Orientador: Luís Gustavo Frediani Lessa / Resumo: O presente estudo baseia-se na aplicação das geotecnologias para discriminar o uso da terra, na bacia hidrográfica do rio Araquá, localizada nos municípios de Botucatu e São Manuel (SP). Teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência da metodologia de associação dos índices radiométricos na identificação de uso da terra, com ênfase nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente, estabelecidas conforme o Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei nº 12.727/2012). Foram, a partir de imagens do satélite Sentinel-2, produzidas as seguintes associações de índices radiométricos: NDBI-GNDVI-NDWI, NDBI-NDI45-NDWI e NDBI-NDVI-NDWI. Por meio da validação, obtida pela classificação supervisionada gerada em cada uma das três composições, foram identificados usos inadequados. Notou-se o conflito entre a ocupação desordenada de monoculturas canavieiras e as Áreas de Preservação Permanente. A associação NDBI-NDVI-NDWI foi a mais satisfatória para avaliar e discriminar o uso e ocupação da terra na bacia hidrográfica, com coeficiente Kappa de 84%. / Abstract: This study is based on the application of geotechnologies to discriminate land use in the Araquá river basin, located in the municipalities of Botucatu and São Manuel (SP). The objective was verify the efficiency of the radiometric indices association methodology in land use identification, with emphasis on the Permanent Preservation Areas, established according to the Brazilian Forest Code (Law No. 12.727 / 2012). From Sentinel-2 satellite images, the following radiometric index associations were produced: NDBI-GNDVI-NDWI, NDBI-NDI45-NDWI and NDBI-NDVI-NDWI. Through validation, obtained by the supervised classification generated in each of the three compositions, inappropriate uses were identified. The conflict between the disorderly occupation of sugarcane and the Permanent Preservation Areas was noted. The NDBI-NDVI-NDWI association was the most satisfactory to evaluate and discriminate land use and occupation in the watershed with a Kappa coefficient of 84%. / Mestre

Depuis son apparition, il y a une trentaine d’années, la justice transitionnelle a connu un développement impressionnant. Elle est passée d’un domaine connu des seuls experts à une pratique généralisée pour les sociétés sortant de conflits, et est désormais considérée comme « normalisée ». Pourtant, l’action de son principal promoteur, l’Organisation des Nations Unies, demeure étonnement peu étudiée dans sa globalité et est, en conséquence, méconnue. La complexité du fonctionnement de l’ONU, organisation aux multiples organes, institutions, programmes, départements et fonds, ne facilite pas l’étude de son action. Celle-ci est d’autant plus compliquée si l’on considère l’absence de définition claire dont souffre toujours la justicetransitionnelle. La question peut alors être posée de l’existence d’une justice transitionnelle onusienne. L’Organisation est-elle parvenue à adopter une approche unifiée ? A-t-elle réussi à l’appliquer de façon cohérente ? Ces questions ne peuvent recevoir une réponse que par le biais d’une étude globale et systématique de l’action de l’ONU dans le domaine de la justice transitionnelle. / Transitional justice has experienced an impressive growth since its inception, more than thirty years ago. It has evolved from a field known only by experts to a common practice for post-conflict societies. It is now considered “normalised”. Still, the action of its main promoter, the United Nations, remains surprisingly under-studied. Never has it truly been considered in its entirety. The UN action in the field of transitional justice thus remains illknown. It is true that the highly complex structure of the United Nations, comprising numerous organs, institutions, funds, programmes and departments, does not make its study an easy task. The latter is rendered even harder by the equal complexity of transitional justice, a notion still not benefitting from a clear definition. The sheer existence of a United Nations’ transitional justice may be questioned. Has the Organisation managed to adopt aunified approach ? Does it succeed in applying it in a coherent fashion ? These questions may only find answers through a global and systematic study of the UN’s action in the field of transitional justice.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka socialsekreterares och familjebehandlares professionella möte med klienter. Det professionella mötet studeras och analyseras i studien utifrån tre huvudteman: bemötande, allians- och relationsskapande samt rollkonflikter. Studien är av kvalitativ metodansats och grundas i åtta stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer varav fyra med socialsekreterare och fyra med familjebehandlare. Beträffande bemötandet går det att urskilja olika centrala delar av bemötandet. Dessa är lyhördhet, respektfullhet, ärlighet, tydlighet, empati, delaktighet samt val av klädsel. Allians- och relationsskapande är också ett tema som analyseras i studien och respondenterna uppger viktiga faktorer såsom humor, kroppsspråk, tillit och en minskning av klientens fientliga inställning. Dessa faktorer anses vara viktiga i form av att de möjliggör skapandet av en relation mellan den professionelle och klienten. Ytterligare ett tema som analyseras i studien är socialarbetarnas professionella roll, samt rollkonflikter. En slutsats som framkommer är att socialsekreterarnas yrkesprofession innefattar olika roller. De roller som nämns är myndighetsrollen, föräldrarollen och den stödjande rollen. Familjebehandlarna nämner att de har liknande roller, men att de inte besitter någon myndighetsroll, utan den rollen som nämndes som central var rollen som behandlare. I sin yrkesutövning förklarar respondenterna att deras olika roller kan leda till att det uppstår rollkonflikter. / The aim of this study is to investigate the social workers professional meetings with their clients. The professional meeting is studied through three main themes: personal treatment, the building of a relationship and role conflicts. The study is a qualitative method that is built up through eight semistructured interviews. Four of the interviews were conducted with social workers, who works with child and family investigations, while the remaining four were accomplished with social workers who works with family treatment. Regarding the personal treatment, the study found a number of key factors, which were: responsiveness, respectfulness, honesty, clarity, empathy, participation and choice of clothes. The building of a relationship is also a main theme, which is analyzed in this study. Factors mentioned by the respondents are humor, body language, confidence and a reduction of the client's attitude. These factors are considered important since they enable the building of a relationship between the social worker and the client. Another theme that is analyzed in the study is the socialworkers professional role and role conflicts. A conclusion in the study is that social workers who work with investigations have multiple different roles. The roles mentioned are the authority role, the parent role and the supportive role. The social workers who work with family treatment all mentions the same roles. However, they claim that they do not have an authority role but instead, their work includes a treatment role. The respondents explain that the different roles can lead to roleconflicts.

The involvement of religious dimensions in armed conflict reduces the space for resolution and threatens the durability of peace. Yet, there are empirical cases showing that it is possible to address the challenges posed by religious dimensions. There are various avenues to secure durable peace for conflicts involving religious dimensions. Recent studies have focused on the usage of politico-religious solutions. Their findings are however limited to a series of case studies and still have multiple unknowns. This thesis aims to contribute to this body of research with the research question: How do politico-religious arrangements impact peace durability for intrastate armed conflicts involving religious dimensions? Building on previous research on the termination of civil wars and the resolution mechanisms for religious conflicts, this thesis develops a theoretical argument proposing that the provision of politico-religious solutions increases the likelihood of peace duration. A large-N analysis of 107 settlements from 1975 to 2018 related to 30 dyadic conflicts with religious dimensions, shows that there insufficient statistical evidence to support the proposed relationship. The findings question the generalisability of previous research and propose new avenues to further research the applicability of politico-religious solutions.

Environmental goals are commonly set to guide work towards ecological sustainability. The aim of this thesis is to develop a precise terminology for the description of goals in terms of properties that are important in their practical use as decision-guides and to illustrate how it can be used in evaluations of environmental policy. Essay I (written together with Sven Ove Hansson) identifies a set of rationality criteria for individual goals and discusses them in relation to the typical function of goals. For a goal to perform its typical function, i.e., to guide and induce action, it must be precise, evaluable, approachable (attainable), and motivating. Essay II argues that for a goal system to be rational it must not only satisfy the criteria identified in Essay I but should also be coherent. The coherence of a goal system is made up of the relations that hold among the goals, most notably relations of support and conflict, but possibly also relations of operationalization. A major part of the essay consists in a conceptual analysis of the three relations. Essay III contains an investigation into the rationality of five Swedish environmental objectives through an application of the rationality criteria identified in Essays I-II. The paper draws the conclusion that the objectives are not sufficiently rational according to the suggested criteria. It also briefly points at some of the difficulties that are associated with the use of goals in environmental policy and managemen / QC 20101111

In this paper, we explore drivers and mitigators of agency conflicts inherent in the fund manager-fund investor relationship through the lens of the principal-agent model. By engaging in abductive qualitative research, we apply both deductive and inductive inquiry to complement and extend previous literature with insights from parties directly involved in the Swedish mutual fund market. Hence, data is collected from eight semi-structured interviews with four senior fund managers, three institutional investors and one fund investment association, all operating in Sweden. The results of the study show that agency conflicts and mitigators found in previous studied principal-agent settings are also in large part found in the fund manager-fund investor setting in Sweden. However, this study has extended previous research by generating knowledge about drivers and mitigators of agency conflict found in the real world, which have been left unexplored in previous studies.

Under de senaste decennierna har världen upplevt en kraftig urbanisering. Denna utveckling innebär ianspråktagande av grönområden vilket för med sig negativa effekter på grönstrukturen. För en god förvaltning av grönstruktur på lokal nivå krävs god vägledning från regional nivå. Denna studie skrivs i samverkan med Region Jönköpings län där syftet är att undersöka och jämföra grönstrukturarbetet i tre svenska regioner med skilda förutsättningar. Vidare undersöks vilka möjligheter och utmaningar de tre regionerna kan möta i grönstrukturarbetet. Regionerna i fråga är Region Jönköpings län, Region Skåne och Region Stockholm. Materialet samlas in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tjänstepersoner från respektive region samt Boverket, vidare genomförs även dokumentanalys av regionernas strategidokument. Studiens resultat visar att regionernas arbetssätt till viss del skiljer sig åt utifrån organisatoriska samt geografiska förutsättningar. Vidare uppmärksammas att dessa arbetssätt medför flertalet möjligheter och utmaningar gällande bland annat ansvarsfördelning, kompetens, samverkan och hållbar utveckling. / In recent decades, the world has experienced intensive urbanization. The utilization of greenareas brings negative effects for the green structure. To reach a sufficient management of green structure at the local level guidance from the regional level is required. This study is produced in collaboration with Region Jönköpings län and aims to investigate and compare green structure planning in three Swedish regions. The regions included are Region Jönköpings län, Region Skåne and Region Stockholm. The empirical data is gathered through qualitative interviews with representatives from each region and Boverket, additionally studies of the regional strategic planning documents. The results show that regions methods in management differ to some extent based on organizational and geographical conditions. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the fact that these methods entail several opportunities and challenges regarding for instance responsibility, comptetens, cooperation and sustainable development.

Since the last century, many wars and violations of Human Rights were direct reasons that set the pace to develop Human Rights laws, especially after the end of World War II and the holocausts associated with it. One of the critical Human Rights is that ‘to life’, relating to the right ‘to health’, hence the fundamental accessibility to healthcare services and products. Nonetheless, the last decades have witnessed a significant growth in pharmaceutical patents leading to increased drug prices. Overshoots in prices prohibit access to medicine. Disputes between States, pharmaceutical corporations, patients, and investors have occurred, some of which were not purely related to monetary aspects but also to Human Rights, such as the right to ‘access to medicine’. These disputes are controversial. The applicable legal regimes are patent laws (e.g., the TRIPS Agreement) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL) including the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), European Social Charter, and more. However, it is up to the courts to decide on whether to consider IHRL in the legal decision process. The question turns to whether they consider the two regimes to be intersecting or independent. This thesis tackles the area of intersection between patent law and the right to ‘access to medicine’ in cases of pandemics such as inter alia HIV/AIDS and COVID-19. It investigates whether the right to ‘access to medicine’ exists as a human right by law, to jump to examine whether solutions like Compulsory Licenses (CLs) and patent exceptions are suitable. Then it answers the question whether there should be defragmentation of laws or not. The work analyzes available caselaw to seek a balance between patent laws and the human right to ‘access to medicine’ during pandemics. Caselaw shows that the conflict makes the overlap of laws confusing and in need of determining the set of relevant provisions in the applicable norms. The question on defragmentation in answered by focusing on Section 5 of the TRIPS Agreement and some provisions in IHRL instruments. The thesis proposes a defragmentation of applicable laws that aids in looking at previous solutions to reach the sought balance, and it sheds the light to give recommendations. The work finally recommends being proactive, for times of pandemics like the COVID-19 outbreak, and working on the realization of a unified and harmonized EU patent law to keep up to the objective of delivering quality vaccines/antivirals, on time, within budget, and with supporting applicable laws.

After the Cold War, mediation as an armed conflict resolution process was thought to become an increasingly common tool to address even the most complex armed conflicts. Recurring conflicts especially should be the focus of mediation. However, with regards to armed conflicts that reoccur, there is a gap in the research of mediation in relation to the rounds of violence. This thesis argues that the more rounds of violence a recurring armed conflict experiences the less likely it will experience mediation. To examine the relationship between the rounds of violence of a recurring armed conflict and mediation onset, this thesis employed Structured Focused Comparison (SFC) to compare two recurring armed conflicts. One with a low mediation occurrence (West Papua) and one high mediation occurrence (Aceh). While the case comparison provides limited support for the hypothesized relationship between rounds of violence and mediation, the results instead may provide support that recurring armed conflicts are not increasingly resistant to mediation the more rounds of violence they experience.

I en multimetodial studie kombinerades kvalitativa enkätundersökningar om konflikthantering, riktade till matematiklärare, med kvantitativa enkätundersökningar om konfliktfrekvenser och matematikångest, riktade till deras klasser, för att belysa om frekvensen av klassrumskonflikter och dess hantering har ett samband med matematikångest. Sex lärare deltog tillsammans med totalt 201 elever, fördelat på elva klasser på högstadiet och gymnasiet. Elevernas matematikångest utvärderades genom en modifierad svensk översättning av AMAS, som tillsammans med deras konfliktuppfattning analyserades med hjälp av variansanalys och Spearmans rangkorrelation i JASP v.0.14.1.0. Lärarnas beskrivningar analyserades med en hermeneutisk tolkningsprocess. De skillnader och likheter som uppkom i lärarnas beskrivningar jämfördes med skillnader och likheter i elevernas svar. Resultaten visar på att det finns en positiv korrelation mellan matematikångest och uppfattningen av konflikters frekvenser, oavsett konflikttyp. Matematikångest kopplat till inlärning påverkas i en högre utsträckning än matematikångest kopplat till prestation. Det finns endast indikationer på att en modifierade MmE-modell (mMmE) som konflikthanteringsmetod, med förståelse som målfokus i det första skedet och en övergång till Mm-modellen vid mer akuta situationer, kan ha en proaktiv effekt på denna korrelation. Resultatet behöver förankras med djupare forskning innan någon praktisk rekommendationkan ges till yrkesverksamma lärare. / This multi-method study aimed to shed light on correlation between the frequency of classroom conflicts, conflict management, and mathematics anxiety. This study combined qualitative surveys on conflict management aimed at mathematics teachers and quantitative surveys on the frequency of conflicts and mathematics anxiety directed to their pupils. Six teachers and 201 pupils participated, spread across eleven classes in grade 8-9 and highschool. The students' mathematical anxiety was evaluated through a modified translation of AMAS, which were analyzed together with their perception of conflicts using variance analysis and Spearman’s rank-order correlation in JASP v.0.14.1.0. The teachers' descriptions were analyzed with a hermeneutic interpretation process and compared between them inparallel with the students' results. The results show there is a correlation between math anxiety and the frequency of conflicts, both specific conflicts and a general perception of conflicts. Learning mathematics anxiety was affected to a greater extent than mathematics evaluation anxiety. There are only indicators that a modified version of the conflict management method MmE-model can have a proactive effect on this correlation. This part of the results need to be anchored with more research before any practical recommendation can be given.