Sedan år 1982 har utgångspunkten varit att socialtjänstens verksamhet ska grunda sig i den enskildes integritet och självbestämmanderätt. Den enskilde ska därigenom själv få bestämma huruvida en viss insats från socialtjänsten ska tas emot eller inte. Insatserna ska således grunda sig i frivillighet och utformas tillsammans med den enskilde. Detta gäller även när ett barn har behov av vård. I vissa fall föreligger dock ett behov av tvångsvård, där principen om frivillighet och självbestämmande inte kan upprätthållas på samma sätt som vid socialtjänstens frivilliga insatser. Ett barn ska enligt 1 § andra stycket LVU beredas vård i det fall 2 eller 3 §§ LVU är uppfyllda samt att det kan antas att barnet inte kan ges behövlig vård med samtycke av vårdnadshavarna och barnet självt om det har fyllt 15 år. Av bestämmelsen kan därmed utläsas att ett samtycke dels är en förutsättning för att socialnämnden ska kunna fatta beslut om frivilliga insatser, dels att ett samtycke till frivilliga insatser i regel utgör ett hinder för att det ska kunna fattas beslut om tvångsvård enligt LVU.  I uppsatsen uppmärksammas att det kan finnas viss problematik med ett samtycke till frivilliga insatser. Det kan tänkas förekomma situationer där ett samtycke till frivilliga insatser inte kan anses vara tillräckligt för att ett barn ska kunna ges nödvändiga insatser. Det kan vidare tänkas förekomma situationer där det saknas samtycke till frivilliga insatser, men tvångsvård heller inte kan aktualiseras på grund av att barnets situation inte är tillräckligt allvarlig för att uppfylla kraven i 2 eller 3 §§ LVU. Eftersom problematikerna handlar om just samtycke uppmärksammas även vad ett samtycke till frivilliga insatser har för rättslig innebörd och vad som krävs för det ska kunna betraktas som giltigt. För att utreda vad som gäller i dessa situationer och vilka möjligheter som finns att besluta om tvångsvård eller andra insatser för barnets räkning används den rättsdogmatiska metoden i uppsatsen. Metoden används inledningsvis för att identifiera och beskriva gällande rätt på området. Vidare används den för att analysera och kritisera gällande rätt samt diskutera förslag de lege ferenda. Uppsatsen avslutas därefter genom att den deskriptiva och analytiska delen binds ihop till sammanfattande slutsatser. / Since 1982, the starting point has been that the activities of the social services should be based on the individual's integrity and right to self-determination. The individual must thereby be able to decide for himself whether a certain contribution from the social services is to be received or not. The contributions must thus be based on voluntariness and be designed together with the individual. This also applies when a child needs care. In some cases, however, there is a need for compulsory care, where the principle of voluntariness and self-determination cannot be maintained in the same way as in the social services' voluntary contributions. According to 1 § second part LVU, a child must be provided with care if 2 or 3 §§ LVU are fulfilled, and it can be assumed that the child cannot be given the necessary care with the consent of the guardians and the child himself if he has reached 15 years. It can thus be read from the regulation that a consent is partly a prerequisite for the social welfare board to be able to decide on voluntary contributions, and partly that a consent to voluntary contributions generally constitutes an obstacle to a decision on compulsory care according to LVU.  The essay draws attention to the fact that there may be some problems with a consent to voluntary contributions. There may be situations where a consent to voluntary contributions cannot be considered sufficient for a child to be given the necessary contributions. Furthermore, there may be situations where there is no consent to voluntary contributions, but compulsory care can also not be actualized because the child's situation is not serious enough to meet the requirements of 2 or 3 §§ LVU. Since the problems are specifically about consent, attention is also paid to what a consent to voluntary contributions has for legal meaning and what is required for it to be considered valid. To investigate what applies in these situations and what opportunities there are to decide on compulsory care or other contributions on behalf of the child, the legal dogmatic method is used in the essay. The method is initially used to identify and describe current law in the field. Furthermore, it is used to analyze and criticize current law and discuss proposals de lege ferenda. The essay is then concluded by binding the descriptive and analytical part together into summarized conclusions.

The study aims to investigate the social worker's experiences of working with cases supported by LVU, with a focus on challenges and handling of these challenges. Furthermore, a rela-tional perspective was adopted to examine how social workers experience the relationship and alliance with the client in LVU cases. The study was performed within a qualitative, semi-structured interview format. The inter-views were conducted with social workers making decisions within matters regarding chil-dren and youths, with support from LVU. Five social workers from four different units in three central Swedish localities participated in the study. Thematic analysis utilizing previous research alongside the theoretical concept’s street-level bureaucracy, discretion, and alliance, was applied to analyze the collected material. The results showed a professional role characterized by complexity in the form of difficult assessments due to time restraints and limited discretion. Further affecting is the duality of making assessments and decisions concerning the lives of others, whilst establishing a neces-sary relation to succeed in the active client work. Furthermore, the results show that a rela-tional approach is also applicable in compulsory care matters.

Abstrakt Trots att det i Sverige finns lagar som säger att patienten så långt det är möjligt ska vara delaktig i sin egen vård, så verkar inte det vara fallet. Inom den psykiatriska tvångsvården är det ofta en obalans mellan personalen och patientens makt, därav vikten av att arbeta mot patientens delaktighet. Syftet med den integrerade litteraturöversikten var att sammanställa kunskap om patientdelaktighet vid sluten psykiatrisk tvångsvård. Följande frågor besvarades: Vilka förutsättningar för delaktighet finns i den slutna psykiatriska tvångsvården? Vilka hinder för delaktighet finns i den psykiatriska tvångsvården? Metod Integrerad litteraturstudie. Sökningar gjordes i tre databaser utifrån tre sökblock. Det resulterade i sexton artiklar som svarade mot syftet, två kvantitativa, en mixad metod och tretton kvalitativa. Inklusions kriterier: peer-review, engelska och inte äldre än tio år. Detta resulterade i sexton artiklar. Artiklar lästes igenom både enskilt och tillsammans, därefter vidtog dataextraktion där enheter togs ut som svarade mot syftet. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i elva kategorier, varav attityd, engagemang, relation och tvångsvård var mest framträdande. Det som kom fram är att för att det ska kunna jobbas utifrån patient delaktighet krävs det att personalen har en öppen, engagerad och ärlig attityd. Detta gör det möjligt att bygga en god relation mellan patient och personal, vilket i sin tur kan leda till patientdelaktighet. Slutsats Vad behövs för patientdelaktighet beror på vilken attityd man har. Är man som personal öppen, engagerad och ärlig då kan man bygga en relation till patienten och lägga grunden för patientdelaktighet

In this study, we examined how social workers through committee described the young person in secure care of youths, and whether there ere any differences between the sexes. The theoretical starting point was the gender perspective and social workers discretion. The aim of our study was to analyze how social workers through committee were describing the youths in law, and if they produced and reproduced eventual gender constructions and norms. Our empirical work was based on 20 LVU court cases, 10 girls and 10 boys. These court cases were examined by using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to find keywords and eventual patterns in writing. The results and the analysis consist of five different themes with some examples from the court cases related to previous research and theories. The results showed differences in the discourses between the sexes. One of the discourses we found was ’victim or perpetrator’, which manifested itself in girls being described as more responsible for their actions rather than having control of their situations, while boys were described as more responsible for their actions. Our ambition was to stimulate interest for upcoming further research. We found that social workers possess a great room for action through regarding the way they chose to write about youths. Therefore, it was important to shed light on the role of the discourse and how it can affect legal certainty.

The purpose of the study is to explore how children are made involved in the administrative court's judgments in cases relating to coercive interventions with the support of § 3 LVU. Fifteen LVU-judgments have been analyzed through a qualitative content analysis to find relevant thematic areas. The material has been analyzed using previous research, Gallagher's theory of children's participation and power and Hart's theory of participation. The result shows that children are made involved to varying extents in the administrative court's judgments by being allowed to express their opinion and attitude. However, the children's opinions and attitude have not had any influence in the administrative court's decision. Furthermore, it appears that it is not entirely clear what is meant by applying children's participation in practice and that it thus becomes a question of interpretation. In the judgements, the children state that they consent to care and that the care can thus take place through voluntary efforts. However, the administrative court considers that the consents are not reliable, whereupon they approve the social welfare board's application for compulsory care. The conclusion is that an adult perspective is decisive for the outcome of the judgments.

In light of Sweden ratifying the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child, Swedish law supports the right for children to express their opinions and have their voice heard in situations concerning them. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of young people’s participation, by investigating how young people’s opinions and attitudes are taken into account in decision making concerning the lack of care shown in 2§ The Compulsory Care of Young Persons Act (1990:52). To explore this subject, this study was based on the textual analysis of 16 court cases from the administrative court from the year 2016, concerning young people aged between 15-18 years old. We found that young people’s opinions and attitudes are generally taken into account in the process of compulsory care. Our results indicate that young people’s opinions and attitudes are taken into account to a higher extent in the whole legal process when the decision of the administrative court corresponds with the young person’s opinion and attitude. In cases where the court’s decision did not correspond with the young person’s opinion and attitude, the opinions and attitudes of children were taken into account to a lesser degree. Our analysis has shown, according to the Ladder of Participation, that all young people can be seen as participators in the process of compulsory care. However, children’s participation is a complex phenomenon and additional research is needed to unpack this subject further.

The United Nation’s definition of honour based violence (HRV) in 1999 defines women’s exposure of violence related to honour. In Sweden, HRV was regarded as a social problem in the 1990’s, when women were murdered by their close family members. Loss of honour was explained as a reason for the killings. Ever since the beginning of debate in Swedish media, science has noticed the complexity of HRV.   The aim of this study was to examine how Swedish social services and administrative courts constructed honour based violence (HRV) when law of mandatory care of minors is used in court cases. The lawsuits regarded both females and males, in the ages of 10-17 years old. We used a document analysis of thirteen court cases from 2016 regarding 2§ Law of mandatory care of minors (LVU), which is a paragraph of deficiencies in care of youths. We used the keyword Honour related violence when searching for court cases. We could determine that physical violence is constructed as legal issues when it’s explained in detail, fragmented and when the minor was regarded as believable to the administrative court. Psychological violence included the involvement of threats, threats of physical violence and threats of forced marriages, and was all seen as an integrated view on violence. Honour was constructed as an isolation of the youths, limiting their social and leisure time and the children were controlled by their guardians. According to social services and administrative courts, the control was not seen as age appropriate.

Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur anknytningen med familjehemsföräldrarna och kontakten med socialtjänsten påverkar ett barn vid en familjehemsplacering och vidare in i vuxenlivet. Dessutom studeras även hur god anknytning främjar en familjehemsplacering och kontakten med socialtjänsten. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och fem intervjuer med vuxna personer som bott i familjehem har genomförts. Delar av Bowlbys anknytningsteori och Antonovskys (2010) föreställning om KASAM användes vid analys av uppsatsens empiri. Resultatet visar att samtliga intervjupersoner har upplevt en trygg anknytning till familjehemsföräldrarna när de var placerade som barn. En trygg anknytning i familjehemmet grundar sig på regler, rutiner, engagemang och samhörighet mellan det placerade barnet och familjehemsföräldrarna. Barn med en otrygg anknytning får det svårare att skapa nya relationer och utveckla en trygg relation till familjehemsföräldrarna vid en familjehemsplacering. I socialtjänstlagen står det att alla barn som placeras i familjehem ska ha en socialsekreterare som kontaktperson (2015:982). Familjehemsplacerade barn behöver en socialsekreterare som de känner tillit till, för att öka möjligheterna till att utveckla bra relationer i familjehemmet och att upptäcka eventuella missförhållanden. / The purpose of this study is to examine how the connection with the foster parents and the contact with the social services affects a child during a foster care placement and later in life. Furthermore, it also examines how good connection favours a foster care placement and the contact with the social services. For the study, a qualitative method was used. Five interviews took place with adults who have, at some point during their childhood, been in foster care. Parts of Bowlbys attachment theory and Antonovskys (2010) idea of KASAM was used to analyze the study’s empirics. The result shows that all adults who got interviewed in this study felt they had good relations with the foster parents and felt safe in their presence during the time they spent in foster care. Four guidelines for a good relationship between a child and their foster parents has showed to be rules, structure, commitment and affinity. Children who feel insecure with their current relations have a harder time building new relations and will have a tough time creating good relations within the foster home. The Social Service Act demands that every child in foster care shall be assigned a social secretary (2015:982). Children who has been placed in foster care needs a social secretary that they feel they can trust, this will increase the possibility of good relations within the foster home.

Borderlands. Swedish youth care in the intersections of care and punishment This dissertation concerns staff working in special residential homes, or secure units, for boys and young men and, less specifically, the compulsory care of problematic teenagers. The study is based on interviews with staff members and participatory observations of daily practices at a compulsorycare institution. The empirical material is complemented by observations of learning situations and interviews with students and teachers in education of social pedagogy. The aim of the thesis is to map out and to analyse understandings of, and motivations for, compulsory care that is produced and sustained through articulations of residing teenagers, treatment practices and institutional staff in the daily work, and in staff narratives, at a secure unit for compulsory care. Three aspects of compulsory care are analysed: constructions of teenagers, of treatment practices and of subject positions or identity of staff. Concepts and ideas from a post-structural framework are used as theoretical tools to conduct analysis of the interviews and observations. Discourse, as well as a three-fold concept of logics, is central for the analysis. As a theoretical complement to the main analytical framework, perspectives from symbolic interactionism are used. The results of the thesis show that tensions and ambivalence characterise compulsory care for adolescents. Aspects of care as well as of punishment, for example, are both evident parts of the institutional work and narratives studied. The teenagers are alternately being constructed as children in need and as manipulative criminals: articulations that are made part of either a logic of care or a logic of punishment. Other tensions that are analysed as significant parts of institutional practices and subject positions are those of the biological and the social, theory and practice, and power and powerlessness. Age, gender and class are all significant parts in constructing subject positions for both teenagers and staff and in creating a division between the two groups. Such categorisations are articulated together in various ways in the different logics identified. These subject positions also have consequences for institutional interactions and for the institutional care provided in secure units.

Abstract The law with special provisions on the care of young people (SFS 1990: 52) (LVU) regulates a possible way out for the social service to compulsorily act to protect children and young people who in different ways are disadvantaged. When an intervention is made in accordance with this law, high legal security requirements are set for each child in each unique case. The purpose of this essay is to analyze whether the administrative law highlights the rights of the children and the best interests of the child in a legal process regarding. This is done through an analysis of administrative law judgments. The study also includes an examination of how the administrative law chooses to take the best interest of the child into account when making a decision. The results of the study show that, in the majority of cases, administrative law emphasizes the importance of the best interests of the child coming to the forefront and the rights of the child to be fulfilled. It also emerges that the child's age and maturity are of great importance for how the administrative law views the credibility of the child's story. If the child has been able to maintain his story over time, it also appears to be something that the administrative law takes into account in the decision-making process. Whether a child is to be represented in the legal process is clear in guidelines and conventions, but how the child's story is taken into account seems ambiguous. How the children should be considered in a legal process seems obvious in theory, but through the course of the study, the reality has turned out to be different. Although the child's perspective and the best interests of the child are described as important, in some cases the administrative law is considered to have a poor child perspective.