We have seen a connection between the ritual dances us humans have been engaging in for a huge part of our evolution and the rave-culture of today. How they both use music and the moving body as a vehicle to access states of being beyond the everyday life. By diving head first in the world of dance and trance we have discovered even more similarities that we today share with the humans 10.000 years ago than we ever could have imagined. We have with the help of interviews and our personal experience tried to capture what the trance means for the human today, and with our research we want to illustrate the similarities and differences between in digital world we live in today compared to the world we have lived in for thousands of years before the digital technology’s advance. This text has been our vehicle to analyse and discuss the things we still hold on to as humans even though the world around us has changed. / Vi har sett ett samband mellan de rituella danserna som människan har ägnat sig åt under en stor del av vår utveckling och dagens rådande rave-kultur. Hur de båda forumen använder musik och kroppen i rörelse som ett fordon för att ta sig till andra sinnesstadier bortom det vardagliga varandet. Genom att djupdyka ner i dansens och transens värld har vi stött på ännu större likheter vi idag delar med människan för 10.000 år sedan än vad vi någonsin hade kunnat ana. Vi har med hjälp utav intervjuer och egna upplevelser försökt att skapa oss en bild om vad transen har för roll hos människan än idag, och vill med denna undersökning belysa de likheter och skillnader i den digitala världen vi lever i idag gentemot den värld människan levt i under tusentals år innan den digitala teknologins frammarsch. Denna text har varit vårt fordon för att undersöka samt diskutera de som vi har hållit oss kvar vid som människor även fast omvärlden har förändrats.

In preschools it is common that mathematics mainly focuses on how children learn mathematics through everyday activities, or on children´s understanding of mathematical concepts. However, views on mathematics-learning are today deepened and extended, and embrace children’s own mathematical signs, visual representations and bodily experiences. The overall aim of this thesis is to experiment with how this extended view in which children´s engagement and creativity is affirmed, simultaneously as they are developing knowledge about the world of mathematics with its procedures and rules. With inspiration from the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze´s and Félix Guattari´s immanent ontology and transcendental empiricism, and from the pedagogical philosophy of the preschools in Reggio Emilia, I have experimented both with mathematics, and with toddlers’ explorations and potentiality. The research-material primarily consists of video observations and documentations, and it is taken from a project with a mathematical topic through a cooperative work by me, preschool teachers and children aged 1–3 years. Methodologically the work is based on one example from the project where some children explores and experiment on geometric objects. In relation to the example some concepts from Reggio Emilia’s pedagogical thinking and Deleuze´s and Guattari´s immanent ontology are put to work, by focusing on the connections that emerge. The study make visible that children explore and experiment with mathematics in what in the study has called “a relational field of potentiality”. In relation to preschool didactics the study stresses the importance of teachers paying attention to and “listening” to children’s experimentations and sign-making, in order not to interrupt what is emerging/becoming. This requires an environment that embraces “the hundred languages” and enables collective experimentation for thoughts and ideas to be shared in “togetherness”. / I förskolan är det vanligt att matematiken främst handlar om det som sker i barnens vardag eller fokuserar på barnens förståelse av matematiska begrepp. Synen på matematik i förskolan håller dock på att vidgas och inbegripa barns egna teckenskapande och kroppsliga erfarenheter. Licentiatuppsatsens övergripande syfte är att experimentera och utforska hur barns engagemang och kreativitet kan tas tillvara, samtidigt med att barnen kan utveckla sina kunskaper kring matematikens värld med dess procedurer och regler. Utifrån de franska filosoferna Gilles Deleuze’s och Félix Guattaris immanenta perspektiv och transcendentala empirism och Reggio Emilias pedagogiska filosofi, har jag experimenterat kring matematik och de yngsta förskolebarnens experimenterande och potentialitet. Forskningsmaterialet består främst av videoobservationer och pedagogisk dokumentation från ett projekt med ett matematiskt ämnesinnehåll genom ett kollektivt arbete med mig, pedagoger och barn i åldern 1–3 år. Metodologiskt utgår arbetet från ett exempel från projektarbetet där några barn utforskar och experimenterar kring geometriska objekt. I relation till exemplet sätts några begrepp från Reggio Emilias pedagogiska tänkande och Deleuze´s och Guattaris immanenta ontologi i arbete med särskilt fokus på vilka förbindelser som frambringas. Det som studien synliggör är att barn utforskar och experimenterar kring matematik i det som i studien kallats ”det relationella potentialitetsfältet”. Förskoledidaktiskt synliggör studien vikten av att pedagoger uppmärksammar och ”lyssnar” till barns experimenterande och teckenskapande, för att inte stoppa barns potentialitet och det som är i tillblivelse. Detta förutsätter en miljö som inbegriper de hundra språken och som gör ett kollektivt experimenterande möjligt där tankar och idéer kan delas i en ”tillsammansskap”.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Kants Projekt der transzendentalen Deduktion der reinen Verstandesbegriffe hinsichtlich ihrer Fragen, Annahmen, und Argumente. Anders als viele Interpreten schlage ich vor, dass Kants Fragestellung in der transzendentalen Deduktion im metaphysischen Sinne meta-semantisch ist. Indem er alle möglichen konkurrierenden Theorien ablehnt, zeigt Kant überzeugend die Notwendigkeit seiner kopernikanischen Lösung und die Plausibilität der Auffassung von „keiner notwendigen Verknüpfung ohne notwendige Instanziierung“. Ich werde argumentiert, dass Kant verschiedene Argumentationsansätze in der transzendentalen Deduktion entwickelt: das Argument aus der Erkenntnis, das Argument aus dem Selbstbewusstsein, das Argument aus dem Urteil und das Argument aus der Wahrnehmung, und dass sie alle in erster Linie nicht im Wesen anti-skeptisch, sondern erklärend sind. Diese von mir vorgeschlagene Interpretation von Kants transzendentaler Deduktion zeigt, wie ernst Kant seinen transzendentalen Weg für notwendig hält und warum Kants Ansatz vor allem als problemorientiert, nicht aber als gründungsmotiviert angesehen werden sollte. / This present work addresses Kant’s project of transcendental deduction of the pure concepts of understanding with regard to its question, assumptions, and arguments. Unlike many interpreters, I propose that Kant’s question in transcendental deduction is meta-semantic in the metaphysical sense. By rejecting all the possible rival theories, Kant convincingly shows the necessity of his Copernican solution and the plausibility of the view of “no necessary connection without necessary instantiation”. I argue that Kant develops different lines of arguments in transcendental deduction: the argument from cognition, the argument from self-consciousness, the argument from judgment and the argument from perception, and that all of them are primarily not anti-skeptical, but explanatory in character. This interpretation of Kant’s transcendental deduction reveals how seriously Kant takes his transcendental path to be necessary and why Kant’s approach should be viewed as problem-oriented, rather than foundation-motivated.

This study attempts to offer a reading of Msimang's poetry from the perspective of deconstruction. In this course it is necessary to introduce and elaborate on certain deconstruction strategies. This is mainly effected in the second chapter, where consideration is given to diachronic and synchronic perspectives on deconstruction. However, not all the ramifications of the various radical insights offered by deconstructive approaches into the various fields are explored, only the significant texts by mainly French theorists and their American disciples are investigated. Secondly, this study seeks to show that the Zulu poems under consideration are highly amenable to a deconstruction reading. This thesis examines the various practices to absorb, transform, and integrate deconstruction and to make the theory applicable as a critical method within the African languages critical environment. In the third chapter, I am chiefly concerned with the claim that a text never has a single meaning, but is a crossroads of multiple ambiguous meanings. Explaining the historical context, the interdisciplinary scope, and the philosophical significance of Derrida' s project are explored in the fourth chapter. Language has no determinate centre nor any retrievable origin or truth. Belief in such is no more than nostalgia, says Derrida. What actually exists is a complex network of differences between signifiers, each in some sense carrying the traces of all others. With psychoanalysis in the fourth chapter, the focus is not on the differences between the deconstructive and psychoanalytic critics, but on their shared assumption that works ofliterature are in some sense indeterminate. These properties lead to the sixth chapter, which deals with intertextuality according to Derrida, Barthes and Bloom. The seventh and last chapter is the general conclusion in which main observations are summarized and important aspects highlighted. Finally, this thesis attempts to illustrate why the deconstructive procedure of analysing texts in such a way as to explicate their partial complicity with the theory, makes this deconstructive reading of Msimang' s poetry possible. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

本文旨在探討CHRISTENSEN.L.R.,D.W.JORGENSON,AND L.J.LAU（１９７１）（１９７ ３）提出二次對數（TRANSCENDENTAL LOGARITHMIC）函數形（簡稱TRANSLOG）二次對 數函數的實證應用，我們所選擇的實證對象為在現代經濟體系，扮演至為重要角色的 金融中介－－銀行。探討的方法：先選出擁有最好先驗理論特性的函數形，作為實證 函數形；其次，搜集資料，建立模型，選定適當估計方法，進行估計。第三，依據估 得結果，做銀行成本函數分析。本文的成本論基礎為BAMOUL（１９８２）競爭市場理 論，函數形的理論則部份應用對偶理論。 所以，本文首章旨在篩選模型的函數形；我們藉由FUSS,MCFADDEN,AND MUNDLAK （１ ９７８）及 LAU（１９８６）函數形標準，比較 CD,CES,……等九種函數形，從而得 出二次對數函數為本文模型最適實證函數形。 第二章則要說明實證資料，實證模型，估計方法及程式設計；這最後頸，本文擬將全 部估計過程製成附錄，以資採信或供有意做後續研究者參考，一改久遭疵議的黑箱實 證過程。 有了估計結果，經整理，第三章即可進行成本函數效率分析，但在分析之前要先交代 分析所依據的競爭市場理論。 最後的分析結果及建議，輯成末章，此即本文。

By extending Husserl’s own historico-critical study to include the conceptual mathematics of more contemporary times – specifically category theory and its emphatic development since the second half of the 20th century – this paper claims that the delineation between mathematics and philosophy must be completely revisited. It will be contended that Husserl’s phenomenological work was very much influenced by the discoveries and limitations of the formal mathematics being developed at Göttingen during his tenure there and that, subsequently, the rôle he envisaged for his material a priori science is heavily dependent upon his conception of the definite manifold. Motivating these contentions is the idea of a mathematics which would go beyond the constraints of formal ontology and subsequently achieve coherence with the full sense of transcendental phenomenology. While this final point will be by no means proven within the confines of this paper it is hoped that the very fact of opening up for the possibility of such an idea will act as a supporting argument to the overriding thesis that the relationship between mathematics and phenomenology must be problematised.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-01-22T11:38:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_MAURICIO_MARTINS_REIS_PARCIAL.pdf: 449656 bytes, checksum: e05ccdc237109adfb48828ef39f704d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-22T11:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_MAURICIO_MARTINS_REIS_PARCIAL.pdf: 449656 bytes, checksum: e05ccdc237109adfb48828ef39f704d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / This research is in charge of responding whether philosophical hermeneutics, which became autonomous within the framework of the thought of Hans-Georg Gadamer the claim of universality of the hermeneutical problem attribute, may be qualified as genuine philosophy. The underlying theme of the thesis covers the main features of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics in order to promote a kind of internal criticism about its corresponding assumptions, especially those that revolve around the universal primacy of the historicity of understanding. It advocates the need to counteract against the transcendental horizon of meaning, significantly accentuated by philosophical hermeneutics through the incidence of historical understanding that runs through each interpretation about the world, the transcendental horizon of normative validity, responsible for critical and reflective bypass any thought that title itself as legitimately philosophical. In these terms, hermeneutics as philosophy, to achieve the desired universality platform, must claim at the same time the substrate of normative rationality validation, so as not to incur into a kind of ontological hypertrophy, acting just like a redundant substitute hermeneutics of Heidegger's philosophy. Furthermore, philosophical hermeneutics should resist, with equal caution of self-criticism, in stimulating too much of this counterpart reflective validity in order to challenge the arrogant place able to propel the verdict of the final word or the last intransitively foundation considered as an ultimate point of view, behold the assumption of its universality stands on the critical path of the metaphysical finitude, that is, on the horizon of a program stripped of absolute or totalitarian overtones. / Trata a presente investiga??o de responder se a hermen?utica filos?fica, autonomizada nos marcos do pensamento de Hans-Georg Gadamer pela reivindica??o do atributo da universalidade do problema hermen?utico, pode ser qualificada genuinamente como filosofia. O fio condutor da tese percorre as principais caracter?sticas da hermen?utica filos?fica gadameriana com a finalidade de promover uma esp?cie de cr?tica interna a partir dos correspondentes pressupostos, especialmente os que giram em torno do primado universal da historicidade da compreens?o. Preconiza-se a necessidade de contrapor ao horizonte transcendental de sentido, significativamente acentuado pela hermen?utica filos?fica pela incid?ncia da compreens?o hist?rica que atravessa toda e qualquer interpreta??o acerca do mundo, o horizonte transcendental de validade normativa, respons?vel pela deriva??o cr?tica e reflexiva de qualquer pensamento que se intitule como legitimamente filos?fico. Nesses termos, a hermen?utica enquanto filosofia, para alcan?ar-se na pretendida plataforma de universalidade, precisa reivindicar concomitantemente o substrato da racionalidade normativa de valida??o, de maneira a n?o incorrer na hipertrofia do ontol?gico, como se fosse um substitutivo redundante da filosofia hermen?utica de Heidegger. Ademais, a hermen?utica filos?fica dever? resistir-se, com igual prud?ncia de autocr?tica, no est?mulo demasiado desta contrapartida de validade reflexiva, de maneira a contestar o lugar arrogante capaz de impulsionar o veredicto da palavra final ou da fundamenta??o ?ltima intransitivamente considerada como derradeiro crit?rio, eis que a assun??o de sua universalidade se sobressai no caminho cr?tico da metaf?sica da finitude, isto ?, no horizonte de um programa despido de conota??o absoluta ou totalit?ria.

Orientador: Clélia Aparecida Martins / Banca: Pedro Ângelo Pagni / Banca: Aylton Barbieri Durão / Resumo: A presente pesquisa trata da relação sujeito-objeto na construção do conhecimento. O problema da relação sujeito-objeto constitui o histórico conflito de racionalidades que buscam a validação de suas perspectivas teórico-metodológicas e a produção de seus respectivos saberes. Apresenta-se, no primeiro capítulo, a relação entre sujeito-objeto segundo o Idealismo Transcendental de Kant. A "Dedução Transcendental", motivada pela possibilidade de se produzir conhecimentos por meio de juízos válidos universalmente, recorre às funções formais da consciência para afirmar, a partir de uma auto-objetivação do "eu penso" (apercepção transcendental), um saber reconhecidamente válido. Mas tal esquematismo de um "tribunal da razão" expressa um conhecimento que é válido subjetivamente, e, por isso, levanta suspeita quanto à representação da verdade e ao progresso da ciência. Por isso, no segundo capítulo, expõe-se a crítica à teoria do conhecimento de Kant sustentada por Jürgen Habermas. Pela pragmática universal, Habermas oferece uma outra configuração da relação sujeito-objeto, inserindo a linguagem como uma instância de validação objetiva de saberes os quais provêm da práxis da vida, e inserem os sujeitos para (re)construírem o entendimento mútuo por meio do discurso. No terceiro capítulo, apresenta-se a configuração dos conceitos de subjetividade e objetividade sob o paradigma da compreensão comunicativa, resultando na construção de um conhecimento falível e perfectível. Finalmente, pelo quarto capítulo, se estabelece uma relação das posturas gnosiológicas de Kant e Habermas com a práxis pedagógica. Uma educação que se insere numa perspectiva crítica e emancipatória requer uma expressão de racionalidade que contemple saberes e ações razoáveis e equilibradas. / Abstract: The present research deals with the relation subject-object in the construction of the knowledge. The problem of the relation subject-object constitutes the historical conflict of rationalities that search the validation of its perspectives theoretician-methodological and the production of its respective knowledge. It is presented in the first chapter, the relation between subject-object according to Transcendental Idealism of Kant. The "Transcendental Deduction", motivated by the possibility of producing knowledge by means of universally valid judgments, appeals to the formal functions of the conscience to affirm, from an auto-objetivation of "I think" (transcendental aperception), one admittedly to know valid. But such esquematism of a "reason court" expresses a subjectively valid knowledge, and therefore, raises suspicion about the the truth representation and the science progress. Therefore, in as the chapter, they expose critical it to the theory of the knowledge of Kant pledged for Jürgen Habermas For universal pragmatic, Habermas, offers another configuration of the relation subject-object, inserting the language as an instance of knowledge objective validation that come from life praxis, and insert the subjects for (re)constructing loan agreement using the speech. In the third chapter it is presented concepts configuration of the subjectivity and objectivity under the paradigm of the communicativ understanding, resulting in the construction of falibility and perfect knowledge. Finally, for the fourth chapter, if it establishes a relation of the gnosiologicals positions of Kant and Habermas with the praxis pedagogical. An education that if inserts in a critical and emancipatória perspective requires a reasonable and balanced expression of rationality that it contemplates to know and actions. / Mestre

We study bounds on the distances of roots of integer polynomials and applications of such results. The separation of complex roots for reducible monic integer polynomials of fourth degree is thoroughly explained. Lemmas on roots of polynomials in the p-adic setting are proved. Explicit families of polynomials of general degree as well as families in some classes of quadratic and cubic polynomials with very good separation of roots in the same setting are exhibited. The second part of the thesis is concerned with results on p-adic versions of Mahler's and Koksma's functions wn and w*n and the related classifications of transcendental numbers in Cp. The main result is a construction of numbers such that the two functions wn and w*n differ on them for every n and later on expanding the interval of possible values for wn-w*n. The inequalities linking values of Koksma's functions for algebraically dependent numbers are proved.

In my doctorate thesis, I have discussed the notion of the experience of the ethical and its political consequences. In this context, I have pointed to the central strategy of Kantian ethics that is called transcendental strategy. Transcendental strategy relies on a concept of causality, which unlike the causality that governs the laws of nature, arises from freedom in its cosmological meaning. I have discussed Heideggerian challenge to this concept of causality from an ontological point of view that gives rise to totalitarian political consequences. In relation to Heideggerian challenge, I have argued that Derrida&rsquo / s critique of Heidegger gives rise to democratic political consequences that reconcile the origin of ethics with fiction through utilization of the transcendence of transcendentality. Thereby, I have argued that experience of the ethical for Derrida induces to similar political consequences with holistic pragmatism.