases within the CSR-human rights nexus are to be solved. It argues that usage of such pressure both makes it hard to follow up on decisions made and makes it questionable whether victims of human rights abuses related to corporate conduct are provided with effective access to remedy. It suggests that Dworkin’s general principles of equal respect and concern is a least common denominator for the demands placed on conflict management mechanisms within the CSRhuman rights nexus by both relevant soft law instruments and respondents in the elite interviews carried out for the thesis. As a result of the interview survey the thesis draws the conclusion that the SNCP to a major extent seems to have failed in the fulfilment of its goals and the expectations placed upon it as stipulated by the OECD 2000 guidelines. What is more the SNCP seems little equipped to meet the requirements of the 2011 version of the OECD guidelines and the UN Guiding Principles unless some sincere and large scale efforts are made by the Swedish government and other concerned parties in the SNC’s regeneration. The thesis found the interest among concerned stakeholders for alternative conflict management mechanisms at the SCC and the ICC to be generally low. Respondents generally thought that the challenges for such private institutions to procure the confidence of both sides in a conflict would be too difficult for them to overcome.

The purpose of this study is to find out how editorials in various Swedish newspapers interpreted the ghost flights. The study shows how the phenomenon was interpreted based on defense and security policy. Through text analysis 44 editorial articles from the period 1934-1938 were investigated which showed that the most editorials interpreted ghost flying as military flights. The agenda of swedish liberal and moderate newspapers was to interpret military aviation as a reason for establishing an independent air force and in giving the military greater authority to make security decisions for the country. The Social Democratic agenda in editorials was to downplay loud defense interests. And the communist editorial agenda was more ideologically expressed in countering imperialist and warlike interests. Local Norrland newspapers were more likely to express hopes for greater military efforts for Norrland's sake and the development over time shows that it was the newspaper Norrskensflamman and Aftonbladet, political and ideological antagonists, that were the ones who kept the debate about the ghost flights alive until the outbreak of the Second World War. / <p>Godkänt datum 2020-06-05</p>

This study was written with the aim to shed light on which strategies were employed by all 26 Swedish municipal archives in the Stockholm region to attract users to the archives at the time of writing. This was done by asking questions about archive-based teaching and learning via survey to municipal archivists, analyzing the webpages of the municipal archives for information about making the cultural heritage available in non-traditional active ways, and studying the ”archival regulations” or ”archival guidelines” which specify archival management and responsibilities on the municipal level. The results show that archives in most cases are understaffed and that archive-based teaching and learning has a low priority in the municipal archives, even though in most of the cases the archival regulations specify an obligation to actively promote usage of the material in cultural and scientific contexts. The study doesn’t find a link between obligations specified in the documents and municipal commitment to making the archival material available in abovementioned non-traditional ways. The study sums up the current archive-based teaching and learning strategies for the examined archives based on the above sources. The author of the study hopes that the results will provide fuel for the discussion regarding municipal archives and the role they should play in making the cultural heritage available to the public.

Increasing urbanization is pressing and degrading our ecosystems and compromising future generations. This scenario is expected to worsen unless significant action is scaled up. At the same time, the urban areas have the opportunity to be part of the solution, leading to a more resilient and sustainable future. Bringing nature back to cities is a powerful instrument that provides the opportunity to address sustainability challenges and benefit people and the environment. Hence, the aim of this study, framed on the REPLAN project, was to explore the integration of greening practices in the planning process in Upplands Väsby municipality during the last decade. Through a systematic literature mapping, this study investigated the integration of greening concepts in the municipality’s Detailed Development Plans. Furthermore, in-depth analysis and interpretation of the relevant Detailed Development Plans were conducted to explore which green and blue elements and structures were integrated, the drivers and instruments that foster its implementation and the actors involved in their planning process. The results show that the integration of greening concepts in the Detailed Development Plans presents a turning point in 2016, coincident with the introduction of Upplands Väsby’s Development plan for Ecosystem Services, revealing that political support at the municipal level enables the integration of greening concepts. Likewise, ecosystem services was the most integrated greening concept, pointing out a strong focus of the planning practice on ecosystem services. The most planned green and blue elements and structures are yards, courtyards and street trees and plants, whilst parks are generally integrated from the nearby environment. Moreover, the most protected green and blue elements and structures are street trees and plants. Water management, public health and well-being and biodiversity conservation are the main drivers for planning and protecting green and blue elements and structures, being also addressed by both the highest quantity and diversity of green and blue elements and structures. However, climate change mitigation and adaptation is barely the driver for planning green and blue elements and structures. Thus, this calls for the inclusion of a climate perspective in the planning processes. The key actors in planning green and blue elements and structures are the municipality, the developers and consulting companies. Besides, an innovative planning process that includes neighbours and other stakeholders in the early stages and financial incentives for implementing green and blue elements and structures was studied. The findings indicate that regulatory frameworks and binding instruments foster the integration of green and blue elements and structures in the planning practice. The outcomes also suggest that collaborative planning processes and hybrid market-driven approaches may contribute positively to integrating green and blue elements and structures.

I takt med att allt fler kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader rivs i landets kommuner utarmas Sveriges kulturarv enligt Riksantikvarieämbetet. Vilken betydelse har då en kulturhistorisk värdebeskrivning i den kommunala beslutsprocessen? Lidingö stad valdes som fallstudie eftersom man där beslutat att riva öns landmärke, en fackverksbro av järn och nitad stål, Gamla Lidingöbron, invigd 1925. Bron är med sin karaktäristiska konstruktion och stora bågspann ett starkt etablerat signum vid öns infart. Den har flera likheter med Gamla Årstabron i Stockholm som till skillnad från Gamla Lidingöbron är statligt ägd, utsedd till byggnadsminne och därmed skyddad. Det framkom i denna studie att Gamla Lidingöbrons kulturhistoriska värde inte hade diskuterats inför rivningsbeslutet 2012 samt att en för ändamålet beställd värderingen saknades i beslutsunderlaget. Planarbetet för en ny bro, ”Lilla Lidingöbron”, som senare lades fram fick kritik från alla remissinstanser som yttrade sig om kulturmiljö eftersom de ansåg att den äldre stålbron borde bevaras. Kommunen uppmanades att ta fram ett bevarandealternativ. Kritiken ledde inte till någon omprövning trots existerande alternativa förslag.  Det enda som skedde var att beskrivningen av brons värde till slut skrevs in i den nya detaljplanen med ordalag tagna ur värderapporten. På vissa ställen dock vända till sin motsats (sid 20-25). Det tillades även där att den kulturhistoriska värderapporten hade använts inför inriktningsbeslutet 2012 trots att det inte var så. Beslutet visade sig ha rötter till tidigt 2000-tal vilket beskrivs i en bilaga.  En utblick görs mot beslutsprocessen för Gamla Danviksbron i Stockholm, byggd 1922, i syfte att exemplifiera hur ett redan taget rivningsbeslut faktiskt kan ändras efter att kulturvärdet åberopats av remissinstans. Till skillnad från Lidingö kommun samarbetade man därefter med de sakkunniga i byggnadsvård för att bevara Gamla Danviksbron.  Slutsatsen är att en kulturhistorisk värdebeskrivning är viktig då den informerar och vägleder om vad som är värdefullt, vad man bör bevara och varför. Dock kan en sådan rapport förlora sin mening när det finns politiska intressen som favoriserar andra lösningar. Likaså när tjänstemän och politiker helt enkelt inte har kunskap om kulturhistoriska värden eller saknar kompetens att samordna olika aktörers intressen när det kommer till att integrera kulturvärden, miljö och innovativa lösningar (bevara och förnya) – med ekonomi och funktion. / As more buildings with established cultural-historical value are being demolished around the country, Sweden's cultural heritage risks being depleted according to The Swedish National Heritage Board. What then is the impact of a cultural-historical value report in the municipal decision-making process? The municipality of Lidingö was chosen as an example because of its decision to demolish the island's landmark bridge; the Old Lidingö bridge (Gamla Lidingöbron), an iron and steel truss bridge from 1925. This bridge, with its characteristic construction, and large arched span, is a strongly established symbol for the island. It has several similarities with the protected state-owned Old Årsta bridge in Stockholm. In this study, it emerged that an existing cultural-historical report, describing the bridge’s high value, was not taken into consideration as a basis for the decision made by the municipality in 2012. During the planning work for a new bridge, Little Lidingö bridge, the municipality received criticism from concerned parties (e.g. Stockholm County Administrative Board) that commented on the cultural value, because they felt that the bridge should be preserved. The municipality was encouraged to develop a conservation-focused alternative. In response to the criticism, the officials did not reconsider the decision. They merely included more of the content of the cultural-historical value report in the detailed development plan. In some of the added paragraphs the meaning of the words was reversed (page 20-25). The development plan also states that the report had been considered prior to the demolition decision, although it had not been. Indications that the 2012 decision had its roots in the early 2000s are included in the appendix. To compare with similar decisions, a brief look is also taken at Stockholm municipality, where the decision-making process regarding the Old Danvik Bridge, built in 1922, is given as an example of how they instead changed direction, and collaborated with experts in cultural conservation.In conclusion, a cultural-historical value description is extremely important. It provides a basic description of what is valuable, what should be preserved and why. However, such a report may lose its impact if there is a political agenda moving in another direction. Another reason that this type of document might be devalued is if officials and politicians lack knowledge of cultural history, or the skills to coordinate the interests of different actors; integrating cultural values, the environment, and innovative solutions (preserving and innovating) – with economics and function.