The study aims to investigate the social worker's experiences of working with cases supported by LVU, with a focus on challenges and handling of these challenges. Furthermore, a rela-tional perspective was adopted to examine how social workers experience the relationship and alliance with the client in LVU cases. The study was performed within a qualitative, semi-structured interview format. The inter-views were conducted with social workers making decisions within matters regarding chil-dren and youths, with support from LVU. Five social workers from four different units in three central Swedish localities participated in the study. Thematic analysis utilizing previous research alongside the theoretical concept’s street-level bureaucracy, discretion, and alliance, was applied to analyze the collected material. The results showed a professional role characterized by complexity in the form of difficult assessments due to time restraints and limited discretion. Further affecting is the duality of making assessments and decisions concerning the lives of others, whilst establishing a neces-sary relation to succeed in the active client work. Furthermore, the results show that a rela-tional approach is also applicable in compulsory care matters.

Abstrakt Trots att det i Sverige finns lagar som säger att patienten så långt det är möjligt ska vara delaktig i sin egen vård, så verkar inte det vara fallet. Inom den psykiatriska tvångsvården är det ofta en obalans mellan personalen och patientens makt, därav vikten av att arbeta mot patientens delaktighet. Syftet med den integrerade litteraturöversikten var att sammanställa kunskap om patientdelaktighet vid sluten psykiatrisk tvångsvård. Följande frågor besvarades: Vilka förutsättningar för delaktighet finns i den slutna psykiatriska tvångsvården? Vilka hinder för delaktighet finns i den psykiatriska tvångsvården? Metod Integrerad litteraturstudie. Sökningar gjordes i tre databaser utifrån tre sökblock. Det resulterade i sexton artiklar som svarade mot syftet, två kvantitativa, en mixad metod och tretton kvalitativa. Inklusions kriterier: peer-review, engelska och inte äldre än tio år. Detta resulterade i sexton artiklar. Artiklar lästes igenom både enskilt och tillsammans, därefter vidtog dataextraktion där enheter togs ut som svarade mot syftet. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i elva kategorier, varav attityd, engagemang, relation och tvångsvård var mest framträdande. Det som kom fram är att för att det ska kunna jobbas utifrån patient delaktighet krävs det att personalen har en öppen, engagerad och ärlig attityd. Detta gör det möjligt att bygga en god relation mellan patient och personal, vilket i sin tur kan leda till patientdelaktighet. Slutsats Vad behövs för patientdelaktighet beror på vilken attityd man har. Är man som personal öppen, engagerad och ärlig då kan man bygga en relation till patienten och lägga grunden för patientdelaktighet

In this study, we examined how social workers through committee described the young person in secure care of youths, and whether there ere any differences between the sexes. The theoretical starting point was the gender perspective and social workers discretion. The aim of our study was to analyze how social workers through committee were describing the youths in law, and if they produced and reproduced eventual gender constructions and norms. Our empirical work was based on 20 LVU court cases, 10 girls and 10 boys. These court cases were examined by using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to find keywords and eventual patterns in writing. The results and the analysis consist of five different themes with some examples from the court cases related to previous research and theories. The results showed differences in the discourses between the sexes. One of the discourses we found was ’victim or perpetrator’, which manifested itself in girls being described as more responsible for their actions rather than having control of their situations, while boys were described as more responsible for their actions. Our ambition was to stimulate interest for upcoming further research. We found that social workers possess a great room for action through regarding the way they chose to write about youths. Therefore, it was important to shed light on the role of the discourse and how it can affect legal certainty.

In light of Sweden ratifying the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child, Swedish law supports the right for children to express their opinions and have their voice heard in situations concerning them. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of young people’s participation, by investigating how young people’s opinions and attitudes are taken into account in decision making concerning the lack of care shown in 2§ The Compulsory Care of Young Persons Act (1990:52). To explore this subject, this study was based on the textual analysis of 16 court cases from the administrative court from the year 2016, concerning young people aged between 15-18 years old. We found that young people’s opinions and attitudes are generally taken into account in the process of compulsory care. Our results indicate that young people’s opinions and attitudes are taken into account to a higher extent in the whole legal process when the decision of the administrative court corresponds with the young person’s opinion and attitude. In cases where the court’s decision did not correspond with the young person’s opinion and attitude, the opinions and attitudes of children were taken into account to a lesser degree. Our analysis has shown, according to the Ladder of Participation, that all young people can be seen as participators in the process of compulsory care. However, children’s participation is a complex phenomenon and additional research is needed to unpack this subject further.

The United Nation’s definition of honour based violence (HRV) in 1999 defines women’s exposure of violence related to honour. In Sweden, HRV was regarded as a social problem in the 1990’s, when women were murdered by their close family members. Loss of honour was explained as a reason for the killings. Ever since the beginning of debate in Swedish media, science has noticed the complexity of HRV.   The aim of this study was to examine how Swedish social services and administrative courts constructed honour based violence (HRV) when law of mandatory care of minors is used in court cases. The lawsuits regarded both females and males, in the ages of 10-17 years old. We used a document analysis of thirteen court cases from 2016 regarding 2§ Law of mandatory care of minors (LVU), which is a paragraph of deficiencies in care of youths. We used the keyword Honour related violence when searching for court cases. We could determine that physical violence is constructed as legal issues when it’s explained in detail, fragmented and when the minor was regarded as believable to the administrative court. Psychological violence included the involvement of threats, threats of physical violence and threats of forced marriages, and was all seen as an integrated view on violence. Honour was constructed as an isolation of the youths, limiting their social and leisure time and the children were controlled by their guardians. According to social services and administrative courts, the control was not seen as age appropriate.

Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur anknytningen med familjehemsföräldrarna och kontakten med socialtjänsten påverkar ett barn vid en familjehemsplacering och vidare in i vuxenlivet. Dessutom studeras även hur god anknytning främjar en familjehemsplacering och kontakten med socialtjänsten. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och fem intervjuer med vuxna personer som bott i familjehem har genomförts. Delar av Bowlbys anknytningsteori och Antonovskys (2010) föreställning om KASAM användes vid analys av uppsatsens empiri. Resultatet visar att samtliga intervjupersoner har upplevt en trygg anknytning till familjehemsföräldrarna när de var placerade som barn. En trygg anknytning i familjehemmet grundar sig på regler, rutiner, engagemang och samhörighet mellan det placerade barnet och familjehemsföräldrarna. Barn med en otrygg anknytning får det svårare att skapa nya relationer och utveckla en trygg relation till familjehemsföräldrarna vid en familjehemsplacering. I socialtjänstlagen står det att alla barn som placeras i familjehem ska ha en socialsekreterare som kontaktperson (2015:982). Familjehemsplacerade barn behöver en socialsekreterare som de känner tillit till, för att öka möjligheterna till att utveckla bra relationer i familjehemmet och att upptäcka eventuella missförhållanden. / The purpose of this study is to examine how the connection with the foster parents and the contact with the social services affects a child during a foster care placement and later in life. Furthermore, it also examines how good connection favours a foster care placement and the contact with the social services. For the study, a qualitative method was used. Five interviews took place with adults who have, at some point during their childhood, been in foster care. Parts of Bowlbys attachment theory and Antonovskys (2010) idea of KASAM was used to analyze the study’s empirics. The result shows that all adults who got interviewed in this study felt they had good relations with the foster parents and felt safe in their presence during the time they spent in foster care. Four guidelines for a good relationship between a child and their foster parents has showed to be rules, structure, commitment and affinity. Children who feel insecure with their current relations have a harder time building new relations and will have a tough time creating good relations within the foster home. The Social Service Act demands that every child in foster care shall be assigned a social secretary (2015:982). Children who has been placed in foster care needs a social secretary that they feel they can trust, this will increase the possibility of good relations within the foster home.

Borderlands. Swedish youth care in the intersections of care and punishment This dissertation concerns staff working in special residential homes, or secure units, for boys and young men and, less specifically, the compulsory care of problematic teenagers. The study is based on interviews with staff members and participatory observations of daily practices at a compulsorycare institution. The empirical material is complemented by observations of learning situations and interviews with students and teachers in education of social pedagogy. The aim of the thesis is to map out and to analyse understandings of, and motivations for, compulsory care that is produced and sustained through articulations of residing teenagers, treatment practices and institutional staff in the daily work, and in staff narratives, at a secure unit for compulsory care. Three aspects of compulsory care are analysed: constructions of teenagers, of treatment practices and of subject positions or identity of staff. Concepts and ideas from a post-structural framework are used as theoretical tools to conduct analysis of the interviews and observations. Discourse, as well as a three-fold concept of logics, is central for the analysis. As a theoretical complement to the main analytical framework, perspectives from symbolic interactionism are used. The results of the thesis show that tensions and ambivalence characterise compulsory care for adolescents. Aspects of care as well as of punishment, for example, are both evident parts of the institutional work and narratives studied. The teenagers are alternately being constructed as children in need and as manipulative criminals: articulations that are made part of either a logic of care or a logic of punishment. Other tensions that are analysed as significant parts of institutional practices and subject positions are those of the biological and the social, theory and practice, and power and powerlessness. Age, gender and class are all significant parts in constructing subject positions for both teenagers and staff and in creating a division between the two groups. Such categorisations are articulated together in various ways in the different logics identified. These subject positions also have consequences for institutional interactions and for the institutional care provided in secure units.

Abstract The law with special provisions on the care of young people (SFS 1990: 52) (LVU) regulates a possible way out for the social service to compulsorily act to protect children and young people who in different ways are disadvantaged. When an intervention is made in accordance with this law, high legal security requirements are set for each child in each unique case. The purpose of this essay is to analyze whether the administrative law highlights the rights of the children and the best interests of the child in a legal process regarding. This is done through an analysis of administrative law judgments. The study also includes an examination of how the administrative law chooses to take the best interest of the child into account when making a decision. The results of the study show that, in the majority of cases, administrative law emphasizes the importance of the best interests of the child coming to the forefront and the rights of the child to be fulfilled. It also emerges that the child's age and maturity are of great importance for how the administrative law views the credibility of the child's story. If the child has been able to maintain his story over time, it also appears to be something that the administrative law takes into account in the decision-making process. Whether a child is to be represented in the legal process is clear in guidelines and conventions, but how the child's story is taken into account seems ambiguous. How the children should be considered in a legal process seems obvious in theory, but through the course of the study, the reality has turned out to be different. Although the child's perspective and the best interests of the child are described as important, in some cases the administrative law is considered to have a poor child perspective.

Bestämmelserna om flyttningsförbud återfinns i 24 och 27 §§ lag (1990:52) med särskilda bestämmelser om vård av unga (LVU). Enligt 24 § LVU får förvaltningsrätten meddela ett flyttningsförbud om det finns en påtaglig risk för att barnets hälsa eller utveckling skadas vid en flyttning från familjehemmet. Om det är sannolikt att ett flyttningsförbud behövs och rättens beslut inte kan avvakta med hänsyn till risken för barnets hälsa eller utveckling får socialnämnden besluta om ett tillfälligt flyttningsförbud, se 27 § LVU. I 28 § LVU stadgas att ett beslut om tillfälligt flyttningsförbud ska underställas förvaltningsrätten. Utifrån teoribildningen om stigbundenhet kan en problematik med beslut om flyttningsförbud urskiljas. Stigbundenhet innebär att tidigare beslut bildar en utgångspunkt för senare beslut. Huvudsyftet med uppsatsen är dels att utreda i hur många beslut om flyttningsförbud socialnämnden har fått ett tillfälligt flyttningsförbud fastställt innan förvaltningsrätten meddelar ett flyttningsförbud, dels att studera antalet mål kammarrätten kommer till samma beslut som förvaltningsrätten i en process om flyttningsförbud. Om förvaltningsrätten och kammarrätten i många mål kommer till samma beslut undersöker uppsatsen om det vid beslut om flyttningsförbud finns en risk för stigbundenhet. Finns det en risk för stigbundenhet granskar uppsatsen ifall domstolen beslutar om flyttningsförbud trots att det inte är motiverat av principen om barnets bästa. Ett delsyfte med uppsatsen är att kartlägga vid vilka situationer och varför ett flyttningsförbud meddelas och ett tillfälligt flyttningsförbud fastställs. Ännu ett delsyfte med uppsatsen är att konstatera hur bestämmelsen om flyttningsförbud fungerar i praktiken och om förändringar av gällande rätt borde ske. En rättsdogmatisk metod används i uppsatsen för att utreda gällande rätt när det gäller regleringen om vård av barn och speciellt hur bestämmelserna om flyttningsförbud tillämpas. För att konstatera hur bestämmelsen om flyttningsförbud fungerar i praktiken och om förändringar av gällande rätt borde ske nyttjas en kritisk rättsdogmatisk metod. För att besvara uppsatsens huvudsyfte, delsyften och frågeställningar studeras domar där både förvaltningsrätten och kammarrätten prövat frågan om tillfälligt flyttningsförbud eller flyttningsförbud i sak. Utifrån resultatet av rättsfallsstudien är det befogat att konstatera att det finns en risk för stigbundenhet vid beslut om flyttningsförbud. Det finns en risk för stigbundenhet eftersom förvaltningsrätten och kammarrätten tog samma beslut i 85 % av målen och kammarrätten i en av fyra domar mer eller mindre endast hänvisade till förvaltningsrättens bedömning. I åtminstone majoriteten av domarna i rättsfallsstudien tog förvaltningsrätten och kammarrätten ett beslut som är i linje med barnets bästa. Rättsfallsstudien visar att ett flyttningsförbud i regel meddelas, när vårdnadshavaren uttryckt att den tänker eller vill hämta barnet från familjehemmet, efter en sammanvägning av diverse omständigheter. Det mest centrala vid bedömningen var barnets anknytning till familjehemmet och den risk för skada en separation skulle innebära för barnet. Det är genom rättsfallsstudien möjligt att se ett mönster för när ett flyttningsförbud anses behövligt. Bestämmelsen om flyttningsförbud verkar därmed fungera någorlunda. För att bestämmelsen om flyttningsförbud ska fungera mer tillfredställande borde dock en förändring av gällande rätt ske. / The regulations on prohibiting the relocation of a child in preventive care are found in sections 24 and 27 of the Care of Young Persons Act (1990: 52, LVU). According to section 24 LVU, the Administrative Court may issue a prohibition to relocate a child if there is a significant risk that the child's health or development could be damaged by the relocation from the family home. If it is plausible that a relocation ban is needed and the court's decision cannot wait, with regard to the risk for the child's health or development, the Social Welfare Committee may decide on a temporary relocation ban, see section 27 LVU. Section 28 LVU, stipulates that a decision on a temporary relocation ban shall be submitted to the Administrative Court. Based on a theory of path dependence a problem with decisions about a relocation ban can be distinguished, as the concept of path dependence entails that earlier decisions influence later decisions. The main purpose of the thesis is partly to investigate in how many cases the Social Welfare Committee has temporarily prohibited the relocation of a child before the Administrative Court announces a relocation ban, and partly to study the number of cases the Administrative Court of Appeal comes to the same decision as the Administrative Court in a relocation ban process. If the Administrative Court and the Administrative Court of Appeal come to the same decision in multiple cases the thesis will examine whether there is a risk of path dependence. If there is a risk of path dependence the thesis will further examine whether the court decides to prohibit the relocation of a child even though it is not justified by the principle of the best interests of the child. A subsidiary purpose of the thesis is to map out in which situations and why the court announce a relocation ban and establish a temporary relocation ban. Another subsidiary purpose of the thesis is to establish how the regulation of the relocation ban works in practice and if changes to applicable law should take place. A legal dogmatic method and a critical legal dogmatic method is used in the thesis. To answer the thesis' main purpose, subsidiary purposes and research questions, decisions from both the Administrative Court and the Administrative Court of Appeal about temporary relocation ban and relocation ban are examined.  Based on the results of the case study it is justified to state that there is a risk of path dependence when the court decides on a relocation ban. There is a risk of path dependence because the Administrative Court and the Administrative Court of Appeal made the same decision in 85 % of the cases. Another factor that signifies a risk of path dependence is that the Administrative Court of Appeal in one out of four verdicts more or less only referred to the Administrative Court's assessment. In at least the majority of the verdicts the Administrative Court and the Administrative Court of Appeal made a decision that is in line with the best interests of the child. The case study shows that the court usually announces a relocation ban, when the child’s guardian expresses that he or she intends or wants to move the child from the family home, depending on different circumstances. The most central circumstance was the child's connection to the family home and the risk of harm when separated. Through the case study it is possible to see a pattern for when a relocation ban is considered necessary. Thus, it can be concluded that the provision on the relocation bans seems to work reasonably well. However, to make the provision on the relocation ban function more satisfactorily a change in the applicable law should take place.

Varje år är tusentals barn och unga placerade enligt LVU. Bland dessa unga har tidigare studier visat på att ett flertal flickor omhändertas på felaktiga grunder, främst utifrån deras sexuella beteende. Denna studie har genom en granskning av 39 domar sökt efter likheter och olikheter i hur flickor och pojkars eget beteende beskrivs och bedöms utifrån 3 § LVU. Domarna har granskats med hjälp av metoderna textanalys samt kvalitativ innehållsanalys som har visat på att det finns likheter och skillnader i hur flickor och pojkar bedöms. Med hjälp av teorin om genus- och maktstrukturer, med tillhörande begrepp som dikotomin och genuskontrakt, har omhändertaganden enligt 3 § LVU analyserats. Flickors sexualitet nämns i ett flertal domar, dock endast i en pojkes, då utifrån att han riskerar att utsätta andra för sexuella övergrepp. I flickornas domar beskrivs att de blivit utsatta för övergrepp och att det därmed finns en risk för att de i framtiden kan komma att utsättas igen. Utöver detta har studien visat på att flickor bedöms fara mer illa än pojkar trots att de enligt beskrivningarna i domarna har liknande svårigheter. Flickor som använt beroendeframkallande medel bedöms oftare ha ett missbruk än pojkar. Pojkarna däremot beskrivs många gånger som en fara för andra medan flickorna beskrivs som en fara för sig själv. Studiens slutsatser är att genus- och maktstrukturer inverkar på hur flickor och pojkars eget beteende beskrivs och att detta sedan påverkar domsluten i 3 § LVU. Slutsatsen är att domstolens bedömning och domslut många gånger kopplas till vilket kön den unge är av och därmed är inte rättssystemet könsneutrala i sina bedömningar och beslut.