”Problemet” immigration i ”möjligheternas” EU är en uppsats som ämnar analysera EU:s immigrations- och asylpolitik. Materialet består av olika policydokument, utgivna av EU-kommissionen. Det är en diskursanalys med syfte att söka urskilja bakomliggande mönster för den politik som formuleras i texterna. Diskursanalysen vilken är en breddad typ av textanalys utgör uppsatsens metod. Utöver det diskursanalytiska perspektivet så tolkas materialet utifrån två teoretiska perspektiv. Dessa två består av ett universalistiskt respektive ett postkolonialistiskt. Det universalistiska perspektivet används för att ta reda på hur EU tar hänsyn till mänskliga rättigheter i sina immigrations- och asylpolicies. Den postkolonialistiska teorin brukas i syfte att pröva om politiken kan sägas ge uttryck för en så kallad colonialism of compassion. Resultatet visar att en sådan ”ny” typ av kolonialism är applicerbar på EU:s immigrations- och asylpolicies. Respekt för mänskliga rättigheter är ett återkommande tema i de analyserade dokumenten men slutsatsen blir dock att de politiska idéerna bygger mer på ett partikularistiskt synsätt än ett universalistiskt. En övrig viktig slutsats är att politiken verkar styras av en syn på immigration som ett problem som för med sig mer ont än gott. Benämningen ”olaglig invandring” visar hur EU avser förstärka problemdimensionen av immigration vilket gör att politiken formas därefter. / This thesis aims to investigate the EU immigration and asylum policies by reviewing official policy documents. The method used is a discourse analysis which seeks to uncover different underlying patterns or discourses that might effect the policies. Apart from the discourse analytic perspective there are two theoretical views applicated. These two perspectives are a universalistic and a postcolonialistic. The universalistic perspective is used in order to examine how the EU treats human rights in their immigration and asylum policies. The postcolonialistic perspective is used with the purpose to see if there might be an expression for a kind of colonialism of compassion. According to the result this “new” kind of colonialism can be said to make part of the policies. As for the universalistic perspective it is shown that there is an explicit ambition to respect human rights but the political ideas seem to be more particularistic then universalistic. Another conclusion is that the EU seems to view immigration through a very negative perspective which this thesis claims has an effect on how the policies are written. When the EU insist to speak about “illegal immigration” instead of just “irregular immigration” this shows how they aim to strenghten the dimension of immigration and asylum as a problem.

This paper discusses if Margin of Appreciation is compatible with the idea of universal human rights. Through the case of Negative freedom of association in Sweden, it studies the phenomenon that Giorgio Agamben has called the State of exception. The questions that are discussed and answered are 1) How does the rights theories of Jack Donnelly and Ronald Dworkin relate to Margin of appreciation, and 2) How has Margin of appreciation been applied in cases concerning the negative freedom of association in Sweden, in the European court for human rights. These questions and answers are then used in the discussion on how Margin of appreciation affects the concept of universal human rights. / Denna uppsats diskuterar frågan om Margin of Appreciation är förenligt med tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter. Genom studier av den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige, så undersöks doktrinen Margin of appreciation och hur den förhåller sig till tanken om universella rättigheter. Frågorna som diskuteras och besvaras är 1) hur förhåller sig Jack Donnellys respektive Ronald Dworkins rättighetsteorier till Margin of appreciation, samt 2) Hur har Margin of appreciation tolkats i europadomstolens i fall gällande den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige. Dessa frågor tas till hjälp i diskussionen kring hur Margin of appreciation påverkar tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter.

Syftet med denna kvantitativa studie är att undersöka huruvida det finns skillnader i andelen insatser inom barnavården mellan de svenska kommunerna. Studiens fokus ligger på att analysera kommunernas strukturella förhållanden i förhållande till vilka åtgärder de vidtar i barnavårdsärenden. De empiriska uppgifterna för studien är främst sekundärdata som samlats in från Statistiska centralbyrån och från Socialstyrelsen. Frågeställningarna för studien är ”Skiljer sig kommunerna åt i andelen barnavårdsinsatser och i sådana fall hur?” och "Om det skiljer sig åt mellan kommunerna, har kommunens strukturella förutsättningar en inverkan på andelen barnavårdsinsatser och i sådana fall på vilket sätt?”. Studiens inhämtade data visar att det finns skillnader i andelen insatser i barnavården mellan kommunerna. Vidare visar analyser av data att skillnaderna i andelen insatser är korrelerade, både negativt och positivt till kommunernas strukturella förhållanden. Resultaten visar också att de olika variabelgrupperna av strukturella förhållanden har olika förklaringar till variationen i de åtgärder som vidtagits. Demografi är den enskilt största förklaringen medan ekonomin visar sig vara den minsta mellan grupperna. Den största effekten som kommer av en variabel är kommunens invånares utbildningsnivå. Vidare visar studien på skillnaderna mellan de svenska kommunerna och belyser ojämlikheterna i det svenska välfärdssystemet. Detta trots sina många förordningar för att motverka detta och att vara allmänt känt för att vara i framkant av den universalistiska synpunkten. / The aim of this quantitative study is to examine whether there are differences in the quantity of actions taken in child protections services between the swedish municipalities. Moreover the focus of the study is to analyze the municipalities structural conditions in relation to what actions they take in child protection service cases. The empirical data for the study is primarily secondary data collected from the Swedish Central Bureau of Statistics and from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. The questions at issue for the study are “Do the municipalities differ in the proportion of actions taken in child protection services and if so, how?” and “If it differs between the municipalities, do the municipalities’ structural conditions have an impact on the proportion of actions taken in child protection services and if so, in what way? The collected data shows that there are differences in the amount of actions taken in child protection service cases between the municipalities. Furthermore the analyses of that data demonstrates that the differences in the actions taken are correlated, both negatively and positively to the structural conditions of the municipalities. The findings also shows that the different variable groups of structural conditions have different explanatories of the variation in the actions taken. Demography is the single biggest explanatory while economy is shown to be the smallest between the groups. The greatest effect of a single variable is the education level of the municipality’s citizens. Further on the study exposes the differences between the Swedish municipalities and brings light to the inequalities in the Swedish welfare system. This despite its many regulations to decrees it and widely being known for being in the forefront of the universalistic viewpoint.

I studien undersöks individers olika behandling i det svenska skolsystemet utifrån etnisk, kulturell och religiös härkomst. Fokus ligger på skolans styrdokument och den teoretiska utgångspunkten är den universalistiska och mångkulturalistiska perspektiven på hur en individ ska behandlas och vilka fri- och rättigheter den ska kunna åtnjuta. Studien belyser de olika perspetiven och eventuella spänningar dem emellan. Slutsaten är att båda perspektiven finns representerade i styrdokumenten och att spänningar faktiskt existerar. Där till konstateras det att det universalistiska perspektivet alltid har ett övertag gentemot det mångkulturalistiska. Det redogörs vidare för hur riksdag och regering gjort det omöjligt för rektorer att bevilja befrielse från undervisning på etnisk, kulturell och/eller religiös grund. Avslutningsvis förs en diskussion om möjliga orsaker till den problematik som existerar i de svenska skolorna och vad vidare forskning inom området skulle kunna fokusera på för att lösa dessa problem. / The study examines differences in treatment on grounds of ethnic, cultural and/ or religious group affiliation in the Swedish school system. The aim is to highlight these issues from perspectives of universalism and multiculturalism, focusing on the school's policy documents. The study is carried out by highlighting the representation of the perspectives and the tensions that may arise between them. The conclusion is that there are representations of both perspectives and that tensions do exist. In addition, it is concluded that the universalist approach has a clear advantage and that differences in treatment based on the above reasons do not find support in the school’s policy documents. Finally, possible causes for the situation found in the Swedish school system where differences in treatment do exist are discussed.

<p>The aim for this thesis is to study the international gender equality work from a perspective of the concept of universalism and particularism, with the United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights, and especially -“The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women”, in focus. The shadowreports of Namibia and Sweden are used as examples of how countries with different historical, political and social contexts are working with gender equality.A theroetical framework is constitued by theories as postmodernism, postcolonialism and feminism with basis from social constructionism. The thesis is methodological influenced by Critical Discourse Analysis. Notions from former studies were also used as tools in the analysis. Some of the main notions, which within the concept of universalism and particularism, appeared as difficulties in the implementing of the CEDAW, were religion, law, democracy and superior position for men towards women.</p>

The aim for this thesis is to study the international gender equality work from a perspective of the concept of universalism and particularism, with the United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights, and especially -“The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women”, in focus. The shadowreports of Namibia and Sweden are used as examples of how countries with different historical, political and social contexts are working with gender equality.A theroetical framework is constitued by theories as postmodernism, postcolonialism and feminism with basis from social constructionism. The thesis is methodological influenced by Critical Discourse Analysis. Notions from former studies were also used as tools in the analysis. Some of the main notions, which within the concept of universalism and particularism, appeared as difficulties in the implementing of the CEDAW, were religion, law, democracy and superior position for men towards women.

The aim of this study was to examine how social workers relate to unaccompanied asylum-seeking children, regarding their cultural background and potential social issues. In order to achieve a more profound and comprehensive view of the social workers views regarding the separated children, we selected to execute semi structured interviews with social workers. These interviews were aimed at those social workers who performed assessments and investigations concerning unaccompanied children. We completed nine interviews which we recorded and transcribed in a strict manor. When we analyzed the empirical material, certain themes where identified as more protuberant and thus we our selection was based on what we regarded as the most relevant topics, in accordance to the aim of the study. Furthermore, our focus was set upon the social workers views regarding cultural differences between unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and Swedish children. We also decided to focus on which views these social workers portrayed, regarding the unaccompanied asylum-seeking child’s cultural background and how social issues could affect the social workers frame, their assets and formulation of their interventions, concerning separated children. We learned during our study that the social workers are enduring a heavy workload, especially since the numbers of arriving separated children are rapidly increasing. Furthermore, the economical recourses, in forms of personnel, are not increasing the same pace. In recent years, societal attitudes have altered and more negative and separative views regarding separated children are apparent. However, the social workers have applied a more universalistic approach towards the children to show the resemblances rather than differences between unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and Swedish children. Our study makes evident, that underneath this universalistic policy, culturalization of the children took form and this development also affected how the interventions were framed. Conclusively, this study displays how culturalization of the interventions affected the care of the children negatively and resulted in a declining standard of care, as well as differentiation of care.

This thesis examines a problem regarding the separation of post-mortem persons into ‘heaven’ and ‘hell’, taken to mean two eternal and inescapable eschatological destinations for human persons: the former being an ultimate satisfaction of sorts, the latter being characterized by eternal misery. The question that is contemplated is whether the saved in heaven can experience their heavenly existence as genuinely blissful, whilst at the same time being aware of the sufferings of the lost – especially if the lost consists of one or more persons whom they love dearly, such as a close family member. Arguments given by Christian philosophers Thomas Talbott and William Lane Craig are analysed in order to establish whether the problem, referred to as ‘the problem of eschatological separation’, gives us reason to abandon the idea of an eternal hell and opt, instead, to endorse the doctrine of universal reconciliation. Talbott makes the claim that an eternal hell, considering the problem of eschatological separation, is a logical impossibility. Craig, on the other hand, puts forth two objections that he believes proves that hell is a logical possibility. Both of Craig’s objections are shown to be unsound, and the problem of eschatological separation is thus considered to be sufficient reason for rejecting the possibility of an eternal hell.

Tidigare studier har noterat att svenska folkets motstånd mot fördjupad europeisk integration kan härledas från deras värnandet av välfärdsstaten. Ytterligare studier har funnit att prioriteringen av vissa mänskliga värderingar leder till att individen värderar välfärdsstaten i högre utsträckning. Denna undersökning gör ett försök att bredda förståelsen för hur prioriteringen av vissa mänskliga värderingar kan påverka individen att antingen ha en gynnsam eller ogynnsam syn på välfärdsstaten, och som därmed påverkar individernas stöd för fördjupad europeisk integration. Detta görs genom att använda Schwartz värderingsteori för att initialt skilja mellan Self-transcendence värderingar och Self-enhancement värderingar och analysera deras direkta effekt på stödet för fördjupad europeisk integration. En andra analys görs för att mäta de indirekta effekterna av mänskliga värderingar, kanaliserad genom attityder till välfärdsstaten, på stöd för fördjupad europeisk integration. Data för denna undersökning består av sekundärdata från ESS omgång 9 och använder ett urval av svenska respondenter på N=1474. / Previous studies have noted that swedish opposition to further European integration can be derived from their emphasis on and the importance they place upon the domestic welfare state. Further studies have shown that the prioritization of certain human values will lead the individual to regard the welfare state in a higher respect. This paper will make an attempt to broaden the understanding of how the prioritization of certain human values can influence the individual to have a favorable or unfavorable view of the welfare state, and therefore effect the individuals' support for further European integration. This is done by utilizing Schwartz value theory to initially distinguish between Self-transcendence values and Self-enhancement values and analyze their direct effect on support for further European integration. A second analysis is performed to measure the indirect effects of human values channeled through attitudes to the welfare state on support for further European integration. The data for this paper consists of secondary data provided by ESS round 9 and uses a selection of swedish respondents with a N=1474.

ABSTRACT Aim of the study: This study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on similarities and differences of networking styles across Europe and support either network contextualists or universalists with new empirical knowledge. Method used: A multiple case study was used in this paper. Qualitative data was gathered gathering from 10 interviews collected amongst experienced Swedish, Polish and Dutch entrepreneurs. Findings: Empirical findings have revealed significant differences in the networking patterns in the Netherlands, Sweden and Poland. Main networking motivation for Dutch entrepreneurs is seeking new sales opportunities, for Swedish it is the exchange of knowledge and information. All the entrepreneurs admitted that trust is an important component of network relationship. However, in Sweden trust seem to play more significant role. The empirical findings questioned the theory that trust can be easily transferred based on recommendations. No entrepreneur directly suggested that asked about trust acquisition. In Sweden informal networks are strongly preferred, while in the Netherlands formal network are much more popular. In Poland informal networks are also more popular. In the Netherlands, commercial, paid organizations may be extremely popular given the fact that all of the Dutch respondents participate in them, on the other hand in Sweden governmental networking organizations are quite common, in Poland no respondent have mentioned neither of them. Findings indicate that networking is still not as developed in Poland as it is in two other researched countries. Practical Implications: Common networking patterns cannot be expected in different European countries and background studies should be conducted before entering foreign market. There is still market growth opportunity for commercial networking organizations in Poland. Polish government should engage in more effective promotion of networking amongst entrepreneurs. Contribution: Empirical data confirm the contextualists approach that emphasizes the importance of national differences on networking and warns managers that resemblance of certain patterns cannot be assumed for different countries. This approach was confirmed since the findings exposed significant differences in several areas of networking. Keywords: Business networking, internationalization of business network, networking motivations, trust building, network type preferences, network contextualism and universalism.