En juillet 2007, la Cour suprême du Canada s’est prononcée pour la première fois sur un litige lié au commerce électronique et dont les faits sont nés au Québec. L’affaire est d’une grande banalité : un contrat de consommation conclu par la voie de l’internet donna lieu à un litige car le prix proposé par le commerçant était erroné. Dans ce jugement historique, la Cour suprême a renversé les décisions des cours inférieures et est allée dans la direction contraire d’une modification législative adoptée le lendemain des auditions à la Cour, qui ne s’appliquait pas au cas en l’espèce. Ce jugement a causé des débats non seulement sur ce que la Cour a dit, mais aussi quant à l’opportunité qui lui était offerte de clarifier plusieurs questions d’importance. Ce mémoire utilise l’affaire Dell comme fil conducteur de l’étude du contrat de cyberconsommation et traite aussi de certaines questions incidentes sur ce droit en constant changement. En premier lieu, nous étudions le contrat de cyberconsommation et ensuite nous examinons le fond de l’affaire, une question qui n’a d’ailleurs pas encore reçu une analyse judiciaire. Dans la dernière partie, nous faisons une analyse critique des questions juridiques traitées par la Cour suprême. Nous concluons en remarquant que la Cour a perdu une occasion unique de clarifier certaines incongruïtés du droit de la cyberconsommation. / In July 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled for the first time in an electronic commerce dispute in Quebec. The case is very ordinary: a consumer contract concluded by means of the Internet gave rise to a dispute because of a pricing error. In this landmark decision, the Supreme Court overturned the decisions of lower courts and went in the opposite direction of a legislative amendment adopted in the wake of the Court hearings, which did not apply in this case. This ruling has caused debate not only on what the Court said, but also the opportunities it had to clarify several important issues. This thesis uses the Dell case as a backdrop for the study of cyberconsumer contract and also covers certain incidental questions on this constantly changing law. First, we study the law applicable to consumer contracts. Secondly, we look to the merits of the case, a question which has indeed not yet received legal analysis. In the third part, we address a critical analysis of legal issues dealt with by the Supreme Court. We conclude by noting that the Court has lost a unique opportunity to clarify some inconsistencies in the law of cybercommerce.

Treatment for perpetrators of Intimate partner violence (IPV) is most often provided by community based IPV perpetrator programmes. These programmes have become an integral part of the response to IPV despite the fact that they are plagued by high rates of attrition and researchers suggest their effectiveness may be limited. It has been suggested that the retention rates and effectiveness of the programmes may be improved by tailoring treatment to specific subgroups of IPV perpetrators. This study was an evaluation of a community based IPV perpetrator programme. Participants were twenty two male IPV perpetrators who were court and not court ordered to treatment for violence towards a female intimate partner. Only seven participants completed the programme. Their self reported incidents of violence, alcohol consumption, change readiness and levels of working alliance were measured up to four times during the 18 week programme. Results indicated that participants who completed the programme or the majority of it significantly reduced their violence towards intimate partners and their levels of alcohol consumption. Higher levels of violence were associated with alcohol abuse and non court ordered status. As expected, court ordered participants reported lower levels of readiness to change and working alliance, and higher levels of alcohol abuse. However they were more likely to complete the programme compared with non court ordered participants. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1541640 bytes, checksum: df269d2e122115dc18bd1fefd550d747 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the advent of electronic commerce, much was discussed about the consumer protection in onlines business. There are two positions. One, which is retrograde position, defends the mischaracterization of online stores as suppliers of products or services. Another position, which ended up being the predominant, advocates that the virtual business is merely an extension of traditional commerce, what should there be the same state protection. However, although the consumer relation in ecommerce has been unquestionable, the limits of this method go beyond traditional business, mainly because it is genre with several species that are still evolving and raise discussions that have not yet are protected by the law. Nowadays, one of the species that has brought more questions about the effectiveness of the current Code of Consumer Protection, is the model of group buying, which is a system of online business that the sales requires a number minimum of people to be held. The traditional consumer business has been shaped by the group buying, because it isn't bilateral, but multipolar, often gathering thousands of consumers and only two suppliers. Because to the presence of many people in a single business, the stronger polo of the relationship, taking advantage almost always of their economic superiority and ignorance of consumers, has been practiced collective abusive acts those aren't adequately suppressed by the Government and has been taken millionaires damages. There are need for state intervention in group buying online business, in which the government, through the joint efforts of the executive, judiciary and legislature should seek prophylactic measures to prevent injury to the rights of consumers of group buying collective and to transform the online environment in a place very safe, because, in the near future, it will the main mechanism for effecting business of buying and selling products and services. / Com o advento do comércio eletrônico, muito se discutiu sobre a aplicação das normas do Código de Defesa do Consumidor nas relações onlines. Existia, de um lado, posicionamento retrógrado que defendia a descaracterização das lojas virtuais como fornecedoras de produtos ou serviços. O outro entendimento, que acabou sendo o predominante, preconizava que a relação virtual era mera extensão do mercado tradicional, motivo pelo qual deveria haver a mesma proteção estatal, incidindo todos os dispositivos possíveis do diploma consumerista. Porém, apesar de indiscutível a formação da relação de consumo nos negócios do comércio eletrônico, as fronteiras deste método vão além das do consumismo tradicional, principalmente porque ele é gênero com várias espécies que se encontram em evolução e suscitam discussões que ainda não são acobertadas pelo direito. Nesse sentido, uma das espécies que mais vem trazendo questões sobre a efetividade do atual Código de Defesa do Consumidor é o modelo de compras coletivas, meio de negociação online que requer número mínimo de pessoas para que a oferta seja cumprida. Esse mecanismo moldou completamente a tradicional relação de consumo, que deixou de ser bilateral, para ser multipolar, reunindo, muitas vezes, milhares de consumidores e apenas dois fornecedores. Em função da presença de muitas pessoas numa única relação de consumo, o lado mais forte do negócio, aproveitando-se, quase sempre, da sua superioridade econômica e da ignorância dos consumidores, vem impondo diversas práticas abusivas que ainda não são devidamente reprimidas pelo poder estatal e que trazem prejuízos milionários, já que as relações são coletivas. Há, dessa maneira, necessidade de intervenção do Estado nas relações de consumo virtuais coletivas, em que o Poder Público, através da atuação conjunta do executivo, Judiciário e legislativo, deve buscar medidas profiláticas para evitar as lesões aos direitos dos consumidores dos sites de compras coletivas, bem como transformar o ambiente online em algo seguro, pois ele será, num futuro próximo, o principal mecanismo de efetivação de negócios de compra e venda de produtos e serviços.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Aiache Cordeiro.pdf: 1179811 bytes, checksum: 742d3d7cd8ff5c1e0e920295acf21639 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to analyze the Constitutional Principle of Free Competition, specifically regarding its role as fact the limits the abuse of economical power. In order to accomplish that goal, it was necessary to define what economical power is and in what moment the application of that power turned out to be abusive; but not putting apart other aspects that concern that issue, such as: the general definition of power and its relations with the law system. It was also analyzed, in a general way, the legal principles, considering the conception of the word principle , its own evolutional and normative origin, the distinction between principles and rules, the notion of legal system and the relevance of the principles concerning the society s evolution. So, the following step consisted in studying some general aspects related to the competition, aiming to better understand the role played by the principle inserted into the article 170, incision IV, of the Brazilian Constitution. Having this in mind, an approach was made to the historical evolution of the competition until now, the etymological origin of the words competition and rivalry , the accurate definition of what free competition is, and to other relevant aspects. In doing so, in the last chapter, which is the kernel of this paper, the Constitutional Principle of Competition and its contribution to the limitation to the economical power has been explained in details, and also clarified its content, its interests that effectively protect itself, its distinction from the postulate of free initiative, its pragmatic character and its efficacy, but not forgetting the other matters related to the issue, and that are equally important, they are: the role of the State in defense of the free competition, the action of the agencies that regulate the maintenance of a healthy market, the process of concentration, the defense of the competition and the influence of the tax incentive toward the competition. / A presente dissertação tem por escopo principal analisar o Princípio Constitucional da Livre Concorrência, especificamente, no que toca à sua atuação como fator limitador ao abuso do poderio econômico. Para tanto, foi necessário delinear o que é Poder Econômico e a partir de que momento o uso deste poder passa a ser abusivo, sem deixar de lado outros aspectos relacionados ao tema como, por exemplo, a definição genérica de poder, as relações deste com o direito etc. Vencida a primeira etapa, no segundo capítulo, fez-se uma análise dos princípios jurídicos de maneira geral, apreciando a conceituação da palavra princípio , seu iter evolucional e normatividade, a distinção entre princípios e regras, a noção de sistema jurídico e a importância dos princípios no que diz respeito à evolução da sociedade. O passo seguinte foi o estudo de alguns aspectos gerais relativos à concorrência, com intuito de melhor entender o papel desempenhado pelo princípio inserto no artigo 170, inciso IV, da Constituição Federal. Assim, abordou-se a evolução histórica da concorrência desde a Antigüidade até os tempos atuais, a origem etimológica das palavras concorrência , competição e rivalidade , a determinação precisa do que é livre concorrência , dentre outros aspectos relevantes. Finalmente, no último capítulo, e cerne deste trabalho, explicitou-se, pormenorizadamente, o Princípio Constitucional da Livre Concorrência e sua contribuição para a limitação do poder econômico, aclarando seu conteúdo, os interesses que efetivamente protege, sua diferenciação com o postulado da livre iniciativa, seu caráter instrumental e sua eficácia, não esquecendo de outros assuntos relacionados ao tema, e igualmente importantes, a saber: o papel destinado ao Estado na defesa da livre concorrência, a atuação das agências reguladoras na manutenção de um mercado saudável, o processo de concentração e a defesa da concorrência e a influência dos incentivos fiscais na concorrência.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Boris Carlos Croce.pdf: 941598 bytes, checksum: 320c85cc3bab323afe22ee5268b27e61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-27 / The question of the interpretation of contractual clauses of consumption contracts is a problem faced for the applicator of Law. Specifically on the analysis of an abusive contractual clause it is important to the interpreter to appreciate all available the elements, especially the influence of the economic power in consumer issues. Besides the interpreter are not able to ignore the instrumental capacity of the general clause of good-faith, the absence of the analysis by the judge about the influence of the economic power in contracts harms a effective jurisdictional rendering to real case. The limitation by the applicator of Law to the individual questions and not much relevance given to the economic power as relevant force in the contractual drafting cause deficiency on the interpretation and harm an efficient control of the abusive clauses. / A questão da interpretação das cláusulas contratuais nos contratos de consumo é um problema enfrentado pelos aplicadores do direito. Especificamente na análise e na constatação de uma cláusula contratual abusiva é relevante que o intérprete aprecie todos os elementos que estejam à sua disposição, porém, especialmente perceber desta análise o quanto há de influência do poder econômico nas relações de consumo. Além do fato de o intérprete não poder ignorar a capacidade instrumental da cláusula geral de boa-fé no momento do estudo do instrumento contratual, a ausência da análise por parte do julgador sobre a influência do poder econômico nos contratos prejudica uma prestação jurisdicional efetiva ao caso concreto. A limitação por parte do aplicador da lei às questões individuais e a pouca importância dada ao poder econômico como relevante força na elaboração contratual, ocasionam uma interpretação deficiente e prejudicam o controle eficaz das cláusulas abusivas.

Stiftelsen för Internetinfrastruktur har rapporterat att användningen av Internet är utbredd och placerar Sverige bland dem främsta av världens länder. År 2010 hade 84 procent av den svenska befolkningen över 16 år tillgång till Internet i hemmet och av dessa hade 97 procent bredband. De flitigaste Internetanvändarna återfanns inom åldersgruppen 16-24 år där hela 92 procent uppger att de använder Internet dagligen. Utbredningen av Internet är i huvudsak positiv och bidrar till det gemensamma samtalet i samhället. Den leder dock samtidigt till en rad nya problem som samhället har att hantera. Ett av dem är kränkande behandling och mobbning som fått helt nya dimensioner när de sker över Internet. Kränkningar över Internet får en spridning som är svår att hantera och bemöta för den som är utsatt. När kränkningarna passerar gränsen för vad som är brottsligt enligt Brottsbalken ställs polisen inför nya utmaningar. Vårt syfte har varit att med en explorativ fallstudie belysa hur rättsväsendet reagerar på denna nya form av kränkningar, innefattande avvägningen att inleda en polisutredning, utredningens genomförfarande och domstolens bedömning och utslag. Vi utgår från ett fall av kränkningar som av domstolen rubricerats som grovt förtal. Gärningsmännen är ett antal unga män i åldrarna femton till nitton år. De har gjort filmer om flickor med kränkande innehåll och grova sexuella anspelningar och sedan spridit filmerna via chattnätverket MSN och även videohemsidan Youtube. Ett fyrtiotal flickor har enligt utredningen drabbats. Vi har granskat förundersökningsprotokoll och domstolens utslag samt intervjuat utredningscheferna på polismyndigheten som utredde fallet. Detta för att belysa fenomenet kränkande behandling över Internet och diskutera kring hur samhällets åtgärder skulle kunna förbättras. / The Internet Infrastructure Foundation has reported that the use of Internet is widespread and places Sweden among the best countries in the world. In 2010, 84 percent of the Swedish population aged 16 and above had access to the Internet at home, and 97 percent of those users had broadband. The most frequent Internet users were in the age group 16-24 years old where 92 percent stated they use the Internet on a daily basis.The spread of the Internet is essentially positive and contributes to the public debate on problems of modern society. This simultaneously leads to a series of new problems that society has to deal with. One of these new problems is harassment and bullying that has reached entirely new dimensions by the use of Internet. Harassment over the Internet has a distribution that is difficult for the victim to handle and respond to. When harassment crosses the border for what is considered a crime according to the penal code, the police face new challenges to handle.The goal of this bachelor's thesis has been to use an exploratory case study to illustrate how the legal system responds to this new form of harassment, including the considerations to start a police investigation, the procedures of the investigation and the court’s ruling. We start from a case of harassment that the court classified as aggravated defamation. The perpetrators are a number of young men aged fifteen to nineteen years old. The young men have made films about girls containing highly offensive content with sexual innuendo and then spread the films through the chat network MSN and even on the video website YouTube. According to the investigation forty girls have been affected. We have reviewed the investigation protocol, the court records and conducted interviews with police investigators in order to illustrate the phenomenon of harassment and bully behavior on the Internet. We also discuss how society measures could be improved.

Parmi les manifestations de la maltraitance de l’enfant, problème de santé publique, le traumatisme crânien infligé de l’enfant est une des premières causes de mortalité par maltraitance. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer l’opportunité d’un dépistage de la maltraitance physique de l’enfant. Le premier obstacle mis en évidence était l’imprécision et le manque de standardisation de la définition de la maltraitance physique. Face à cet obstacle,nous nous sommes interrogés sur la perception qu’avaient les professionnels de santé et les parents des urgences pédiatriques du CHU de Bordeaux de la violence physique des parents vis-à-vis de leur enfant. Les professionnels étaient plus tolérants vis-à-vis de ces violences.Une même situation était évaluée différemment selon le professionnel. Nous avons illustré la variabilité de perception d’une même situation lorsque l’enfant ne présente pas encore de conséquences graves de maltraitance à travers un cas clinique de traumatisme crânien infligé,ainsi que les craintes d’une stigmatisation des parents directement en lien avec la difficulté à identifier précocement ces situations et les effets négatifs que peut avoir la prise en charge.Enfin, nous avons simulé par un modèle de Markov, en tenant compte des incertitudes identifiées, l’impact d’un programme de prévention primaire et d’un programme de dépistage du traumatisme crânien infligé. Ce modèle a permis de confirmer l’intérêt d’un programme de prévention primaire. Il a également montré l’importance de déterminer les effets possibles d’une stigmatisation à tort des parents dans le cadre du dépistage pour s’assurer qu’un tel programme ne serait pas néfaste. / Among child abuse, which is a major public health issue, Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma is one of the major causes of death in abused children. The aim of this thesis was to assess the opportunity of screening for physical child abuse. The first identified obstacle was the lack of knowledge about the beginning of physical child abuse, and the vagueness and lack ofstandardization of its definition. Therefore, we conducted a study to assess the perception of physical violence by parents toward their children, by parents and professionals in the emergency department of the university hospital of Bordeaux. The professionals were more tolerant than parents and the perception of a same situation could vary according to the professional. We have illustrated this variation with a clinical case of Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma, when the child had not already serious consequences of child abuse. Similarly, the difficulty of early identification of abused children was responsible for the fear of mother’sstigmatization. And we discussed the impact of management of the children and their mother.Finally, we evaluated the impact of a primary prevention program and screening program ofPediatric Abusive Head Trauma using a Markov model considering identified uncertainties.The simulation confirmed the potential benefits of primary prevention program documentedthe huge uncertainty regarding benefits associated with screening of Pediatric Abusive HeadTrauma. Future research should in particular focus on describing the effects of wrong lyidentifying parents as abusers.

En juillet 2007, la Cour suprême du Canada s’est prononcée pour la première fois sur un litige lié au commerce électronique et dont les faits sont nés au Québec. L’affaire est d’une grande banalité : un contrat de consommation conclu par la voie de l’internet donna lieu à un litige car le prix proposé par le commerçant était erroné. Dans ce jugement historique, la Cour suprême a renversé les décisions des cours inférieures et est allée dans la direction contraire d’une modification législative adoptée le lendemain des auditions à la Cour, qui ne s’appliquait pas au cas en l’espèce. Ce jugement a causé des débats non seulement sur ce que la Cour a dit, mais aussi quant à l’opportunité qui lui était offerte de clarifier plusieurs questions d’importance. Ce mémoire utilise l’affaire Dell comme fil conducteur de l’étude du contrat de cyberconsommation et traite aussi de certaines questions incidentes sur ce droit en constant changement. En premier lieu, nous étudions le contrat de cyberconsommation et ensuite nous examinons le fond de l’affaire, une question qui n’a d’ailleurs pas encore reçu une analyse judiciaire. Dans la dernière partie, nous faisons une analyse critique des questions juridiques traitées par la Cour suprême. Nous concluons en remarquant que la Cour a perdu une occasion unique de clarifier certaines incongruïtés du droit de la cyberconsommation. / In July 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled for the first time in an electronic commerce dispute in Quebec. The case is very ordinary: a consumer contract concluded by means of the Internet gave rise to a dispute because of a pricing error. In this landmark decision, the Supreme Court overturned the decisions of lower courts and went in the opposite direction of a legislative amendment adopted in the wake of the Court hearings, which did not apply in this case. This ruling has caused debate not only on what the Court said, but also the opportunities it had to clarify several important issues. This thesis uses the Dell case as a backdrop for the study of cyberconsumer contract and also covers certain incidental questions on this constantly changing law. First, we study the law applicable to consumer contracts. Secondly, we look to the merits of the case, a question which has indeed not yet received legal analysis. In the third part, we address a critical analysis of legal issues dealt with by the Supreme Court. We conclude by noting that the Court has lost a unique opportunity to clarify some inconsistencies in the law of cybercommerce.

Using a Cox proportional hazards regression model, this dissertation explores three factors currently not addressed in the literature on men who batter women and who are court ordered to participate in a battering intervention program. These factors are the cumulative effects of civil and criminal legal sanctions (dose-response of sanctions) for domestic violence related offenses on recidivism, reduced opportunities to recidivate, and whether the number of legal sanctions imposed has an effect on how long a man maintains his non-recidivism status. Because one domestic violence case may involve multiple sanctions, this study uses the Legal Sanction Dose-Response Index to gauge the cumulative impact of civil and criminal sanctions upon recidivism of domestic violence. The Cox proportional hazards model indicates that the risk of recidivism is 45% lower for men who experienced two legal sanctions (typically arrest and probation) in response to the index case, relative to men who experienced one legal sanction (typically civil protective order). In other words, those with two legal sanctions are able to maintain their non-recidivism status longer relative to those with one sanction. Men with prior criminal court involvement for domestic violence related offenses are more likely to recidivate. Additionally, rather than incarceration reducing opportunities to recidivate, this study finds that incarceration for any offenses committed during the follow-up period is a predictor of recidivism of domestic violence related offenses. It is possible that, rather than incarceration reducing opportunities, recidivists are persistent and use whatever opportunities are available to them to commit domestic violence, despite legal sanctions.

No description available.