I den här avhandlingen är intresset riktat mot svensk utbildningspolitik och medborgarskap. I tider av globalisering, och med ett etablerat svenskt medlemskap i Europeiska unionen, har det nationella policyskapandet kring utbildningens medborgardanande funktion hamnat under ökat tryck. I studien undersöks hur detta hanteras i svensk utbildningspolitik under 1990-talet, en tid som utmärker sig genom betydande förändringar på utbildningsområdet i Sverige. Frågan är, mera precist, vilken riktning för skolans, enligt lag befästa, uppdrag att fostra demokratiska medborgare som utstakas i svensk utbildningspolitik vid denna tid. Genom att fästa vikt vid mål, visioner och motiv som formuleras i utbildningspolitiska 1990-talstexter klarläggs förståelser av medborgarskap som karaktäriserar svensk utbildningspolitik under denna tid. Även en bredare historisk analys görs, ur vilken historiska målsättningar med skolans medborgarfostran som föregår 1990-talets framträder. Studiens syfte är kritiskt. Förståelserna granskas utifrån vad de innesluter och vad de utesluter, vilka möjliga konsekvenser de kan tänkas få för olika individer och grupper i samhället, och om det finns öppningar för tänkbara alternativ. Studien visar på två historiska skiften vad gäller medborgarskapets innehåll och mening i det inhemska policyskapandet. Det första skiftet äger rum under 1990-talets tidiga del. Då bryts en etablerad samhällsbyggande medborgarroll upp, till förmån för andra mera marknadsorienterade medborgarroller. Under 1990-talets senare del, då marknadsorienteringen förstärks i neoliberal riktning, sker ett andra skifte; en historiskt vedertagen gemenskapstanke – nationen – bryts upp som grund för medborgerlig gemenskap. Denna tanke ersätts av en annan som är globaliseringsinriktad, vilken visar sig ha andra inne- och uteslutande mekanismer för olika individer och samhällsgrupper. Utifrån dessa forskningsrön tecknas avslutningsvis några konturer till ett alternativt sätt att tänka kring medborgarskap och gemenskap. Detta alternativ tar form i ambitionen att, i högre grad än vad som blir synligt i svensk utbildningspolitik, resonera kring möjligheter för ett medborgarskap bortom förhandstecknade indelningsgrunder för ett “vi”. Språk som politisk och samhällelig förändringskraft ges en central betydelse i avhandlingen. I analysen av texternas tal om skolans medborgarfostrande roll undersöks pågående politiska motsättningar när det gäller att vinna tal- och tolkningsföreträde till skolans fostransmål. Utgångarna av dessa motsättningar belyses genom tre områden för medborgarfostran som urskilts som centrala; ett politiskt, ett kulturellt samt ett ekonomi- och arbetslivsriktat. Genom dessa har rådande medborgarskapsdiskurser tagit form, ur vilka de utbildningspolitiska förståelserna av medborgarskap gestaltas och diskuteras. / In this thesis attention is drawn to Swedish education policy and citizenship. In times of globalization, and with Swedish membership of the European Union, national policymaking concerning the commissioned role of citizen upbringing has come under increased pressure. In this study, light is shed on how this issue is given shape in Swedish education policy in the 1990s, a period marked by significant changes in the field of education in Sweden. The core question is, more precisely, what direction is being marked out for the Swedish schools´ commission, laid down by law, to foster democratic citizens during this period. By taking an interest in how objectives, visions and motives are formulated in education policy texts from the 1990s, understandings of citizenship are mapped that characterize Swedish education policy during this period. In addition, a more extensive analysis is carried out, by means of which historical goals of the schools’ fostering of citizens prior to those of the 1990s are presented. The aim of the study is critical. The understandings are reviewed in order to revise what they include and exclude, as well as what possible consequences they may have for different individuals and groups, and whether there are conceivable alternatives. It is emphasised that two historical changes take place during the 1990s concerning the subject of the content and meaning of citizenship in Swedish education policymaking. Firstly, during the first part of the 1990s, a historically established citizen role is changed and replaced by other, more market-oriented roles. During the latter part of the 1990s, when the market orientation is reinforced in neo liberal courses, a second change emerges, the historically accepted basic idea of inclusion – the nation – as the “we”-creating reference for civic spirit is shattered. It is replaced by another – globalization – with other qualities that include and exclude different individuals and groups. Finally, on the basis of these findings, some conditions for a possible alternative are sketched. This alternative is given shape with the ambition of, to a greater extent than is made visible in Swedish Education policy, reasoning about possibilities beyond presupposed dividing properties for a “we”. The power of language for political and societal change has an important role in this dissertation. Political clashes concerning achieving preferential access to talk and interpretation about upbringing objectives are examined by analyzing the texts’ talk about the schools’ commission to foster citizens. Light is shed on the outcomes of these clashes by examining three vital areas for citizen upbringing, found to be crucial in this context: a political one, a cultural one and an economical and working-life oriented one. These citizenship discourses are elucidated and understandings of citizenship in Swedish education policy are given form and alternatives are discussed.

Avui dia creix cada vegada més l'interès social en la recuperació, valorització i promoció del patrimoni i la tradició alimentària com a estratègia per generar un recurs econòmic des del territori (Ascher, 2005:119). L'alimentació a través de la cuina i la gastronomia s'ha convertit en un recurs explorat i explotat per part de diverses institucions (Tresserras, Medina, Matamala 2007:218). Els actius del propi territori es converteixen en l'eina per generar un valor econòmic que faci a la comunitat sostenible. Part del model de desenvolupament territorial vigent es fonamenta en la capacitat d'atracció turística dels llocs on el procés de patrimonialització de l'alimentació és un exemple de com un recurs esdevé un producte de comerç i una eina de desenvolupament del territori. ¿De quina manera es construeix el patrimoni? Quins són els agents que participen i quins resultats s'aconsegueixen? Quins beneficis reals aporten l'ús turístic del patrimoni? Quines són les infraestructures que es generen? Quina percepció té la societat del paisatge o de l'entorn resultant? Aquestes són preguntes que han alimentat l'interès d'aquesta investigació. S'ha emmarcat l'objecte d'estudi a la Denominació d'Origen de vins Alella, tant a través d'algunes parts com del tot que conformen el seu àmbit geogràfic. El discurs del procés de patrimonialització i les estratègies que es duen a terme per part dels agents implicats en particular i de la ciutadania en general que formen part de l'àmbit geogràfic de producció de la DO és el focus en què s'ha posat atenció per descriure i analitzar un cas particular de procés de mercantilització de la tradició i el patrimoni. La investigació pretén mostrar i analitzar un cas particular de procés de patrimonialització d'un producte alimentari amb la dificultat que comporta ser un procés de construcció viu, subjecte a variacions, mutacions i canvis. Tradició, patrimoni, herència, transmissió, realitat, invenció, espectacle, representació, còpia, autèntic i diferenciació són conceptes clau que s'han tingut en compte en aquesta investigació. / Nowadays increasingly growing social interest in recovery, enhancement and promotion of heritage and tradition food as a strategy to generate an economic resource from the territory (Ascher, 2005:119). Feeding through the cooking and gastronomy has become a resource explored and exploited by various institutions (Tresserras, Medina, Matamala 2007:218). The assets of the territory itself become the tool to generate an economic value that makes a sustainable community. Part of the current territorial development model is based on the capacity of tourist attraction places where patrimonial process of feeding is an example of how a resource becomes a trading product and territorial development tool. How is built heritage? What are the actors involved and what results are achieved? What real benefits bring heritage tourism use? What are the infrastructures that are generated? What is your perception of society resulting landscape or environment? These are questions that have fueled the interest of this research. It has been framed in order to study in the Denomination of Origin wines Allela, both through some parts and the whole that make geographical area. The speech patrimonialization process and strategies carried out by particular stakeholders and the general public as part of the geographical scope of the DO production is the focus in which attention has been paid to describe and analyze a particular case of commodification of tradition and heritage. The research aims to display and analyze a particular case patrimonialization processing of a food product with the difficulty involved in being an active construction process, subject to variations, mutations and changes. Tradition, heritage, inheritance, transmission, reality, invention, show, representation, copy, authentic and differentiation are key concepts that have been considered in this research.

This paper aims to describe and elaborate on a recent discursive change within the new-age movement. Since the seventies and the publishing of speculative popular science books like The Tao of Physics by Fritjof Capra and The self-aware Universe by Amit Goswami, the idea that quantum physics resonates with spirituality has become the topic of hundreds of books and movies. The quantum-spiritual discourse has three distinct ways to approach quantum physics in its discussion on spirituality: The parallelistic approach which emphasizes the similarities between eastern philosophies and modern physics, the monistic-idealistic approach which tells us that mind is the foundation of matter and the scientific spiritual approach which tries to explain spiritual claims scientifically. In the quantum-spiritual discourse, quantum physical phenomena (e.g. non-locality and entanglement) are being called upon to validate metaphysical statements. The primary assumption of the discourse is that the shift of paradigm due to the establishment of modern physics also is a shift of paradigm of spirituality. With the object to examine the common claims made in the discourse, cross-references between spiritual arguments and facts of quantum physics are being made. A discussion is held about the probable influence of the historical context, with particular focus on the monistic evolvement during the late nineteenth century.

In situ and online Raman spectroscopy - also known as Raman monitoring - offers the excellent opportunity among other possibilities for the evaluation of Raman spectra to investigate semiconductor layers during their growth without any interruption. Not only the surface properties of such layers can be studied, also simultaneously the substrate and the interface layer/substrate can be analysed. This study presents the analysis of growth processes of ZnS/sub x/Se/sub(1-x)/ and GaN layers as well the investigation of nitrogen doped ZnSe:N. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was used for the fabrication of these layers. The analysis of the Raman spectra was focused on the chemical composition of the semiconductor material, the stress in layer and substrate, the incorporation of extraneous atoms like nitrogen radicals into a crystal, the doping and structural order of the semiconductor and as well on the crystalline and amorphous phase of the material. Additionally to the MBE growth processes, the temperature induced resonant Raman scattering of ZnS/sub x/Se/sub(1-x)/ and ZnSe:N and also the desorption, adsorption and phase transition of a-As, a-Se and Sb were studied. Further investigations were undertaken on the nitridation of GaAs(100) by means of a nitrogen plasma generated in an rf-plasma source. The properties and changes of the semiconductor layers and the substrate depending on the layer thickness during growth are evaluated. The results are compared with theoretical models (e.g. spatial correlation model and modified random-element-isodisplacement (MREI) model). / In situ- und online-Raman-Spektroskopie – oder auch Raman-Monitoring genannt – bietet unter anderem die ausgezeichnete Möglichkeit, das Wachstum von Halbleiterschichten ohne Unterbrechung zu verfolgen. Dabei können nicht nur die Oberflächeneigenschaften untersucht werden, sondern es können gleichzeitig auch Informationen über das Substrat und über die Grenzfläche Schicht/Substrat gemacht werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Wachstumsprozesse von ZnS/sub x/Se/sub(1-x)/- und GaN-Schichten sowie des stickstoffdotierten ZnSe:N untersucht. Zur Schichtherstellung wurde die Molekularstrahlepitaxie (MBE) verwendet. Das Hauptaugenmerk wurde dabei auf die chemische Zusammensetzung der Halbleitermaterialien, Verspannungen von Schicht und Substrat, auf den Einbau von Fremdatomen wie Stickstoffradikale in ein Kristall, die Dotierung und die strukturelle Ordnung der Halbleiter sowie deren kristalline und amorphe Phase gerichtet. Neben den MBE-Wachstumsprozessen wurden temperaturinduzierte resonante Raman-Streuung an ZnS/sub x/Se/sub(1-x)/ und ZnSe:N sowie Desorptions-, Adsorptions- und Phasenübergänge von a-As, a-Se und Sb studiert. Die Nitridierung von GaAs(100) mittels eines Stickstoffplasmas aus einer rf-Quelle wurde ebenso untersucht. Die Eigenschaften und Veränderungen der Halbleiterschichten und der Substrate während des Wachstums werden in Abhängigkeit von der Schichtdicke dargelegt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit entsprechenden theoretischen Modellen (z.B. Spatial-Correlation-Modell und Modified Random-Element-Isodisplacement (MREI)-Modell) verglichen.

No description available.

Dans ce travail de thèse a été développé et étudié un nouveau type d'objet semiconducteur magnétique : des boîtes quantiques de CdMnTe insérées dans des nanofils de ZnTe/ZnMgTe constituant une structure de type cœur-coquille. L'objectif était d'étudier la croissance par épitaxie par jets moléculaires et les propriétés fondamentales de ces hétéro-structures complexes. Dans ce but deux aspects principaux ont été abordés : i) la qualité et le contrôle des propriétés structurales, électroniques et magnétiques de ces objets, grâce à une maîtrise de leur croissance et ii) l'obtention d'informations quantitatives locales sur la composition chimique de ces nanostructures inhomogènes. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons divisé notre étude en quatre étapes. La première étape de ce travail a été concentrée sur l'étude quantitative de la formation des particules d'or servant de catalyseurs à la croissance des nanofils. La seconde étape a porté sur l'analyse des mécanismes de croissance et des paramètres gouvernant la croissance des fils de ZnTe. En particulier deux types de fils ont été observés : des fils cylindriques de structure wurtzite et des fils coniques de structures zinc-blende. Un modèle de croissance guidée par la diffusion a été utilisé pour rendre compte de certains des résultats quantitatifs présentés dans cette partie. La troisième étape a concerné l'insertion de boîtes quantiques de CdMnTe dans des nanofils de structure cœur-coquille ZnTe/ZnMgTe. Une étude préalable des paramètres pertinents influençant les propriétés magnéto-optiques de ces objets, tels que le confinement de la boîte quantique, l'incorporation du Mn et l'anisotropie de contrainte créée par la structure, a été menée. La quatrième et dernière étape de ce travail a porté sur l'interprétation quantitative de mesures d'analyse dispersive en énergie effectuées sur des nanofils de structure cœur-multicoquille. Un modèle géométrique a été proposé, permettant de retrouver la forme, les dimensions et la composition chimique des boîtes quantiques et des coquilles. Cette étude a été couplée à des mesures de caractérisation telles que la cathodo-luminescence, la micro-photo-luminescence et la spectroscopie magnéto-optique effectuées sur le même nanofil. / In this PhD work a novel type of magnetic semiconductor object has been developed: Cd(Mn)Te quantum dots embedded in ZnTe/ZnMgTe core-shell nanowires. The goal was to investigate the growth, by molecular beam epitaxy, and the fundamental properties of these complex heterostructures. For that purpose, two main issues were addressed: i) gaining control of the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of these quantum objects by mastering their growth; and ii) obtaining quantitative local knowledge on the chemical composition of those non-homogeneous nanostructures. To tackle these topics, our research was divided into four stages. The first stage was devoted to perform a quantitative study of the formation process of the Au particles that catalyze the growth of nanowires. The second stage involved the analysis of the mechanisms and parameters governing the growth of ZnTe nanowires. In particular, two different types of nanowires were found: cone-shaped nanowires with the zinc-blende crystal structure and cylinder-shaped nanowires with the hexagonal wurtzite structure. A diffusion-driven growth model is employed to fit some of the quantitative results presented in this part. The third stage focused on the insertion of pure CdTe quantum dots containing Mn ions in the core-shell nanowires. An initial study of the relevant parameters influencing the magneto-optical properties of these objects, such as the quantum dot confinement, the Mn incorporation, and the strain anisotropy, was performed. The four and last stage of this work concerned the quantitative interpretation of Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements performed on single core-multishell nanowires. A geometrical model was proposed to retrieve the shape, the size and the local composition of the quantum dot insertions and of the multiple layers of the heterostructures. This study was coupled to other complementary characterization measurements on the same nanowire, such as cathodo-luminescence, micro-photo-luminescence and magneto-optical spectroscopy.

The research presented in this dissertation adopts an empirical Saussurean structuralist approach to elucidating the true meaning of the verb patterns characterised formally by vowel lengthening in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The verbal system as a whole is examined in order to place the patterns of interest (III and VI) in context, the complexities of Arabic verbal morphology are explored and the challenges revealed by previous attempts to draw links between form and meaning are presented. An exhaustive dictionary survey is employed to provide quantifiable data to empirically test the largely accepted view that the vowel lengthening patterns have mutual/reciprocal meaning. Finding the traditional explanation inadequate and prone to too many exceptions, alternative commonalities of meaning are similarly investigated. Whilst confirming the detransitivising function of the ta- prefix which derives pattern VI from pattern III, analysis of valency data also precludes transitivity as a viable explanation for pattern III meaning compared with the base form. Examination of formally similar morphology in certain nouns leads to the intuitive possibility that vowel lengthening has aspectual meaning. A model of linguistic aspect is investigated for its applicability to MSA and used to isolate the aspectual feature common to the majority of pattern III and pattern VI verbs, which is determined to be atelicity. A set of verbs which appear to be exceptional in that they are not attributable to atelic aspectual categories is found to be characterised by inceptive meaning and a three-phase model of event time structure is developed to include an inceptive verbal category, demonstrating that these verbs too are atelic. Thus the form-meaning relationship which is discovered is that the vowel lengthening verbal patterns in Modern Standard Arabic have atelic aspectual meaning.

Cette thèse a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de complexation des terres rares par les acides humiques afin d'expliquer la variabilité des spectres de terres rares observée dans les eaux riches en matière organique. Cette étude montre que l'hétérogénéité des groupements fonctionnels complexants des acides humiques peut induire différents types de spectres de complexation des terres rares en fonction des conditions physico-chimiques. En effet, à pH acide, lorsque le rapport terres rares/acides humiques augmente, les terres rares se lient majoritairement à des sites carboxyliques multidentates puis monodentates qui ont, respectivement, une plus forte affinité pour les terres rares lourdes et intermédiaires. Lorsque le pH augmente, la participation de sites phénoliques devient plus importante pour les terres rares lourdes tandis que les légères restent liées à des sites carboxyliques. Des expériences de compétition entre les terres rares et le fer ou l'aluminium pour la complexation par les acides humiques ont également été réalisées. A pH neutre, Al est un plus fort compétiteur pour les terres rares légères, et se lie donc préférentiellement à des sites carboxyliques, tandis que Fe est un compétiteur pour toutes les terres rares, et se lie donc aussi bien aux sites carboxyliques que phénoliques. Ainsi, le rapport cation dissous/acides humiques, le pH et la natures des cations compétiteurs peuvent expliquer la variabilité des spectres de terres rares observée dans les eaux naturelles. De plus, les terres rares peuvent être utilisées comme sonde des mécanismes de complexation des cations par les acides humiques, comme ici pour Al et Fe.

Sverigedemokraterna är ett radikalt högerpopulistiskt parti som fortsätter att öka sedan valet år 2010. Vid en opinionsundersökning i april 2012 skulle partiet få 8 procent av medborgarnas röster. Syftet med vår uppsats är att förstå och förklara vilka orsaker som ligger till grund för att allt fler medborgare röstar på Sverigedemokraterna. För att kunna besvara syftet med uppsatsen har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie genom att med semistrukturerade intervjuer undersöka upplevelser och attityder till dagens samhällsförändringar bland Sverigedemokraternas väljare och relatera deras upplevelser till tidigare forskning inom ämnet. För att besvara vårt syfte blir frågeställningarna följande: På vilket sätt kan SD som parti locka allt fler väljare i dagens globaliserade Sverige? Vilka faktorer kan ligga till grund för att vissa medborgare röstar på SD? Samt vad tror de att SD kan bidra med och förändra i det svenska samhället och mer specifikt för deras egen situation? Vårt teoretiska ramverk är globalisering, representationen ”Vi och Dom”, nation/nationalism och välfärdschauvinism. Med dessa teorier kommer vi ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv förklara vilka samhällsprocesser som interagerar med väljarnas vardagssituation och därmed ligger till grund för deras politiska beslut. Det slutgiltiga resultatet visar att radikal högerpopulistisk retorik är genomgående i samtliga intervjuer. Invandring och välfärdsfrågor var det viktigaste faktorerna till varför intervjupersonerna röstade på Sverigedemokraterna. / The Sweden Democrats is a radical right wing party who continue to increase since the elections in 2010. At a poll in April 2012, the party would get 8 percent of the votes. The purpose of our paper is to understand and explain the reasons underlying that more and more citizens vote for the Sweden Democrats. To be able to respond to the purpose of the paper, we have chosen to make a qualitative study by using semi-structured interviews examine the experiences and attitudes of today's social changes among the Sweden Democrats ' voters and relate their experiences to the previous research on the subject. To answer our purpose becomes the following questions: In what way can the SD as an increasing number of voters in the party attract today's globalized Sweden? What factors can serve as the basis for that some citizens vote on SD? What do they think that SD can contribute and change in Swedish society and more specifically for their own situation? Our theoretical framework is globalization, representation "We and Them" nation/nationalism and welfare-chauvinism. With these theories we come from a sociological perspective to explain what social processes that interact with voters ' living situation and thus is the basis for their policy decisions. The final result shows that radical right wing rhetoric is consistently in all interviews. Immigration and welfare issues were the main factors why the respondents voted for the Sweden Democrats.

技師服務具有高度專業性與技術性，且與一國基礎建設具重大關係，攸關人民生命財產安全，往往受到各國政府之管制。各國為確保技師服務提供之品質，通常對於技師服務進行證照管制，令技師服務之提供限於取得該國技師資格與執業執照者始得為之。有關技師資格與核發執業執照之規定通常散落於各國國內規章中，該等國內規章之適用勢必將對技師服務貿易產生影響。 在世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization，以下簡稱WTO)之服務貿易總協定下(General Agreement on Trade in Services)，WTO會員基於自願性之基礎對各項服務部門之市場開放提出承諾，技師服務屬於專業服務之範疇，亦包含於會員可能提出開放承諾之範圍內。由於各會員國內規章之規定並不須納入會員服務貿易特定承諾表內，因此若欲了解技師服務貿易自由化之情形，除須檢視各國對於技師服務所為之開放承諾外，亦應瞭解國內規章對於技師服務貿易所造成之限制。 本文以技師資格相關之國內規章為出發點，探討國內規章對於技師服務貿易自由化所產生之影響，並針對目前國際間有關技師資格之相互認許進行討論，最後對於未來技師服務貿易自由化提出建議。 / Engineering services, with high professional specialty and technical background, plays an essential role in national infrastructure and is fatal to public security. To ensure the quality of the services provided, national governments usually implement the license regulation on engineering services. Only those who obtain the engineer qualification and acquire the license can practice their own specialty. The requirement for engineer qualification and license issuing, containing in the domestic regulations, will definitely have the impact on trades of engineering services. Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter the “WTO”), WTO members make market-access commitments on a number of service sectors on the basis of voluntary. Since engineering services belongs to the category of professional services, it may also be the subject included in the commitments made by members. Since members have no obligations to inscribe domestic regulations in their schedules of specific commitments, with the purpose to understand the practical trade liberalization of engineering services, we should not simply focus on the commitments made by members, the limitation to trade of engineering services caused by domestic regulations should also be taken into consideration. This thesis initiates with the relevant domestic regulations of engineer qualification, observing how those regulations would affect the trade liberalization of engineering services. It accordingly discusses the nowadays international mutual recognition system of engineer qualification, and ends with some suggestions and thoughts regarding the future trade liberalization of engineering services.