Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlos_final.pdf: 902093 bytes, checksum: 8badf1beb2ec7eca8dece016b6851afb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-29 / The present study had as main objective, to examine the possibility of the use of the reversal of the burden of proof, applied to the Brazilian Criminal Process. The reversal of the burden of proof, rule destined mainly to aid the judge in his decision has been frequently used in the field of the consumer s right, authorized in the Brazilian Consumer Code. It allows that, as long as specific fundamentals are present, that the Judge can decide favorably to the weakest part in case that there is a doubt regarding the demonstration of the facts by the parts involved, not using the normal rule of distribution of the burden of proof, but the inversion of such distribution. As it is a rule of exception, it has to be clearly expressed. The questioning that is done is that considering the present characteristics of modern criminality, and the tendency to make some of the basic institutions and rules of the criminal law process more flexible, and in order to try to answer to the organized crime, that such instrument would be able to be used in this kind of legal process. The goal will be to provide the judge with a new rule to distribute the burden of proof, different of the usual in dubio pro reo. It comes as a fact that the modern criminality requires changes in the field of the criminal process. There are new theories worldwide in criminal law and its practical use, pointing to changes, some of them very extreme. It became necessary a detail exam of the truth, of the proof itself, of the criminal proof, of the burden of proof and of its inversion. With all these analyzed, it was realized that it will not be possible, considering the present Brazilian constitutional structure, to use the inversion of the burden of proof in the criminal process. To circumvent this, two legislative proposals were then formulated, one in the constitutional arena, and another in the area of the Brazilian Criminal Code. The first one to permit the reversion of the burden of proof in the practical determination of a criminal offense, after been established the certainty that the accused is part of a criminal organization. The second proposal, allowing the utilization of the reversal of the burden of proof considering the civil effects of the criminal sentence, with emphasis in the loss of property supposedly acquired with the product of a crime and which it was not proved that the acquisition was performed with unlawful proceeds. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal examinar a possibilidade do uso da inversão do ônus da prova no Processo Penal Brasileiro. A inversão do ônus da prova, regra destinada principalmente ao julgador no iter da decisão, vem sendo utilizada com freqüência na área das relações de consumo, autorizada pelo Código Brasileiro de Defesa do Cosumidor. Permite que, presentes requisitos específicos, o Juiz possa decidir favoravelmente ao hipossuficiente, caso esteja em dúvida com relação à demonstração dos fatos pelas partes, não aplicando a regra normal de distribuição do ônus da produção de provas, invertendo tal distribuição. Como é regra de exceção, precisa ser expressa. O questionamento que se faz é se, à vista da moderna criminalidade, e de uma tendência de flexibilização de alguns dos institutos basilares do direito penal e processual penal, para tentar responder ao crime organizado, tal instrumento poderia ser usado nesse ramo do Direito. A finalidade seria a de permitir ao juiz do processo uma nova regra de distribuição do ônus da prova, diversa do in dubio pro reo. Partiu-se da constatação que a criminalidade moderna está a exigir alterações no campo da persecução penal. Há novas teorias penais e uso prático das mesmas, apontando para mudanças, algumas extremadas. Passou-se ao exame específico da verdade e da prova, da prova penal, do ônus da prova e de sua inversão. Dominados esses institutos, apontou-se que não seria possível, dentro da atual estrutura constitucional brasileira, o uso da inversão do ônus da prova no campo penal. Para sua implementação, duas propostas legislativas foram então formuladas, uma no campo constitucional e outra na esfera do Código Penal Brasileiro. A primeira, para permitir uma inversão do ônus da prova na aferição da prática delitiva, após ter sido constatada a certeza de que o acusado é partícipe de organização criminosa. A segunda, permitindo a utilização da inversão do ônus da prova na esfera de efeitos civis da sentença penal, mormente no perdimento de bens presumivelmente adquiridos com o produto do delito e sobre os quais não fora feita prova de aquisição com aportes lícitos.

This work aims the investigation of the several criminal suit court record text categories: types, genres and species (according to TRAVAGLIA, [2003]/2007) which are used in our society in the criminal court. Thus, it is necessary to contemplate the idea that the number of texts used in a criminal process is great and that each epoch lives a set of rules that are of its own, i.e, they do not abandon the past, they do not break up with the traditions, although they shape or discipline the human facts according to the demands of the moment. Therefore, our intention is to verify the existence of these several categories of texts, characterize them linguistically and verify in the genre sentence the reflexes, by means of linguistic marks, of those text genres which were used in criminal processes and motivated the judge to make up his decision and declare his sentence . This study was done according to the theoretical bases of the Text Linguistics and the reflections of the several text categories present in our daily routine at the criminal court, about which, lawyers manuals refer to, sometimes as criminal court documents, process or simply nominate them according to the legal terminology proposed in our criminal legal texts, which many times can lead to misunderstandings once they do not have the rigor of the juridical terminology, once the rigor of the law science depends substantially on the language which can not nominate different institutes with the same name neither can it nominate the same institutes with different names. Nevertheless, the legislator did not hold on any criteria and, being divorced of any scientific or systematic orientation, has opted for each law the empiric solutions. So, for the analyses of our text categories we have developed a qualitative study with an analytic-descriptive methodology that uses scraps of the collected corpus from 10 (ten) criminal processes collected for this investigation with the scope of analyzing and characterizing each of them with special attention to the sentence by means of the linguistic materiality of this corpus which is left behind as a clue to the motivation of the judge. Such analyses and characterizations are also based on the foundations of the Theory of the Speech Acts (AUSTIN, 1962), The Communicative Action Theory (HABERMAS, 1983, 2003), the theories about the argumentation, as well as the postulate of Discourse Communities (SWALES, 1990). / Este estudo tem como finalidade investigar as várias categorias de texto forenses criminal: tipos, gêneros e espécies (segundo TRAVAGLIA, [2003]/2007) que circulam em nossa sociedade. Destarte, é necessário contemplar a idéia de que grande é o número das categorias de texto que circulam em nossa sociedade e que cada época vive um complexo de regras que lhe são próprias, ou seja, não desprezam o passado, não rompem com as tradições, contudo, modelam ou disciplinam os fatos humanos, segundo as exigências do seu momento. Portanto pretende-se verificar a existência das várias categorias de texto presentes nos processos penais, caracterizá-las lingüisticamente e verificar no gênero sentença os reflexos, por meio das marcas lingüísticas, daqueles gêneros textuais apresentados no decorrer do processo criminal que motivam o julgador a proferir sua sentença. Norteia-se, este estudo, teoricamente pelos estudos da Lingüística Textual e pelas reflexões sobre as mais variadas categorias de texto presentes no nosso dia a dia forense, sobre as quais manuais de advogados ora se referem como peças processuais, ora como processo, ou simplesmente pela terminologia jurídica proposta na legislação, que muitas vezes leva ao erro, uma vez que não possuem um rigor da terminologia na linguagem jurídica. Haja vista, que o rigor da ciência jurídica depende substancialmente da linguagem, não devendo designar com um nome comum institutos diversos, nem institutos iguais com nomes diferentes. O legislador não abraçou, porém, nenhum critério e divorciado de qualquer preocupação científica ou sistemática, preferiu, em cada lei, as soluções meramente empíricas. Assim, para a análise das categorias de textos forenses criminais, desenvolve-se um estudo qualitativo, cuja metodologia analítico-descritiva faz recortes no corpus coletado em 10 (dez) processos criminais, analisa-se e caracteriza-se criteriosamente o gênero sentença por meio das marcas presentes na materialidade lingüística desse corpus. Tais análises e caracterizações norteiam-se, também, pelos pressupostos teóricos da Teoria dos Atos de Fala (AUSTIN, 1962), da teoria da Ação Comunicativa (HABERMAS, 1983,2003), as teorias sobre a argumentação, assim como pelo postulado teórico de Comunidades Discursivas (SWALES, 1990). / Mestre em Linguística

En 2019, le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle continue de générer une importante polarisation des opinions sur les places publiques et politiques. Même si les écrits entourant ce phénomène sont nombreux, celui-ci reste mal défini. Le manque de recherches bâties sur une méthodologie rigoureuse demeure une entrave importante à l’élaboration de connaissances fiables autant en ce qui concerne le paradigme du passage à l’acte que celui de la réaction sociale. Pourtant, la gravité des impacts de ce crime sur la vie des victimes mérite de s’y attarder consciencieusement. La présente recherche souhaite poursuivre l’exploration empirique du phénomène. L’objectif est de décrire le processus du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Pour ce faire, l’approche des scripts a été retenu comme cadre théorique. C’est une approche utilisée dans de nombreuses études de phénomènes complexes et pourtant rarement appliquée au trafic humain. L’approche du script nous permet de considérer le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle dans sa globalité tout en permettant de mettre en lumière les éléments spécifiques nécessaires qui composent le processus. Vingt-deux cas, tirés de jugements canadiens ayant des accusations sous l’article 279.01 du Code criminel, ont été retenus pour créer le script général du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Le résultat est un script en huit étapes, du recrutement à la distribution des bénéfices. Deux étapes additionnelles ont été ajoutées. En amont, le contexte initial est soulevé pour, notamment, établir les motivations individuelles des travailleuses et, en aval, la fin de la carrière est décrite pour aborder les causes du désengagement. Le script identifié rapporte un trafic national, peu structuré et opportuniste. / In 2019, human trafficking for sexual exploitation still generate important public and political debates. Even if the literature is growing on the subject, the latter stays ill-defined. Indeed, the lack of researches based on a rigorous methodology is, still today, a major impediment to the development of reliable knowledge on the phenomenon itself as well as on the social reaction to it. This research aims at pursuing the empirical exploration of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The objective is to describe the global process from the recruitment up to the sexual exploitation and beyond. In order to achieve this, the script methodological approach will be applied. It is an efficient approach that has been used in numerous studies to improve the understanding of complex phenomenon yet, it has been rarely applied to human trafficking. The script enables the researchers to consider the whole process of human trafficking for sexual exploitation while highlighting the key elements that are required to allow the chain of events that build up to the exploitation. Twenty-two individual cases from Canadian judgments having accusations under the article 279.01 of the Criminal Code were retained to create the general script of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The result is a script in eight steps, from the recruitment of the sex worker to the distribution of the gains. Two steps were added in order to expand the knowledge around the process of the phenomenon. Before the process, the initial context is presented in order, notably, to raise the individual motivations of the workers. After the process, the end of the career is also added to explore the factors that bring them to quit the sex work. Moreover, the general script exposes a national, loosely structured and opportunistic traffic.

No description available.

[pt] A persecução penal foi analisada sob a ótica da incidência do princípio da ampla defesa na fase de inquérito policial e no curso do processo. A partir da observação das práticas dos órgãos estatais que atuam na persecução penal, foi possível inferir que apesar da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 estabelecer princípios garantistas, norteadores do processo penal, a atuação dos órgãos estatais ainda está pautada por um caráter repressivo/punitivo que inspirou a elaboração do Código de Processo Penal de 1941. Foram selecionados julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Minas Gerais demonstrativos de uma interpretação que prima pela relativização das garantias processuais. Ainda que se realizem reformas no diploma processual penal, visando melhor adequá-lo à Constituição Federal, não há que se falar em respeito ao devido processo penal enquanto as decisões judiciais persistirem em flexibilizar os princípios constitucionais e as normas infraconstitucionais garantidoras dos direitos daqueles que estão sujeitos ao processo. O comprometimento do devido processo penal é evidenciado não somente por tais práticas judiciais, mas também pela ausência de efetiva ampla defesa, pois grande parte daqueles que estão submetidos ao processo não tem condições de contratar advogados e não há por parte do Estado o cumprimento do dever de prestar a assistência jurídica integral e gratuita a ser realizada pela Defensoria Pública. A ausência de efetiva ampla defesa macula o exercício da cidadania e o processo penal é visto como instrumento para legitimar uma exclusão que o antecede, assumindo o Estado brasileiro a postura do eficientismo penal em detrimento do respeito às garantias constitucionais. Nessa perspectiva, reconhece-se a necessidade de melhor estruturação da Defensoria Pública, para a defesa dos direitos dos hipossuficientes, pois em razão da capacidade técnico-jurídica de seus profissionais, pode se contrapor às práticas autoritárias, defendendo o status libertatis dos investigados e acusados. / [en] Criminal prosecution was assessed from the perspective of the principle of full defense during police investigation and along corresponding procedures. From the observation of state agency practices regarding criminal prosecution, it was possible to infer that, despite the fact that the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil sets forth guarantee principles to guide criminal procedures, the performance of state offices is still ruled by a repressive/punitive characteristic that inspired the creation of 1941 Code of Criminal Proceedings. Decisions issued by the Federal Supreme Court, the Superior Court of Justice and the Court of Justice of the State of Minas Gerais were selected once they demonstrated an interpretation that excels in the relativizing procedural guarantees. Even if reforms are carried out to the criminal procedural diploma aiming at better adjusting it to the Federal Constitution, it is not possible to talk about respect for the due criminal procedure while legal decisions insist in softening constitutional principles and infra-constitutional standards that guarantee the rights of those who are subjected to the proceedings. The sacrifice of the due criminal procedure is evidenced not only by such legal practices, but also by the lack of effective full defense once most of those who are subjected to the procedure cannot engage lawyers and the Government fails to comply with the obligation to provide full and free legal assistance through the Public Defender s Office. The absence of effective full defense tarnishes the exercise of citizenship and the criminal procedure is seen as an instrument to legitimate an exclusion that precedes it. The Brazilian State assumes the posture of criminal efficiency to the detriment of respect for constitutional guarantees. From that stand point, is recognized the need to improve the structure of the Public Defender s Office to defend the rights of the disadvantaged ones, due to the technical and legal capacity of its professionals, they can fight authoritarian practices, defending the status libertatis of investigated and accused ones.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Ricardo Cyrilo Pinheiro Machado Cogan.pdf: 930087 bytes, checksum: 295a13b13e15a95a4e64a6c979df4303 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / The scientific work aims to produce knowledge. This is not put into question. Although what is the purpose of that work, or if there is any purpose at all, is a question that must be made ex ante any task. The answer resounds: all knowledge must be turned to the instrument, technology in order to improve people's lives. In legal terms, this should be put in technical terms: improving justice, democracy, human dignity, certainty. However, these basic elements - justice, democracy, human dignity, certainty - have great fluidity, which does not allow them to extract a precise meaning. Same phenomenon occurs in the large themes: people, society, State, Law, State of Law, and Democracy. Witch shall be studied in Unitarian philosophical view of the world. Therefore it is necessary to introduce certain methodological warnings, and it explains the option for analyzing these institutes under the attributes of form and function, starting from abstractions up to very precise and contextualized content of those institutes; in order to propose solutions for fighting crime in a democratic way, especially organized crime. And therefore it is to be studied the possibilities of negotiation within the police investigation in Brazilian Criminal Procedural Law / O trabalho científico visa produzir conhecimento. Isso não se questiona. Mas a que se voltará este conhecimento, ou mesmo se possui alguma finalidade, é pergunta que se deve ser feita ex ante qualquer atividade. A resposta ressoa: todo conhecimento deve ser voltado a dar instrumento, tecnologia para melhorar a vida das pessoas. Em Direito, põe-se em termos técnicos: é assistir a justiça, a democracia, a dignidade humana, segurança. Contudo, estes elementos básicos --justiça, democracia, dignidade da pessoa humana, segurança-- possuem grande fluidez, que não permite extrair-lhes um significado preciso. Fenômeno que se verifica nos grandes temas: pessoa, sociedade, Estado, Direito, Estado de Direito, Democracia. Sempre tomando visão unitarista de mundo. Por isso, necessário introduzir advertências metodológicas, e a opção por analisar estes institutos sob sua forma e função, para chegar-se, de abstrações até conteúdos muito precisos e contextualizados. E ao fim propor solução para combate democrático à criminalidade atual, em especial a organizada. E assim estudar as possibilidades de negociação no inquérito policial, principal meio de investigação no Direito Processual Penal Brasileiro

Unabhängig von der Rechtstradition stößt man in jedem Rechtssystem auf das strafprozessuale Problem des Verwertungsverbots rechtswidrig erhobener Beweise. Es ist bereits in der Idee des Rechtsstaates selbst verschlüsselt. Einerseits muss der Staat die Gesellschaft und ihre Mitglieder vor straftätlichen Versuchen beschützen, Straftaten aufklären und Personen, die Straftaten begangen haben, bestrafen. Andererseits, der Staat hat gesetzmäßige Maßnahmen anzuwenden und allgemein anerkannte Normen der Menschenrechte und des Schutzes der Freiheiten einzuhalten. In der Praxis gelingt es nicht immer, bei der Aufklärung der Straftaten die Verletzung des Rechtsmäßigkeitsgrundsatzes während der Hauptverfahrenstätigkeit, d. h. der Beweisansammlung zu vermeiden. In derartigen Fällen entsteht meistens die Frage, ob die Ergebnisse, d. h. die Beweise, einer Handlung, die rechtswidrig durchgeführt wurde, bei Begründung der Beteiligung eines Schuldigen an der Straftatbegehung und seines Verschuldens verwertet werden dürfen. Der Gegenstand dieser Dissertationsforschung umfasst gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse, die sich danach gestalten, wenn die Beweise, die für eine gerechte Entscheidung eines Strafverfahrens wichtig sind, rechtswidrig erhoben wurden, und, wenn das Dilemma der Verwertungszulässigkeit bzw. des Verwertungsverbots solcher Beweise entschieden wird. / Disertacijoje tiriama teisės pažeidimo, padaryto gaunant įrodymą, įtaka sprendžiant tokio įrodymo naudojimo leistinumo (neleistinumo) Lietuvos baudžiamajame procese klausimą. Analizuojama įrodymų leistinumo samprata Lietuvos baudžiamojo proceso teisėje, atskleidžiama šio teisinio reiškinio esmė ir procesinė teisinė reikšmė dabartinio baudžiamojo proceso teisinio reguliavimo kontekste, identifikuojami tradicinio mokymo apie įrodymų leistinumą teigiami aspektai ir trūkumai; analizuojami įrodymų, gautų pažeidžiant teisę, naudojimo neleistinumo konstituciniai aspektai, įrodymų, gautų pažeidžiant teisę, naudojimo neleistinumo prasmė ir pateisinimas teisinės valstybės baudžiamajame procese. Atliktos norminės ir specialiosios literatūros analizės, empirinės medžiagos studijos bei lyginamosios informacijos tyrimo pagrindu pasiūloma alternatyvi įrodymų leistinumo samprata, apibrėžiama jos turinį sudarančių teisinių kategorijų įrodymų rinkimo leistinumas ir įrodymų naudojimo neleistinumas esmė ir procesinė teisinė reikšmė, nustatomi konkretūs įrodymų, gautų pažeidžiant teisę, naudojimo neleistinumo Lietuvos baudžiamajame procese pagrindai. / The dissertation investigates an impact of the law infringement made by obtaining evidence, meeting the question of the admissibility (inadmissibility) of evidence in the Lithuanian criminal process. The analysis touches upon the conception of the admissibility of evidence in the Lithuanian criminal process law, uncovering the nature of this juridical topic along with the procedural juridical meaning in the context of the present – day criminal process legal regulation, identifying the positive aspects and weaknesses of traditional teaching on admissibility of evidence; inadmissibility of illegally obtained evidence constitutional aspects, meaning and justification in the criminal process of the state governed by the rule of law are analyzed. On the basis of the accomplished standard and special literature analysis, empirical matter studies and the comparative information research, the alternative admissibility of evidence conception is proposed, defining the nature and procedural legal meaning of the content composing legal categories – evidence collection admissibility and the evidence evaluation inadmissibility. Finally, apparent fundamentals of the illegally obtained evidence inadmissibility in the Lithuanian criminal process are identified.

This research seeks to establish a methodology by which transitional justice strategies ought to be incorporated within the International Criminal Court (ICC) framework. The study is based on the situation in Uganda as an example of the state that has a situation and cases before the ICC. The aim of the thesis was achieved through the adoption of a combination of theoretical legal research and the non -doctrinal approaches. This research establishes that the primary responsibility to prosecute persons suspected of violating international law lies with the states. The importance of the concept of individual criminal responsibility, the idea that every person suspected of committing the most serious offences must be held accountable regardless of status. The principle of individual criminal responsibility is further developed with the creation of the ICC. This research clarifies that there are limitations in terms of what prosecutions can achieve during transitional periods; further, that trials in the ICC and national courts can be undertaken together with proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commissions or indigenous mechasims. Such an approach will allow for confines of prosecutions to be addressed. Despite the existence of principles and institutional framework that are intended to ensure individuals are held accountable for the most serious offences of international concern, the majority of individuals are not held accountable. In order for the ICC to operate effectively it would need to seek to go beyond deterrence and retribution. This would require post – conflict states to devise transitional arrangements that compel with the ICC structure. Thus the research recommends that it would be better for judicial and non- judicial measures to be adopted in states that have cases before the ICC. Particularly Uganda must adopt the mato oput method formally as a tool to address the past human rights abuses in Uganda. All persons regardless of whether they have been granted amnesty or not must be held accountable under the mato oput measures. This implies all persons with exception to those that the ICC has issued the warrants of arrest against. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.