A presente pesquisa visa descrever o gênero filme-testemunho (GUTFREIND, 2010, p. 200) marcado, simultaneamente, pelas dimensões histórica e subjetiva como um objeto cultural de memória (ACHARD et al., 2007) a partir da legendagem do documentário Os resistentes: testemunhas da Rosa Branca [Die Widerständigen: Zeugen der Weißen Rose], de Katrin Seybold (2008). O filme que constitui o corpus reúne entrevistas com 14 testemunhas de época do grupo de resistência pacífico e estudantil contra o nacional-socialismo alemão conhecido como A Rosa Branca e foi produzido 65 anos após a execução da sentença de morte proferida contra os principais membros do grupo. Trata-se, assim, de um material relevante para a difusão e preservação da memória da resistência alemã. Partindo desse pressuposto, o trabalho tem como base a intersecção entre conceitos e métodos dos Estudos da Tradução, sobretudo das abordagens funcionalistas e da tradução audiovisual (TAV), e dos Estudos da Memória. A partir do Modelo de Análise Textual de Christiane Nord (2005, 2016) e do arcabouço teórico interdisciplinar sobre testemunho (SELIGMANN-SILVA 2013, RICOEUR 2014, SARLO 2007, entre outros), transcrevemos, traduzimos e produzimos as legendas de Os resistentes: testemunhas da Rosa Branca documentário inédito no Brasil. Para a produção das legendas, optou-se por uma tradução-instrumento, visto que essa modalidade de TAV apresenta restrições de tempo e de espaço que demandam procedimentos de condensação, retextualização e omissão. A opção por não omitir na legenda algumas marcas de subjetividade e do trauma na linguagem, fatores intrínsecos à narrativa testemunhal, motivaram decisões tradutórias que transgridem normas técnicas e algumas das convenções concernentes à legendagem, a fim de oferecer uma tradução leal ao seu escopo (NORD, 2005, p.33). Dessa forma, temos a expectativa de preencher parcialmente a lacuna que existe sobre procedimentos de tradução de filmes de caráter documental e de difundir e preservar a memória da Rosa Branca no Brasil, onde o tema da resistência alemã ainda é pouco conhecido e estudado. / This research aims to describe the testimonial-movie genre (GUTFREIND, 2010, p. 200) simultaneously designated by historic and subjective dimensions as a cultural topic of memory (ACHARD et al., 2007) from Die Widerständigen: Zeugen der Weißen Rose (Those who resisted: Witnesses of the White Rose) subtitling, a documentary by Katrin Seybold (2008). This film encloses 14 interviews with witnesses of the non-violent student activists resistance group known as the White Rose, that rose against the German national socialist movement. The movie has been produced 65 years after capital punishment executions against the major members of the group. Therefore, this movie is extremely meaningful to the dissemination and the preservation of the German resistance memories. Under this assumption, this work is based on the intersection between concepts and methods of Translation Studies, mainly functionalist perspectives and audiovisual translation (AVT), as well as Memory Studies. Considering Christiane Nords Model for Textual Analysis (2005, 2016) and the interdisciplinary theoretical framework about witnessing (SELIGMANN-SILVA 2013, RICOEUR 2014, SARLO 2007, among others), we have transcribed, translated and developed subtitles for The dissidents: White Rose witnesses, an unreleased documentary in Brazil. For the subtitling process, an instrumental translation was chosen, since this AVT model shows time and space restrictions which require condensation, retextualization and omission procedures. The choice of not omitting traces of subjectivity and trauma in speech, inherent elements to the testimonial narrative, led us to translational decisions that go beyond technical standards and conventions concerning subtitling in order to afford a translation that is true to its scope (NORD, 2005, p.33). Thus, we expect to narrow the gap in matters of translation procedures in documental movies, as well to spread and preserve the memory of White Rose in Brazil, a country where the subject of the German resistance is still little known and studied.

Toury’s first law of translation states that translation of all kinds entails standardisation and, moreover, that the more peripheral the status of a text is, the more standardised its translation will be. As such, the purpose of this essay was to investigate to what extent this holds true in the Swedish translations of the two US television hospital shows Scrubs and House M.D. Though they are both hospital shows, House M.D. – considering its unprecedented genre hybridity and unusual plot structure – is a less mainstream and, as such, more peripheral example of a hospital show than Scrubs, which is more mainstream and, consequently, has a more central position within this genre. The object of study concerned the genre-specific register shared by the two shows – i.e. the medical terminology – which was extracted together with its Swedish subtitles and analysed, mainly in terms of coupled pairs. The analysis consisted of identifying which translation strategies had been adopted in the transfer of terminology and, moreover, what these strategies had entailed in terms of semantic increase, decrease, or correspondence between the original texts and their translations. From this it was concluded that both texts were indeed standardised and, additionally, that House M.D. – as the more peripheral of the two texts – had undergone a more extensive standardisation than Scrubs – being the text holding a more central status.

This thesis will examine interlingual subtitles for online media. The research takes place within the descriptive translation studies paradigm. The source material consists of subtitles for a selection of webcasts found on the video sharing platform YouTube. The analysis will examine how the original dialogue has been translated as well as the form that the subtitles are presented in. An analysis of norm governed subtitles for television programs that follow established subtitling norms will also be made for comparison. Online media and broadcast media are divided into a dynamic and static category respectively in order to treat webcasts as an individual form of media. Dynamic media is defined as digital media created for the Internet, and static media is defined as media created for televised broadcasts. The results do not include qualitative assessments but have shown that subtitles for webcasts do not follow subtitling norms and display a wide range of unconventional approaches. The determining factor that illustrates the nature of webcast subtitles is attributed the diverse group of people writing them.

En la actualidad, existe un avance significativo en la difusión de producciones audiovisuales con temática LGTBQ+. Este hecho ha brindado la oportunidad de promover la inclusión de este colectivo dentro de una comunidad que se rige bajo el sistema heteronormativo. En 2020, la plataforma de streaming HBO GO estrenó Todxs Nós, serie brasileña contemporánea enfocada en la identidad de género no binaria. Esta identidad es compleja de abordar en relación con la traducción porque existe un vacío académico sobre su representación en los medios audiovisuales y los obstáculos presentes en el proceso de traducción. Diferentes autores como Valdeón (2010), Ranzato (2012-2015), Turek (2013), han centrado sus investigaciones en la traducción de la representación de los sujetos homosexuales en producciones como cine y televisión. No obstante, son escasos los estudios que analizan la representación enfocada en las identidades queer, especialmente las identidades de género no binario. La presente investigación, propone analizar la representación de la identidad de género no binaria en la versión original de esta serie en contraste con sus versiones subtituladas al español e inglés. Se propone analizar las formas de expresión, tales como el uso del lenguaje inclusivo, los disfemismos y las jergas para ayudar a identificar la representación no binaria en esta serie. Asimismo, el enfoque que se emplea es el cualitativo mediante la estrategia de estudio de caso para explorar detalladamente la serie mencionada. Además, se utilizan como instrumentos las técnicas de análisis de contenido y análisis textual contrastivo para cumplir con los objetivos específicos propuestos. / At the present, there is significant progress in the dissemination of LGTBQ+ audiovisual productions. This fact has provided an opportunity to promote the inclusion of this collective within a community governed by the heteronormative system. In 2020, the streaming platform HBO GO premiered Todxs Nós, a contemporary Brazilian series focused on non-binary gender identity. This identity is complex to address in relation to translation because there is an academic void about its representation in audiovisual media and the obstacles present in the translation process. Different authors such as Valdeón (2010), Ranzato (2012-2015), Turek (2013), have focused their research on the translation of the representation of homosexual subjects in productions such as cinema and television. However, studies that analyze the representation focused on queer identities, especially non-binary gender identities, are scarce. The present research proposes to analyze the representation of non-binary gender identity in the original version of this series in contrast with its Spanish and English subtitled versions. It is proposed to analyze the forms of expression, such as the use of inclusive language, dysphemisms and jargons to help identify the non-binary representation in this series. Also, the approach employed is qualitative through the case study strategy to explore in detail the aforementioned series. In addition, content analysis and contrastive textual analysis techniques are used as instruments to meet the specific objectives proposed. / Trabajo de investigación

Undertexter skapade av fans, så kallade fansubs, utmärker sig ofta med att utmana de standardiserade normerna inom undertextning genom att vara friare från deras inflytande. En serie som det har skapats relativt mycket fansubs för är den norska webbaserade ungdomsserien SKAM, som fans började skapa egna undertexter till eftersom de ville göra serien mer tillgänglig för tittare från andra länder. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utföra en kvalitetsundersökning av två engelskspråkiga fansub-versioner till tv-serien SKAM. Undersökningen utfördes med hjälp av FAR-modellen, som är en modell skapad för kvalitetsanalys av mellanspråkliga undertexter. FAR-modellen bedömer kvaliteten på undertexter i tre olika områden: funktionell ekvivalens, acceptans och läsbarhet. Undersökningens resultat visar att kvaliteten på fansubs till SKAM är jämförbar med andra fansubs. Kvaliteten varierar dock en del inom de olika områdena, då båda versionerna fick sämst resultat inom läsbarhet, men presterade relativt bra inom funktionell ekvivalens och acceptans. / Subtitles created by fans, so called fansubs, are known to often challenge standardized norms in translation by being freer from their influence. A TV series that many fansubs have been created for is SKAM, the Norwegian web-based series aimed at teens, which fans started creating their own subtitles for because they wanted to make it more accessible to viewers from other countries. The aim of this paper is to carry out a quality assessment study of two English fansub versions for the TV series SKAM. The study was carried out with the help of the FAR model, a model that was created for assessing the quality of interlingual subtitles. The FAR model investigates quality in three different areas: functional equivalence, acceptability and readability. The results of the study show that the quality of the fansubs for SKAM is comparable to that of other fansubs. However, the quality varies somewhat between the different areas, as both versions had the lowest results in readability, but performed better in functional equivalence and acceptability.

[ES] El despegue de la traducción audiovisual (TAV) tuvo lugar dentro del mundo académico con la aparición de una edición de la revista Babel dedicada a la traducción del cine en 1960. Desde entonces, esta variedad de traducción se va adquiriendo una innegable pujanza. A partir de los años ochenta, los traductólogos coinciden en dar prioridad al aspecto comunicativo intercultural de la traducción. A principios de los noventa, se puso en marcha una perspectiva culturalista de la traducción denominada cultural turn o giro cultural de traducción. Durante el siglo XXI, la traducción audiovisual (TAV) ha alcanzado su máximo desarrollo experimentando cambios significativos gracias a los grandes avances tecnológicos y la eclosión de nuevas formas de difusión audiovisual. A partir del último tercio de la década de los años noventa, esta área de estudio ha visto un desarrollo vertiginoso en los círculos académicos. Sin embargo, los estudios dedicados a analizar la traducción de textos audiovisuales del árabe al español presentan un campo bastante escaso. Con el presente trabajo de investigación, pretendemos abrir el camino para llenar un vacío en tales estudios. Partimos de un marco metodológico descriptivo basado en el modelo de análisis elaborado por Martí Ferriol (2006) que consta de tres parámetros de análisis: las restricciones, las normas y las técnicas de la traducción audiovisual para facilitar la posterior identificación del método de traducción para la variedad audiovisual. El objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en verificar si las tipologías de estrategias traductoras existentes, y tradicionalmente basadas en combinaciones de idiomas con el inglés son aplicables para analizar la TAV para el caso concreto de la combinación lingüística árabe - español. Para ello se realizó un análisis exhaustivo del tratamiento de los términos culturales presentes en dos películas egipcias subtituladas en español dirigidas por Youssef Chahine Estación Central (Bāb al-ḥadīd) (1958) y La tierra (Al-ʼrd) (1969). La elección estuvo condicionada por razonas traductológicas y cinematográficas. La profusión de términos culturales presentes, las marcas de oralidad que el traductor ha de solventar en el proceso traductor y la distancia cultural entre las culturas origen y meta suponían un gran desafío para el traductor. Desde el punto de vista cinematográfico, el director Youssef Chahine se desmarcaba del resto con una identidad cinematográfica propia y las películas, objeto de estudio, recibieron el reconocimiento de la crítica nacional e internacional, siendo seleccionadas en la lista de las mejores películas realizadas en la historia cinematográfica árabe. / [CA] L'enlairament de la traducció audiovisual (TAV) va tenir lloc dins del món acadèmic amb l'aparició d'una edició de la revista Babel dedicada a la traducció del cinema en 1960. Des de llavors, aquesta varietat de traducció es va adquirint una innegable puixança. A partir dels anys vuitanta, els traductòlegs coincideixen a donar prioritat a l'aspecte comunicatiu intercultural de la traducció. A principis dels noranta, es va posar en marxa una perspectiva culturalista de la traducció denominada cultural turn o gir cultural de traducció. Durant el segle XXI, la traducció audiovisual (TAV) ha aconseguit el seu màxim desenvolupament experimentant canvis significatius gràcies als grans avanços tecnològics i l'eclosió de noves formes de difusió audiovisual. A partir de l'últim terç de la dècada dels anys noranta, aquesta àrea d'estudi ha vist un desenvolupament vertiginós en els cercles acadèmics. No obstant això, els estudis dedicats a analitzar la traducció de textos audiovisuals de l'àrab a l'espanyol presenten un camp bastant escàs. Amb el present treball de recerca, pretenem obrir el camí per a omplir un buit en tals estudis. Partim d'un marc metodològic descriptiu basat en el model d'anàlisi elaborada per Martí Ferriol (2006) que consta de tres paràmetres d'anàlisis: les restriccions, les normes i les tècniques de la traducció audiovisual per a facilitar la posterior identificació del mètode de traducció per a la varietat audiovisual. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi consisteix a verificar si les tipologies d'estratègies traductores existents, i tradicionalment basades en combinacions d'idiomes amb l'anglès són aplicables per a analitzar la TAV per al cas concret de la combinació lingüística àrab - espanyol. Per a això es va realitzar una anàlisi exhaustiva del tractament dels termes culturals presents en dues pel¿lícules egípcies subtitulades en espanyol dirigides per Youssef Chahine Estació Central (Bāb al-ḥadīd)) (1958) i La terra (Al-ʼrd) (1969). L'elecció va estar condicionada per raons traductològiques i cinematogràfiques. La profusió de termes culturals presents, les marques d'oralitat que el traductor ha de solucionar en el procés traductor i la distància cultural entre les cultures origen i meta suposaven un gran desafiament per al traductor. Des del punt de vista cinematogràfic, el director Youssef Chahine es desmarcava de la resta amb una identitat cinematogràfica pròpia i les pel¿lícules, objecte d'estudi, van rebre el reconeixement de la crítica nacional i internacional, sent seleccionades en la llista de les millors pel¿lícules realitzades en la història cinematogràfica àrab. / [EN] The advent of audiovisual translation (AVT) took place within the academic world with the publication of a special edition of the scholarly journal Babel in 1960 which was devoted to cinematographic translation. Since then, this field of translation has been growing rapidly. Since the 1980s, Translation Studies agreed to give priority to the intercultural communication aspect of translation by going beyond the translation's purview of transferring texts or languages to transferring cultures. A cultural approach to the study of translation or "cultural turn" was launched in the early 1990s. During the 21st century, the AVT has reached its maximum development undergoing significant changes thanks to the great technological advances and the emergence of new forms of audiovisual dissemination. Since the late 1990s, this area of study has experienced a remarkable development in academic circles. However, the studies dedicated to analyze the translation of audiovisual texts from Arabic to Spanish remain a limited field research. The present dissertation is an attempt to open the way to fill a gap in such studies. The methodological descriptive framework adopted in the present dissertation is based on the analysis model developed by Martí Ferriol (2006) which consists of three parameters: restrictions, norms and techniques of AVT to facilitate the subsequent identification of the translation method adopted by the subtitling versions. The main aim of this thesis is to verify whether the existing typologies of translation strategies, and traditionally based on language combinations with English, are applicable to analyze AVT for the specific case of the Arabic - Spanish language combination. In order to accomplish our aim of study, we carried out an exhaustive analysis of the treatment of the cultural terms in two Egyptian films subtitled in Spanish directed by Youssef Chahine Central Station (Bāb al-ḥadīd) (1958) and The land (Al-ʼrd) (1969). We chose our corpus on translation and cinematographic basis. The abundance of cultural terms in the selected corpus, the characteristics of verbal communication and the cultural distance between the origin and target cultures posed a great challenge for the translator. From the cinematographic point of view, the director Youssef Chahine stood out from the rest with his own cinematographic identity and the films, object of study, received the recognition of national and international critics, being selected in the list of the best films made in the Arab cinematographic history. / Abdallah Mohamed Abdelrahman Moussa, N. (2020). Análisis traductológico de los términos culturales en la subtitulación árabe-español [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159276 / TESIS

La presente investigación aborda la traducción de los rickyisms, aquellos malapropismos y eggcorns que constituyen el idiolecto de Ricky LaFleur, personaje principal de la serie canadiense Trailer Park Boys. Estos rasgos marcados construyen y caracterizan al personaje; pues, los malapropismos y eggcorns generan el efecto humorístico que el material audiovisual promete. Por ello, este estudio pretende analizar cómo se han traducido los rasgos marcados del habla de Ricky en la subtitulación al español latinoamericano con el objetivo de reconocer las técnicas de traducción empleadas y analizar la caracterización del personaje en el texto fuente y meta. Para la investigación se utilizará el enfoque cualitativo mediante la estrategia de estudio de caso. Además, se usarán las técnicas de análisis de contenido y análisis textual contrastivo sobre la base de una selección de muestras del idiolecto de Ricky para desarrollar los objetivos específicos del estudio. / This research deals with the translation of rickyisms, those malapropisms and eggcorns that constitute the idiolect of Ricky LaFleur, main character of the Canadian series Trailer Park Boys. These marked aspects build and characterize the character; thus, malapropisms and eggcorns generate the humorous effect that the audiovisual material promises. Therefore, this study aims to analyse how these marked characteristics of Ricky's speech have been translated in the Latin American Spanish subtitling in order to recognize the translation techniques used and to analyse the characterization of Ricky in the source and target text. The research will use the qualitative approach through the case study strategy. In addition, the techniques of content analysis and contrastive analysis based on a selection of samples of Ricky's idiolect will be used to develop the specific objectives of the study. / Trabajo de investigación

La traducción de canciones es un tema que los estudios traductológicos han dejado de lado por mucho tiempo. Asimismo, la importancia de los estudios de subtitulación, en la traductología, ha crecido recientemente con la inclusión de los productos audiovisuales dentro del canon de lo que debe ser considerado traducción y, por ende, ser estudiado como tal. Por ello, la presente investigación busca tomar como base estas dos categorías para, a partir de estas, analizar un fenómeno más complejo: la caracterización. En este estudio, se analizará el proceso de caracterización de los personajes de la película Les Misérables de Tom Hooper. Se propone, como metodología, analizar, a partir de un enfoque multimodal, los cambios que existen, en la caracterización de personajes, entre el texto fuente (Les Misérables de Tom Hooper) y el texto meta (los subtítulos al español de esta película). Este análisis se realizará sobre la base de categorías conceptuales como caracterización, traducción de canciones, y, sobre todo, multimodalidad —una categoría que se está usando cada vez más en los estudios de traducción. Para realizar esta investigación, se pretende, en primer lugar, analizar los modos presentes en el texto fuente y el texto meta. En segundo lugar, se busca examinar cómo estos modos construyen la caracterización de personajes en el texto fuente. En tercer lugar, se pretende estudiar la interacción de los modos en el texto meta. Finalmente, se propone evaluar los cambios en la caracterización del texto fuente y el texto meta, y cómo se relacionan estos con la cultura y sociedad de las lenguas de las culturas de origen y de llegada. / Song translation is a subject that has long been overlooked by translation studies. Likewise, the importance of subtitling studies in translatology, has recently grown with the inclusion of audiovisual products within the canon of what should be considered translation and, therefore, studied as such. For this reason, this research seeks to take these two categories as a basis for analyzing a more complex phenomenon: characterization. In this study, we will analyze the process of characterization in the film Les Misérables by Tom Hooper. As part of our methodology, we propose to analyze the changes that exist in the characterization between the source text (Les Misérables by Tom Hooper) and the target text (the Spanish subtitles of this film) using a multimodal approach. This analysis will be conducted based on conceptual categories such as characterization, song translation, and, above all, multimodality—a category that has been increasingly used in translation studies. In order to undertake this research, we intend first to examine the modes present in the source text and the target text. Secondly, we seek to explore how these modes construct the characterization in the source text. Thirdly, we intend to study the interaction of the modes in the target text. Finally, we aim to evaluate the changes in the characterization of the source and target text, and how these relate to the culture and society of the languages spoken in the source and target cultures. / Trabajo de investigación

The degree to which the SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation) as public broadcaster gives shape to its language policy and language mandate, against the background of an investigation of language rights, establishes the central problem statement of this research.It is widely acknowledged that it is difficult to define the concept of language rights. Although the language-sociological literature associates this concept with minority and cultural rights, it can also be seen as individual rights. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, it is clear that language rights should be seen as individual rights that can be exercised within a particular community. Although this dissertation provides an extensive juridical and language sociological explanation of the concept of language rights, the description by Judge Albie Sachs will be used as a working definition for this research. His division between the following four fundamental language rights, viz.: (i) the right to use your language; (ii) the right to develop your language; (iii) the right to be understood and to understand other languages as well as (iv) the right not to be discriminated against because of your language, provides a useful investigation instrument with which the degree to which the SABC-TV acknowledges and protects language rights can be measured.It is found that despite the policy documents on national and corporate level that has equal consideration and treatment of the diverse South African languages in mind, it still happens that the SABC-TV fails to give form to the language rights of individuals that belong to indigenous minority language groups in South Africa. Due to this, the research suggests that the extensive implementation of subtitles, as a form of screen translation that differs from lip synchronised dubbing, can make a significant contribution to the acknowledgement and protection of language rights by the SABC-TV.In addition to a discussion on what subtitles entail, the technical nature and specific parameters thereof, a feasibility study is included within which the affordability of this project for the SABC-TV is indicated. It is found that this form of screen translation is ideal for the South African situation because it is cheaper than both lip synchronised dubbing and the creation of new television programmes, but also because it can effectively be employed in regional broadcasts. Furthermore, the use of bilingual subtitles and pivot subtitles are also alternatives that may be considered. It is essential though that subtitles can indeed contribute to the way in which the SABC, as a public broadcaster, acknowledges and protects the fundamental language rights of the multitude of South Africans that belong to different language communities in South Africa. (Written in Afrikaans)

<p>Language-play can briefly be described as the wilful manipulation of the peculiarities of a linguistic system in a way that draws attention to these peculiarities themselves, thereby causing a communicative and cognitive effect that goes beyond the conveyance of propositional meaning. Among the various phenomena answering this description are the different kinds of puns, but also more strictly form-based manipulations such as rhymes and alliteration, in addition to a host of other, sometimes even fuzzier, subcategories.</p><p>Due to its unusual nature, and especially its frequently strong dependence on the idiosyncrasies of a particular language, language-play can generally be assumed to constitute a significant challenge in a translation context. Furthermore, given its non-negligible effects, the translator is not free to simply ignore the language-play (provided it has been recognized as such in the first place) without having taken an active stance on its treatment. However, the difficulties in finding a suitable target-language solution are possibly exacerbated if the source text is a complex multimedia product such as a film, the translation of which, normally in the form of dubbing or subtitling, is subject to additional constraints.</p><p>In view of these intricacies, it has been the aim of this study to analyze and measure how language-play in film has actually been treated in authentic dubbing and subtitle versions. As a prerequisite, the concept of language-play has been elaborated on, and more than a dozen subcategories have been described, developed, and employed. For the purpose of carrying out a meaningful analysis of the dubbing and subtitling of language-play, a corpus has been compiled, comprising 18 family films and 99 of their various target versions, most on DVD, and yielding nearly 800 source-text instances of language-play and thousands of translation solutions.</p><p>The results indicate that especially two sets of factors, among the many that are likely to influence a translation, play a prominent role: the type of the language-play, and the identity and working conditions of the translator. By contrast, the mode of translation (dubbing vs. subtitling), the target language, or the general properties of the films, could not be shown to have a sizeable impact.</p>