Les localités de la moyenne montagne du Mont-Liban sont souvent présentées comme des bastions des communautés religieuses et des chefs politiques. Cet espace subit, cependant, depuis plus de quatre décennies, de profondes transformations suite à différents processus comme la villégiature, les déplacements de populations durant la guerre, ainsi que la périurbanisation et les investissements des ressortissants du Golfe et des émigrés. Au-delà du mythe de la montagne, refuge des minorités persécutées en Orient, cette thèse vise à interroger ce terrain sur l’évolution des territoires hérités, construits par des générations précédentes d’acteurs, dans un processus de mondialisation et de métropolisation. La place des communautés religieuses et des zaïm-s libanais dans l’échiquier politique national ou régional reste prédominante dans les logiques d’urbanisation des différentes régions libanaises. Cependant, l’évolution des différentes parties de la moyenne montagne autour de Beyrouth reste liée aux contraintes physiques et économiques (altitude, accessibilité, ressources…) plutôt qu’aux spécificités « héritées ». Les autorités qui s’imposent dans les localités de la moyenne montagne, en revendiquant un pouvoir basé sur le passé, sont elles-mêmes obligées de renouveler leurs stratégies et alliances pour relever les défis de la mondialisation et des logiques de compétitivité économique. / Moderate altitude localities of Mount Lebanon are often presented as bastions of religious communities and political leaders. During the last four decades, this space however witnessed profound changes due to various processes such as tourism, population movements during the war, suburbanization and investments of nationals from the Gulf and emigrants. Beyond the myth of the Lebanese mountain, a shelter of persecuted minorities in the Middle East, this thesis aims to examine the evolution of inherited territories built by previous generations of actors in a process of globalization and metropolization.The logics underlying the urbanization of different Lebanese regions remain strongly influenced by religious communities and zaim-s (political leaders). However, the evolution of the localities surrounding Beirut remains related to physical and economic constraints (altitude, accessibility, resources ...) rather than "inherited" specificities. Authorities claiming power based on the past are themselves forced to renew their strategies and alliances to meet the challenges of globalization and economic competitiveness.

Le territoire industriel dont Martres-Tolosane est devenu le centre éponyme a une histoire ancienne. L’origine de la production céramique moderne est italienne et remonte au XVIe siècle. Peut-être attirés par les seigneurs locaux, les premiers potiers qui s’installent à Plagne, village proche de Martres, profitent de la présence de marnes calcaires et de forêts abondantes. Dès 1737, des faïenciers, principalement issus de Nevers, arrivent dans les nouvelles manufactures de faïence de Marignac-Laspeyres, Martres-Tolosane et Terrebasse. Après la Révolution, un « Système Productif et Commercial Localisé » se met en place. La pluri-activité des paysans-ouvriers est au cœur de ce système soutenu par une population en forte croissance et par la modicité des capitaux initiaux nécessaires. Des fermes-ateliers et des petites fabriques se créées sur une vingtaine de communes autour de Martres et commercent jusqu’à l’international. Cette réussite repose aussi sur la politique sociale des élites de Martres qui, en assurant une redistribution des revenus communaux, atténuent les effets de la prolétarisation, maintient des salaires bas et perpétuent la société rurale ancienne. La dépopulation de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle touche l’activité qui se rétracte et ne résiste qu’en s’adaptant à la demande en faïence traditionnelle. Les faïenciers copient les motifs des centres français réputés, stratégie de niche qui leur permet de fournir en faïence-cadeaux durant le XXe siècle, les principales régions touristiques. En parallèle, la faïence s’ancre dans le territoire et devient un « produit de terroir » que la crise des années 1970 et les changements de mode semblent condamner. / The industrial area of which Martres-Tolosane has become the eponymous center has a long history. The origin of modern ceramic production is Italian and goes back to the XVIth century. Maybe attracted by the local Lords, the first potters who settle in Plagne, a village near Martres, take advantage of the presence of calcareous clay and plentiful forests. As early as 1737, earthenware makers, mainly from Nevers, arrive in the new earthenware factories created locally. After the French Revolution, a "Productive and Commercial Localised System” is set up. The various activities of the peasant workers are at the heart of this system, supported by a fast growing population and by the small amount of initial capital necessary. Farm-workshops and small factories are established in about twenty communities around Martres and they trade even on the international level. This success is also supported by the social action of the elites of Martres who, by assuring a redistribution of the municipal income, alleviate the effects of the proletarisation, maintain low salaries and perpetuate the old rural society. The depopulation of the second half of the XIXth century affects the activity which retracts and survives only by adapting to the demand for traditional earthenware. Earthenware makers copy the motives of renowned French centers, a niche strategy which allows them to supply the main tourist regions with earthenware gifts during the XXth century. At the same time), earthenware takes root in the area and becomes a “product of the land” that the crisis of the 1970s and the changes of fashion seem to condemn.

L’utilisation de produits phytosanitaires permet de maximiser les performances économiques et productives, mais en contrepartie, l’environnement et la santé humaine peuvent être fortement affectés du fait de leur toxicité. La réduction de l'utilisation de ces produits toxiques pour la conservation de l’environnement et la préservation de la santé humaine est aujourd’hui une demande sociale et il est devenu urgent d’investir dans des modèles plus durables permettant de diminuer voire supprimer les risques. Une solution peut être la transition vers des systèmes de production agroécologique. Pour qu’ils soient durables, ces nouveaux systèmes doivent être performants sur les échelles économique, sociale, environnementale et sanitaire. Une multitude d’outils d’évaluation de la durabilité des systèmes agricoles, basés sur un ensemble d’indicateurs, existe pour les exploitations conventionnelles. Ces méthodes sont peu adaptées aux exploitations agroécologiques, et ne permettent pas de mesurer la performance de transition agroécologique des exploitations agricoles. Dans cet article, nous concevons un modèle de définition stratégique, de pilotage et d’accompagnement du processus de transition agroécologique permettant d’évaluer la performance de cette transition et de simuler les conséquences de modifications possibles. Ce modèle est construit sur le couplage entre i) un outil d'aide à la décision; un simulateur technico-économique et ii) un modèle conceptuel construit à partir de la dynamique du comportement agroécologique. Cet outil est testé dans le cadre d’un projet CASDAR en utilisant des données d’exploitations agricoles dont la plupart sont engagées dans une démarche Agro-environnementale de réduction progressive des traitements phytosanitaires depuis 2008. / The use of plant protection products enables farmers to maximize economic performance and yields, but in return, the environment and human health can be greatly affected because of their toxicity. There are currently strong calls for farmers to reduce the use of these toxic products for the preservation of the environment and the human health, and it has become urgent to invest in more sustainable models that help reduce these risks. One possible solution is the transition toward agroecological production systems. These new systems must be beneficial economically, socially, and environmentally in terms of human health. There are many tools available, based on a range of indicators, for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems on conventional farm holdings. These methods are little suitable to agroecological farms and do not measure the performance of agroecological transition farms. In this article, we therefore develop a model for the strategic definition, guidance, and assistance for a transition to agroecological practices, capable of assessing performance of this transition and simulating the consequences of possible changes. This model was built by coupling (i) a decision-support tool and a technico-economic simulator with(ii) a conceptual model built from the dynamics of agroecological practices. This tool is currently being tested in the framework of a Compte d’Affectation Spéciale pour le Développement Agricole et Rural (CASDAR) project (CASDAR: project launched in 2013 by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, on the theme Bcollective mobilisation for agroecology,^ http://agriculture.gouv.fr/ Appel-a-projets-CASDAR) using data from farms, most of which are engaged in agroenvironmental process and reducing plant protection treatments since 2008.

Cette thèse est une lecture des objets techniques de la société du tourisme en Vendée, sous l’angle de la métamorphologie. Partant des objets concrets, nous construisons une méthode d’appréhension, puis de compréhension en systèmes des mécanismes de production des formes de communication de la société du tourisme vendéen. Au-delà de l’aspect matériel des formes visibles de la communication, des récits de l’invisible des pratiques communicationnelles trament des indices de l’agir des acteurs. L’analyse du corpus, constitué de formes visibles, fait apparaître ces traces sous la forme de tensions. Les tensions sont constitutives de l’agir communicationnel. Elles structurent les espaces normatifs et institués de la représentation et des identités. Elles assurent de plus l’équilibre de la société de « la communication touristique ». La métamorphologie est une méthode de catalyse. Elle rend visible l’émergence des formes à travers leur contexte de production énonciatif. Elle invite à repenser la vie ordinaire des objets techniques pour distinguer le caractère de la médiation des objets, et les mutations de la médiation elle-même. La métamorphologie de « la communication touristique » est technique et symbolique. Technique, car elle décrit les cycle de la vie des formes : généalogie,naissance, dissémination et hybridation. Symbolique, puisqu’elle situe les identités représentées à travers les interactions médiatisées, en ce sens elle est altérité. La métamorphologie appliquée à « la communication touristique » rend compte de la matérialité technique et symbolique des formes. Elle reconfigure un nouvel espace systémique de l’agir communicationnel touristique vendéen / This thesis is a reading of the technical objects of the society of tourism in the Vendée, under the angle of the metamorphology. On the basis of the concrete objects, we build a method of apprehension, then of comprehension in systems of the mechanisms of production of the shapes of communication of the society of Vendean tourism. Beyond the material aspect of the visible forms of the communication, accounts of invisible of the communication practicesweave indices to act it of the actors. The analysis of the corpus, made up by visible forms, reveals these traces in the form of tensions. The tensions are constitutive to act it communication. They structure normative spaces and legatees of the representation and the identities. They ensure moreover balance of the society of “the tourist communication”.The metamorphology is a method of catalysis. It makes visible the emergence of the forms through their enunciative context of production. It invites to reconsider the ordinary life of the technical objects to distinguish the character from the mediation of the objects, and the changes of the mediation itself. The metamorphology of « the tourist communication » is technical and symbolic system. Technique, because it describes the cycle of the life of the forms: genealogy, birth, dissemination and hybridization. Symbolic system, since it locates the identities represented through the popularized through the media interactions, in this direction it is otherness. The metamorphology applied to « the tourist communication returns counts technical materiality and symbolic system of the forms. It refigure a new systemic space to act it communication tourist Vendean

Tourism is a phenomenon conveyed in the feasibility of transforming and reorganizing geographic space. Tourism reassures cultures and social values, strengthens environmental notions and creates mechanisms to make the economy of a specific place more dynamic. In order to unleash this net of relationships, Tourism needs the articulation among public policies, private sector, and local community; depending on the interrelation with many sciences. The following work aimed mainly to conduct an analysis on the transformation of the space of the municipalities Santa Maria and Silveira Martins for the Tourism at the Gastronomic Touristic Route of Santa Maria and Silveira Martins. This area was situaded at the Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil at the borther of the Paraná Basin. Many authors approaching and discussing the subject of Tourism Geography, categories space and territory, as well as the role of the public power in the regional/local development have been consulted to develop the work and support it. The methodology used was the theoretical research, the study of a wide bibliography guiding the proposed topics and the collection of data. These data were obtained through field researches in the Gastronomic Touristic Route of Santa Maria and Silveira Martins, with pre set visits, reading of local newspapers, and photography storage, mapping of some attractive with the use of a Leica Global Position System and notes in a field record. In the empirical analysis of the Gastronomic Touristic Route, it was perceived that most of the offer of leisure and Tourism already existed before the establishment of the route, even though it was not organized as a touristic product. With the signing of a protocol of intentions between the two City Halls of Santa Maria and Silveira Martins, the route was established in 2005. In 2008 the Association of the Gastronomic Touristic Route was established to act in the planning and management of the route. In the discussion of the results, it was possible to notice that the Gastronomic Touristic Route presents distinct territorialities that set though many uses: local community, private sector, and public sector. The harsh and transformations of the space were important throughout the years to consolidate the route as a strong touristic product of the Central portion of the RS. It is necessary, however, an integrated action of the local community with an integrated planning of the two municipalities, in a way that it strengthens the management of the Touristic Route and contributes to for the economy to strengthen and improve the quality of life of the local population. / O Turismo é um fenômeno capaz de construir e reorganizar o espaço geográfico. Ao inserir-se no espaço o Turismo resgata valores culturais e sociais, fortalece noções ambientais e cria mecanismos que dinamizam a economia de um lugar. Entretanto, para desencadear essa rede de relações, o Turismo necessita da articulação entre as políticas públicas, o setor privado e a comunidade local e depende da inter-relação com diversas ciências. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal realizar uma análise da construção do espaço para o Turismo. Os municípios de Santa Maria e Silveira Martins estão localizados na Borda da Bacia do Paraná entre a Depressão Central o Rebordo e o Planalto da Serra Geral, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foram consultados diversos autores que abordam e discutem a temática da Geografia do Turismo, categorias espaço e território, e o papel do poder público no desenvolvimento regional/local para dar suporte teórico nas discussões dos resultados. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa teórica, a consulta a uma ampla bibliografia que norteiam os temas propostos e a coleta de dados. Esses dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisas de campo na Rota Turística Gastronômica de Santa Maria e Silveira Martins, de visitas pré-estabelecidas, de leitura em jornais locais, de registro de imagens em máquina digital, mapeamento de alguns atrativos com o uso do Global Position System Leica GS 20 e de anotações em caderneta de campo. Na discussão dos resultados, foi possível verificar que a Rota Turística Gastronômica se enquadra na modalidade de turismo rural e apresenta nas rugosidades que se misturam no espaço para representar a importância da rota como um forte produto turístico da região Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Porém, é necessária a ação integrada da comunidade local permeada por um planejamento integrado do município de Santa Maria com o de Silveira Martins, de forma que se fortaleçam os laços na Rota Turística Gastronômica e que dessa forma contribua para aumentar a economia e melhorar qualidade de vida da população local.

L’idéologie républicaine s’est largement emparée de la signification hautement symbolique de l’architecture municipale. Comme pour l’école, elle a contribué à lui donner l’image de l’État, c’est-à-dire démocratique et égalitaire. Pourtant, un rapide constat montre qu’à l’échelle du territoire national, l’emprise républicaine sur l’architecture régionale s’est faiteavec plus ou moins de succès, selon que l’on se situe près des grands centres de rayonnement culturels et des foyers politiques actifs. En Bretagne, l’ancrage de la République dans les mentalités recouvre des luttes sous-jacentes qui conditionnent directement la commande publique : de l’enclos paroissial à la mairie-école républicaine, c’est finalement sur le mariage de raison entre la société civile (la commune) et la communauté villageoise (la paroisse) qui se construisent les items du pouvoir. Cette thèse a pour objectif, non pas de démontrer la pertinence d’une architecturerépublicaine, mais plus largement de revenir sur la constitution d’un socle commun de représentations du pouvoir, de l’État en général, et du local en particulier. A partir de l’image puissante qu’elle dégage, l’architecture du pouvoir pose de fait la question de son identité : ce travail offre, du XVIIIe siècle aux années quatre-vingt, de dépasser l’approche purement structuraliste communément admise pour ce type d’analyse, et d’entreprendre, sur la base d’une observation méthodique des sources d’archives, d’enquêtes sur le terrain, du croisement des parcours d’architectes, une relecture de la sémantique architecturale régionale / The republican ideology widely seized the highly symbolic meaning of the municipal architecture. As for the school, it contributed to give her the image of the State, which is democratic and equalitarian. Nevertheless, a fast report shows that on the scale of the national territory, the republican influence on the regional architecture was made with more or less of success, as we are situated near big cultural centers and active political homes. In Brittany, the anchoring of the Republic in the mentalities recovers underlying fights which condition directly the state commission: from the parochial enclosure into the republican city hall-school, it is finally on the marriage of convenience enter the civil society (the municipality) and the rustic community (the parish) which build themselves the items of the power. This thesis has for objective, not to demonstrate the relevance of republican architecture, but more widely to return on the constitution of a common base of representations of the power, the State generally, and the premises in particular. From the powerful image which itloosens, the architecture of the power asks actually the question of its identity: this work offers, from the eighteenth to the 80’s, to exceed the purely structuralist approach collectively admitted for this kind of analysis, and to undertake, on the basis of a methodical observation of the springs of archives, inquiries on the ground, the crossing of architects' routes, asecond reading of semantics regional architectural

The agricultural activities generate an impact on the environment that needs constant study to improve the understanding of the ways, levels and implantation of litigator practices of contamination. The study of contaminants in drainage water from hydrographic water shed is indicated because the ways of contamination can be well done identified. In this sense, this work was organized to study a hydrographic water shed of head in Agudo , RS, Brazil, with a purpose to investigate the land occupation and pollution process, characterize the mineralogy of eroded sediments, study the phosphorus dynamic present in surface material, and identify the presence of the main pesticides molecules used in the tobacco culture. Tobacco is the main culture in the hydrographic watershed occupying 74% of the designated area for annual cultures. The conventional practice of tobacco culture generates furrows and interfurrows erosion in almost all farming area. The annual culture occupies chernosols and regosols that are the mainly suppliers of suspended sediments being 90% of clay minerals 2:1, as smectite. The sediment and the different phosphorus form concentrations are major in the high evasion , but the first sediment that arrives has the greater concentration of particles < 2 μm. The surface sediment has a low phosphorus retention capacity. The surface water analyzed show the presence of active principle of imidacloprid, atrazina, simazine and clomazone mainly the ones collected close to tobacco farming. The active principles chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid were found in water that is designated to human consumption. This hydrographic watershed studied was considered a sick environment that needs actions to reduce the environmental impact generated from tobacco production / As atividades agrícolas geram um impacto sobre o ambiente que precisam constante estudo e monitoramento, no sentido de melhorar o entendimento das formas e grau de contaminação e possibilitar um zoneamento ambiental e uma implantação de práticas mitigadoras de contaminação. O estudo dos contaminantes na água de drenagem de microbacias hidrográficas, onde as formas de contaminação podem ser mais bem identificadas, é o indicado. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho teve como objetivo (a) investigar a ocupação das terras e os processos de poluição, (b) caracterizar a mineralogia de sedimentos erodidos, (c) estudar a dinâmica do fósforo presente no material em suspensão e (d) identificar a presença das principais moléculas de agrotóxicos usadas na cultura do fumo, numa microbacia hidrográfica. O fumo é a principal cultura da MBH, ocupando 74% das áreas destinadas às culturas anuais. O manejo convencional da cultura do fumo gera erosão em sulcos e entressulcos de forma generalizada nas áreas de lavoura. As culturas anuais ocupam principalmente os Chernossolos e Neossolos litólicos que são os principais fornecedores de sedimento em suspensão com ampla maioria (90%) de argilominerais 2:1 (esmectita). As concentrações de sedimentos e das diferentes formas de fósforo são maiores nos picos de vazão, no entanto o primeiro sedimento que chega tem as maiores concentrações de partículas < 2 μm. O sedimento em suspensão possui baixa capacidade de retenção de fósforo. As águas superficiais analisadas possuem a presença do princípio ativo imidacloprid, atrazina, simazina e clomazone, principalmente aquelas coletadas mais próximas às lavouras de fumo. O princípio ativo clorpirifos e imidacloprid foi encontrado em águas destinadas ao consumo humano. A MBH estudada é considerada um ambiente doente , que necessita ações no intuito de diminuir o impacto ambiental gerado pela produção de fumo

The Master's thesis, developed in the Research Line "Integration, Politic and Border" of the Post Graduate program in History at the Federal University of Santa Maria, aims at investigating the role of the uruguayan border caudilho Aparicio Saraiva the century purposes nineteenth and early twentieth considering its social relations in the materialization of a territorial power and territorial of that power. In this sense, the border, the individual, the party and society, print a symbolic capital that characterizes the caudilhismo of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. From a bibliographical and documentary research seek the perspective of political history working with the social and power relations taking in the historical works of the period as in later, in the analysis of documentation (consisting of diaries, letters and journals) the arguments of this research. This research was help FAPERGS/CAPES. / A dissertação de Mestrado, desenvolvida na Linha de Pesquisa Integração, Política e Fronteira do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, tem como objetivo a investigação acerca da atuação do caudilho fronteiriço uruguaio Aparício Saraiva a fins do século XIX e início do XX, considerando suas relações sociais na materialização de um território de poder e na territorialização deste mesmo poder. Neste sentido, a fronteira, o indivíduo, o partido e a sociedade, imprimem um capital simbólico que caracteriza o caudilhismo do final do século XIX e início do XX. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental procuramos na perspectiva da história política trabalhar com as relações sociais e de poder tendo nas obras historiográficas do período como em posteriores, na análise da documentação (constituída de diários, correspondências e periódicos) a fundamentação desta pesquisa. Registra-se que esta pesquisa contou com auxílio de bolsa FAPERGS/CAPES.

Dans cette thèse, notre objectif est l’étude des relations entre espace et pouvoir chez les Huaves et les Zapotèques vivant dans la région côtière du sud de l’Isthme de Tehuantepec, au Mexique. À partir des résultats de recherches de terrain menées dans huit villages, associées à l’étude de leurs archives agraires, nous enquêtons sur les stratégies territoriales que chaque localité met en œuvre pour établir entre elles différentes frontières – physiques, sociales, identitaires –. Émerge alors une anthropologie des lieux, des rapports de forces et des conflits, à travers lesquels nous tentons de déchiffrer les perceptions et les représentations de l’espace, ainsi que la façon dont celui-ci constitue un support d’identification et de pouvoir. En analysant les lieux, surgit la nécessité de remonter le temps et de replacer les luttes pour la domination de cet espace dans l’histoire politique régionale et nationale. Le pouvoir et l’hégémonie régionale ont été principalement détenus par les Zapotèques depuis le XIXeme siècle. Leur mobilisation politique, leur autorité, ainsi que la reproduction de leur identité, se sont construites sur la base de luttes pour le contrôle d’espaces et de ressources naturelles stratégiques. Les conflits relatifs à ces espaces constituent l’axe de compréhension des ruptures, des motifs d’alliances et des affrontements entre les élites régionales, les groupes et les villages. À travers cette analyse, la région se révèle alors sous plusieurs angles et dans sa complexité, en tant qu’expérience à la fois commune et différente pour chaque collectivité. Se révèle également une géopolitique des lieux où se cristallisent et s'illustrent des relations complexes, des enchâssements d’affiliations ethniques, de classe, de familles, de culture et d’appartenance politique. / This thesis examines the connections between power and geographic space in respect of the Huave and Zapotec peoples living in the Southern Oaxaca's Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico. From fieldwork information collected in eight villages and review of their agrarian archives, the study investigates the land strategies that these counties have developed to establish their respective frontiers, whether physical, social, or identity-related. In doing so, the study presents an anthropological view of geographical spaces, power forces and conflicts, and explains the perception and the representation of geographical space, and how land can be a support for identity and dominance. The research continues with a look into history, since it was thus shown that conflicts for domination of the land are closely linked to national and regional political history. Zapotecs have largely held power and dominance in the Region since the 19th century. Their political mobilisation, their authority and their sense of identity were built as a result of fights over to the control of land and strategic natural resources. The study of these conflicts is the key to understand the establishment or breaking of alliances or fights between local elites, groups or villages. Through this analysis, the thesis shows that the various local counties have been experienced altogether identical and very different situations; this illustrating the complexity and the various viewpoints that one can take on the region. The thesis also presents a geopolitical presentation of the territory, in which the complex layers of ethnical, social, family, culture and political relationships are highlighted.

The topic of this diploma thesis is: The Legal consequences of the loss of territory for a state and its inhabitants. This thesis focuses on the loss of the territory due to the submerging of the island states because of a sea level rise. This work is divided into four chapters. The first chapter concerns climate change and its causes, as it is climate change that is responsible for the rising sea level. The subsequent chapter analyses the state as a subject of public international law, and focuses on the criteria for statehood. The third chapter explores the loss of territory and its consequences on the statehood of the affected state. The final section considers the inhabitants of the state and their likely legal status. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the criteria for statehood, first defined in the Montevideo Convention from 1933, are still relevant today. Moreover, the goal is to clarify whether it is necessary for a state to possess a territory (i.e. one of the criteria for statehood) for its further existence. If the territory would indeed be indispensable, then this thesis examines the possibilities of how new territory can be acquired. Additionally, this work discusses the question of the liability of the polluters for climate change. In particular, the question of whether...