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Though an increasingly more common occurrence, digital mobile applications are not typically particularly accessible for people with visual impairment. This study investigates the difficulties and consequences faced by developers and visually impaired users when implementing and using accessibility features as well as highlighting the principal considerations when doing so. The thesis employs the two complementary theoretical frameworks Universal Design Theory (UDT) and Critical Disability Theory (CDT) to both capture the functional and social dimensions of accessibility within digital mobile applications. The thesis highlights a knowledge gap among developers and companies, which over time can lead to an accruement of accessibility tech debt and poor design choices. The significance of education and prioritization cannot be overstated, no matter the managerial level. When developing inclusive mobile applications that cater to a wide range of users, it is essential to reframe accessibility features as an investment rather than a cost. A deeper comprehension of the social structures that contribute to disabled people being excluded from the use of digital applications can be achieved in part by incorporating Critical Disability Theory into decision-making processes. This thesis illustrates how drawing inspiration from both UDT and CDT while prioritizing accessibility throughout whole companies can make it possible to create truly inclusive mobile applications.

隨著政府職能的改變，面對財政壓力，引進民間企業的活力和專業創新的能力，委外經營模式成為政府推動各項為民服務業務的主要策略，而以「公設民營」的方式，結合民間資源共同推動老人福利服務工作。 「高齡化」是當今世界各國共同現象與趨勢，近年台灣人口老化迅速，在工商社會變遷與晚婚少子化下更形突顯。為因應「老人照顧」多元化的發展，以何種「老人安居住宅」的型態，達成融入「社區」、「在地老化」的政策目標，引發了研究者之研究動機。 本研究係採質化研究，以文獻分析，問卷調查深入訪談法等方式進行探討，由高齡社會學、公共選擇理論、社會資源整合等理論為分析導引，探討老人安居住宅需求重要性、老人照顧需求層面內涵、公設民營發展、政府及國內學者專家對老人住宅政策規劃方向，最後再結合個案入住老人、社區住民、公民營專家深入訪談，歸納並提供適合社區老人安居住宅之公設民營建議與結論。 本研究發現「毗鄰居住」的社區老人安居住宅，適合台灣傳統家庭的維繫；而公設民營模式可適合老人社會普遍性需求，以全政府照顧弱勢的社會責任。最後，本研究研擬幾項建議如下： 一、 硬體設施：政府擇定設置示範老人安居住宅，委由民間專業團隊經營，建立有效的監督機制與評鑑規範、以公設民營模式建構老人連續照顧體制的初級系統。 二、 醫療支援：政府應整合社會醫療資源，規劃多元醫療體制；及早實施長期照護保險政策；提供老人連續性服務之多功能窗口。 三、 在地老化：政府應推廣社區老人安居住宅概念，落實社區照顧，儘量讓老人在自己熟悉環境中在地老化。 四、 居住安養：運用居住空間「通用設計」概念，建構設置社區公設民營老人安居住宅，以使有限資源運用效益最大化。 五、 資源整合：政府應整合社會福利、現行老人補貼等相關政策資源，以發揮整體效益。 / To cope with the change of the functions and financial pressure, the government conveys the works to private sectors to make good use of their innovative and professional ability, or adopts outsourcing model to promote the social services. Therefore, the strategy of “government owned and private sector operated,” combined with non-governmental resources are provided jointly to promote the welfare of the elderly services. "Aging" is a common phenomenon and trends in today's world. In recent years, as Taiwan's population is aging rapidly, the birthrate is declining and late marriage is prevailing highlighted the need for reform. In response to development of "elderly care", my main question is to investigate what kind of "residential homes for the elderly" to attain the policy objectives of integrating with the "community", "aging in place". This study reviews the literature concerning the sociology of aging, public choice theory, theory of social resources and adopts qualitative research method, such as questionnaire and in-depth interviews to examine the importance of housing demand for the elderly care needs, development of public-private partnership, government policy planning directions for the elderly housing. Finally we work through the case study with the data collected from the elderly, community residents, public and private experts, and draw conclusions for providing the elderly suitable community-dwelling homes and the strategy of “government owned and private sector operated.” This study finds that adjacent to the community residential homes for the elderly, is suitable for maintaining the traditional family ties; and the government owned and private sector operated mode is suitable for the elderly needs. By doing so, the government can fulfill the social responsibility to take care of the disadvantaged. We make some suggestions for further efforts: 1. Hardware facilities provided The government selects the model residential homes for the elderly, and run by non-governmental professional team, and sets up effective monitoring mechanisms and evaluation standards in order to help civil organizations to run the elderly care system continuously. 2. Medical care support The government should integrate social and medical resources, planning pluralistic health care system; early implementation of long-term care insurance policies to provide multi-functional window for services of the elderly. 3. Aging in place The government should promote the concept of community-dwelling for the elderly, the implementation of community-based care as much as possible so the elderly can be aging in familiar environment. 4. Nursing homes provided in the neighborhood To use concept of "universal design" for living space, and build the “government owned and private sector operated” housing in nearby community in order to maximize the benefits of using limited resources. 5. Resource Integration The government should integrate social welfare resources, the current subsidies for the elderly and other related policy resources in order to increase the overall efficiency.

Stadsplanering och arkitektur har traditionellt sett prioriterat visuella värden i staden över andra sinnliga upplevelser. Synen dominans tillsammans med normen able-bodiedness ”den friska kroppen” inom yrkesgruppen gör att personer med blindhets erfarenheter och upplevelser blir exkluderade från samtalet om stadens utformning. Det bidrar också till en exkludering i staden genom att den bebyggda miljön i många fall inte är utformad efter deras behov. Personer med blindhets behov hanteras istället som tillgänglighetsåtgärder i ett senare skede och på så sätt framställs som något som skiljer från ”normalt” yrkesutövande. Denna studie studerar problematiken från en annan synvinkel. Här undersöks hur kunskap från personer med grav synnedsättning som inte huvudsakligen använder synen för orientering eller upplevelser av staden kan komma till nytta för stadsutvecklingen i stort. Syftet är att undersöka möjligheten att ta fram metoder som kan hjälpa till att synliggöra sinnliga upplevelser i staden. Människor har olika kroppsliga förmågor som påverkar hur vi använder våra sinnen och därför kan städer med olika sinnliga upplevelser bli mer anpassade för fler. Metoderna kan bidra till en mer inkluderande stad men även en mer variationsrik upplevelse, för alla oavsett funktionsförmåga, detta med större valfrihet och fler alternativ. Studien är både utforskande och ifrågasättande av subjektiviteterna ability och disability. Slutsatsen ger inte något konkret svar/lösning utan undersökning syftar till att synliggöra problem inom stadsplanering för att sedan vända dessa till möjligheter. Studien bidrar med metoder som kan hjälpa stadsplaneringen att reflektera över sinnliga upplevelser i staden och på så vis arbeta mot en mer inkluderande stad. Bidrar även med ett öppnare samtal om staden och utmanar normen om vilka som får vara med i utformningen av staden. Det finns ett behov av vidare forskning för att kunna använda kunskapen på en mer strategisk nivå, och en stadsplaneringen som vågar ta sig an de nya kunskaperna.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-28T12:25:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Somekh.pdf: 1105964 bytes, checksum: e95f09685cf91805d123f838a61a6076 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T12:25:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Somekh.pdf: 1105964 bytes, checksum: e95f09685cf91805d123f838a61a6076 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / This study presents and questions an experiment carried out in the discipline of Ergonomics, which I teach in a Course of Design at a São Paulo university. The concern of the experiment is to awaken in the youngsters - the future designers -, the responsibility to create a design which is more inclusive and more affectionate towards old people. The project selected with this aim consists of the production of an user friendly guide, which teaches the elderly how to use, by themselves, the APP to watch films Netflix. The work investigates whether there is a gain in the quality of the produced guide and in the learning process of ergonomics when the teaching method includes a more humane view on aging, based in great part on the philosophy of encounter of Martin Buber and on exercises experiencing empathy with aging. The general aim of the research is to elaborate a proposal for a teaching method based on the principles of the science of Ergonomics allied with a theoretical analysis of empathy, and guiding the student of design to adopt a posture of respect with the aged and to seek more inclusive and user friendly solutions for products. The evaluation method of the project consisted of reports elaborated by the students after tests of their user guides with the aged people, as well as questionnaires answered by them in class about their impressions on their work and experiences. The result of the experiment shows that, although a more lasting more positive view of the aged by the young had not been achieved, when the latter would see the former as an active, eager to achieve individual it was possible to witness moments of true empathy during the tests of the guides. With the support of humanist thinkers like Buber, we conclude that it is necessary to continue the fight against prejudices ingrained in human beings and that the educator has nowadays a great responsibility to promote in the teaching environment activities originating more humane, more affectionate and more inclusive view on human diversity / Esta investigação apresenta e problematiza uma experiência da disciplina de Ergonomia que leciono em um curso de Design em uma universidade paulistana, cuja preocupação é despertar nos jovens, futuros designers, a responsabilidade por um design mais inclusivo e afetuoso aos idosos. O projeto escolhido com esta finalidade é a criação de um Manual ergonômico, que ensina o velho a usar sozinho o aplicativo de filmes NETFLIX. Investiga-se neste trabalho se há um ganho na qualidade do Manual produzido e no aprendizado de Ergonomia, ao incluir, na didática de ensino, um olhar mais humano da velhice, baseado em grande parte na filosofia de encontro de Martin Buber e em vivências de empatia com o envelhecimento. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é elaborar a proposta de uma metodologia de ensino fundada nos princípios da ciência da Ergonomia, do design inclusivo, aliada a uma análise teórica da empatia, orientando o aluno de design para uma postura de respeito com o usuário-idoso, de busca por soluções de maior afeto e usabilidade. O método de avaliação empregado consistiu em relatórios elaborados pelos alunos após o teste do manual com os idosos, bem como em questionários respondidos por eles em classe sobre suas impressões dos trabalhos e das vivências. O resultado das experiências mostra, na finalização deste trabalho, que - embora não se tenha conseguido uma mudança mais duradoura de olhar na relação jovem-velho, quando o primeiro veria o segundo como um ser produtivo e desejoso de realizações -, foi possível atestar que ocorreram momentos verdadeiramente empáticos durante o teste final do manual. Concluímos, com apoio em pensadores humanistas como Buber, que é preciso continuar a luta contra os preconceitos arraigados no ser humano e que é muito grande a responsabilidade social que deve ter hoje o educador em propiciar, no ambiente de ensino, atividades práticas, que gerem um olhar mais humano, mais afetuoso e inclusivo à diversidade humana

No contexto da Educação a Distância Superior no Brasil, o material didático tem figurado como um dos principais recursos, no qual, realiza-se a aplicação dos pressupostos do design universal para a aprendizagem, que se trata de um modelo de universalização que propõem o oferecimento de andaimes que visem a eliminar as barreiras desnecessárias, sem eliminar os desafios necessários para beneficiar/proporcionar a aprendizagem do maior número possível de alunos. Ressalta-se que a motivação e a autoeficácia para a aprendizagem tem sido utilizadas em trabalhos brasileiros que as apresentam como importantes dimensões de aprendizagem. Contudo, há escassez de pesquisas que avaliem e mensurem os efetivos impactos destas dimensões no processo de aprendizagem permeado por implementações de propostas didáticas baseadas em princípios do design universal para a aprendizagem. O presente trabalho tem, portanto, o objetivo de avaliar o impacto dos princípios do design universal para a aprendizagem nas dimensões de motivação e autoeficácia do processo de aprendizagem em cursos superiores de Educação a Distância. Portanto, propõem a incorporação de princípios do design universal para a aprendizagem por meio da implementação de quatro propostas didáticas (leitura ou audição voz feminina ou masculina de texto; videoaula convencional ou com legenda parcialmente ambientada; controle de velocidade da expectação da videoaula; fórum com participação escrita, falada ou gravada com imagem e som) na editoração do material didático e testa sua aplicabilidade e efetividade para aumentar os índices de a motivação e a autoeficácia para a aprendizagem. A pesquisa é multimodal e foi arquitetada como um experimento verdadeiro, no modelo de pré-teste/pós-teste, utilizando-se os instrumentos Escala de Motivação Acadêmica e a Escala de Autoeficácia Acadêmica Percebida para aplicação em uma amostra de 238 alunos de cursos EAD de uma IES brasileira. Os resultados qualitativos e quantitativos apresentados evidenciam o potencial do design universal para melhoria dos índices de autoeficácia para a aprendizagem e da motivação, em uma proposta que visa mais que permitir a participação, mas possibilitar o sucesso de todos! / In the context of distance higher education in Brazil, the courseware has figured as one of the main resources in which executes the application of the assumption of universal design for learning, which it is about a template of universalization that propose the offering of \"scaffoldings\" that aim to eliminate the unnecessary barriers, without eliminating the necessary challenges to benefit/provide the learning of the greatest number of students as possible. It is noteworthy that the Motivation and Self Efficacy for Learning has been used in Brazilian works that present as important dimensions of learning. However, there is a shortage of searches that evaluate and measure the actual impact of these dimensions in the learning process permeated by implementations of didactic proposals based on the principles of universal design for learning. The present project has therefore the objective to evaluate the impact of the principles of universal design for learning in the dimensions of motivation and self-efficacy of the learning process in distance higher education courses. Propose the incorporation of principles of the universal design for learning through the implementation of four didactic proposals (reading or listening - female or male voice - text; conventional video lesson or partially acclimated with subtitles; video lesson expectation speed control; board with participation written, spoken or recorded with image and sound) on courseware publication and test its applicability and effectiveness to increase the rates of motivation and self-efficacy for learning. The research is multimodal and is architected as a true experiment, in the template of pre-test/pos-test, using the instruments of Academic Motivation Scale and the Scale of Perceived Academic Self-efficacy for using in a sample of 238 students of EAD courses of a Brazilian Institute of Higher Education. The qualitative and quantitative results presented highlight the potential of universal design to improve rates of self efficacy for learning and motivation, in a proposal that aims more than to allow participation, but enable the success of all!

This study explores the relationship between an Affective Instructional Design (AID), children’s attitudes toward math, and math learning. Participants included 15 kindergarten children at a university K-12 laboratory school located in East Tennessee. This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-intervention (AID)-posttest design. Data, including pretest/posttest attitude surveys, and baseline and intervention non-participant video observations of math learning and math attitudes, during 13 math lessons were coded and analyzed. As hypothesized, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.936, p = 0.000) was found between attitude and math learning. Additionally significant differences were found between the baseline (pre-intervention) mean score and the final intervention lesson for both math attitude, t(14) = -12.39, p = 0.008, and math learning, t(14) = -8.40, p = 0.002.These findings suggest AID could be one route to supporting educators in establishing quality learning environments that promote positive attitudes and meaningful learning in mathematics.

Dans le domaine de la conception d’Interfaces Homme-Système (IHS), un des concepts clés est celui de la Conception Centrée Utilisateurs (CCU), qui place les utilisateurs au centre de la démarche. Bien que cette démarche constitue une avancée considérable pour proposer des solutions qui répondent aux besoins et aux attentes des utilisateurs finaux, elle n’est pas totalement adaptée lorsque ces derniers présentent des déficiences multiples. Egalement, malgré les bénéfices de la CCU, il est constaté que les concepteurs demeurent peu nombreux à appliquer cette démarche, l’utilisation d’approches plus classiques restant encore dominante. Les concepteurs sont peu sensibilisés à la prise en compte des utilisateurs finaux, encore moins lorsque ceux-ci présentent des déficiences.Face à ces constats, notre travail s’est articulé selon deux axes réalisés en parallèle. Nous avons élaboré et formalisé une méthode de conception systémique d’IHS : AMICAS (Approche Méthodologique Innovante de Conception Adaptée Systémique), afin de permettre la conception d’outils et services adaptés aux utilisateurs finaux, quelles que soient leurs spécificités. Cette méthode a été testée auprès d’enfants en situation de multihandicap dans un contexte scolaire et de personnes âgées en institution. En parallèle, nous avons élaboré un système d’aide à la décision, à destination des concepteurs d’IHS, afin de les sensibiliser à la prise en compte des utilisateurs finaux et de leurs déficiences dans les démarches de conception. Au regard des résultats obtenus, nous proposons en synthèse une version améliorée de la méthode de conception AMICAS et une mise en ligne de notre système d’aide. / In the field of Human-System Interface (HSI) design, one key concept is the User-Centred Design (UCD), an approach that considers the user as the centre of the design process. Although this approach is a significant advance to provide solutions that meets the needs and expectations of end-users, it is not totally suitable for end-users with multiple disabilities. Moreover, despite the benefits of the UCD, only few designers apply this approach. The use of standard approaches remains dominant. There is a general lack of awareness among designers on how take account of end-users, even less when the end-users have multiples disabilities.In view of these observations, our work has been structured to two main axes, conducted in parallel. We have elaborated and formalized design method of HSI, named AMICAS (Innovative Methodological Approach of Adapted Systemic Design), in order to design tools or services adapted for users, whatever their disabilities are. This method has been tested to children with multiple disabilities in educational context and with elderly in care homes. Also, we have developed a decision support tool. The purpose of this tool is to help designers to take into account end-users and their disabilities into the design stage. Based on the results, we suggest in synthesizing an improved version of AMICAS and we have published the decision support tool online.

We all want to live in a healthy community. Each of us has his or her own image of what such a community should look like. That image is shaped, in part, by our reaction to the communities in which we now live or used to live. However we often take for granted the elements of communities that enable and sometimes disable many of us to remain active in a community for a lifetime. For older residents, a lifelong community would include elements that help them to maintain independence and quality of life. The physical characteristics of a community often play a major role in facilitating our personal independence. In order to combat the growing challenges and health concerns facing the American lifestyle this research proposes a set of design guidelines that promote sustainable lifelong communities that are universally designed for people of all ages and levels of physical ability. The purpose of developing a set of universal design guidelines for lifelong communities is to alleviate many of the physical barriers and challenges that prevent some Americans from active involvement in the community. The methods employed to develop these guidelines were based on literature review and analysis. This research was incorporated into a new body of practical standards that was tested against a real life community in Decatur, Georgia. These standards were edited and revised to appropriately accommodate the necessary adaptations that were discovered during the evaluation phase. The resultant guidelines are presented with the intention of becoming a usable guide for planning agencies such as the Atlanta Regional Commission and other local and national community design facilitators.

Atualmente cerca de 15% da população mundial possui algum tipo de deficiência. Para estas pessoas o uso das tecnologias assistivas é essencial. A realidade aumentada surge como uma importante alternativa, para a criação de novas tecnologias assistivas, devido às suas inúmeras formas de rastreamento do participante, que, se combinadas, conseguem proporcionar novas possibilidades de interação. Entretanto, o uso da realidade aumentada, no contexto das tecnologias assistivas, não é uma panaceia, pois cada deficiência é única, assim como cada pessoa possui suas próprias particularidades. Portanto, é importante analisar a acessibilidade destas aplicações, para que o benefício do seu uso possa ser realmente assegurado. Esta dissertação propõe um modelo preditivo de avaliação, baseado no Design Universal e na norma ISO 9241-171. Este modelo é capaz de avaliar a acessibilidade de aplicações de realidade aumentada, quando usadas como tecnologias assistivas. O processo de avaliação consiste no preenchimento de questionários, compostos por questões claras e inteligíveis, para que possam atender à um público multidisciplinar, sem a exigência de qualquer conhecimento prévio em avaliação de acessibilidade. O produto da avaliação feita pelos questionários é um indicador de acessibilidade, que representa o grau de conformidade com os requisitos de acessibilidade. A aplicação dos questionários é sensível ao contexto, cada questionário inclui guias de utilização, que contém os requisitos mínimos do participante, para cada critério de avaliação, desta forma, é possível obter uma visão holística da avaliação, que pode ser customizada para cada participante ou generalizada para uma deficiência específica. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é propor um modelo preditivo, para a avaliação da acessibilidade, servindo aos educadores especiais, desenvolvedores e consumidores de tecnologias assistivas, como critério para a utilização ou não das aplicações de realidade aumentada. / Currently about 15% of the world population has some type of disability. For these people the use of assistive technologies is essential. Augmented reality emerges as an important alternative to the creation of new assistive technologies, due to its numerous forms of participant tracking, which, if combined, can provide new possibilities for interaction. However, the use of augmented reality in the context of assistive technology is not a panacea, as each disability is unique, as well as each person has its own peculiarities. Therefore, it is important to analyze the accessibility of these applications, to ensure the benefit of its use effectively. This work proposes a predictive evaluation model, based on universal design and ISO 9241-171 standard. This model is able to evaluate the accessibility of augmented reality applications, when used as assistive technologies. The evaluation process consists of completing questionnaires, composed of clear and intelligible issues, so that they can meet the multidisciplinary public, without requiring any prior knowledge in evaluating accessibility. The product of evaluation made by questionnaires is a numerical indicator of accessibility, which represents the degree of compliance with accessibility requirements. The questions are sensitives to context, each questionnaire includes guidelines, which contains the minimum requirements of the participant, for each criteria, it is thus possible to obtain a holistic view of the evaluation, which can be customized for each participant or generalized to a specific disability. The main objective of this work is to propose a predictive model for the evaluation of accessibility, serving special educators, developers and assistive technology consumers, as a criteria for the decision of use of augmented reality applications.