Imitation was one of the five teaching methods passed down from the Greeks and was, from antiquity down to the nineteenth century, highly respected among scholars and educators. However, imitation has lost status as a viable pedagogy, and especially perhaps in the field of composition studies.

abstract: This study employed Participatory Action Research (PAR) which applied critical pedagogy, actor-network theory, and social network theory to create and implement an Application Framework for Critical Pedagogy (AFCP) with the goal of making critical pedagogy more broadly accessible to a wider range of faculty in higher education. Participants in the study included faculty, staff, and students from Watts College of Public Service and Community Solutions of Arizona State University, and data was collected in the form of surveys, interviews, written interactions, and video observations of multidisciplinary committee meetings to build the framework. The study concluded with a functional framework from which faculty and instructional designers alike can work to create better, more effective courses. Including participants of diverse backgrounds, varying power levels, and sometimes opposing perspectives in the study created a diversity of thought and experience which offered the opportunity to refine the purpose, expectations, and specific language of the tool. While the framework is not intended to be a definitive source of critical pedagogy application, this refinement allows the possibility that more faculty, instructional designers, and other higher education stakeholders may find utility in the revised framework as a tool for self-advocating and for professional pedagogical growth. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Leadership and Innovation 2020

Teachers’ voices have been largely excluded from the academic and political debates regarding the aims and merits of financial literacy education. Through case study research, this project examined the beliefs, practices, and lives of 10 teachers in Québec and Ontario who teach financial literacy at the intermediate and senior levels. Specifically, the teachers in this study report taking a critical approach to financial literacy education–a subject that tends to be framed in simplistic and individualistic terms as mere personal financial decision-making. In an analysis of in-depth interviews and deliberative inquiry focus groups with self-identifying critical teachers and investigation into various documentary sources, I detail the ways in which some of these teachers adhere to mainstream understandings of financial literacy education while others work to reframe it towards more critical and economically just ends. This research results in the development of a framework for critical economic literacy education, documenting the intellectually demanding set of skills, knowledge, and pedagogical strategies a critical economic literacy requires of students and teachers. Findings also bring forth distinctions in teachers’ ideas about criticality, revealing that teachers navigate between common, critical, and transformative sense orientations in sophisticated ways to achieve their pedagogical aims. Last, I investigate how criticality emerges in teachers, narrating the ways in which their personal biographies, professional and political activities, and intellectual pursuits inform their critical teaching in relation to financial literacy. This case study is further contextualized by the current political moment in which escalating economic inequality and the widening racial wealth gap, the current financial crisis, impending climate disasters, and antidemocratic politics worldwide convey a sense of urgency and a timely relevance for a more critical and transformative financial literacy education.

<p>The purpose of this project was to cultivate a series of professional development training sessions for secondary teachers to incorporate concepts of Critical Race Theory in their classrooms, through the use of social justice education, social emotional learning, and student-centered learning. The researcher examined material in favor and in opposition to the project topic to collect information on how to best serve educators and students. The researcher engaged with academic writing as well as with high school teachers and administrators about this project topic. This manuscript and attached training material is the result of the researcher’s findings and serves to answer the question of whether aspects of Critical Race Theory should be implemented in secondary classrooms as well as if so, how should teachers do so—all in hopes of better supporting more equitable and just education for high school educators and students. </p><br>

Norm criticism is a well-spoken topic in the Swedish after-school center, never has the gender and race aspect been so debated as now. In this candidate thesis, norm criticism in the Swedish after-school center, is brought to the surface and put into the perspective of intersectionality through two cases. Their cultural background and normative values will also play a role. Our two cases connected through years of working in the after-school center, will be debated through different contemporary articles, literature and a observation as well to bring focus on norm critical pedagogy. We will work around the questions; how do we use norm critical pedagogy, if we don’t know whose norms to emanate from, and how important are norms really in our daily work as teachers? Do all students get the same treatment, or is there a difference between students with a minority background, and is there a difference between how teachers view, categories and judge them according to their own evaluation and norms? / Normkritik är ett ämne som är omtalat i svenska fritidshem, aldrig har genus och rasaspekter varit så omdebatterat som nu. I detta kandidatarbete kommer normkritik i det svenska fritidshemmet att lyftas fram intersektionellt genom två berättelser, kulturella och normativa värden kommer även att spela en roll. Genom två beskrivna händelser, kopplat till år av arbete i fritidshemmet kommer vi att reflektera med hjälp av samtida artiklar, litteratur och en observation samt fokusera på normkritisk pedagogik. Vi kommer att utgå från frågeställningar som; hur använder vi oss av normkritisk pedagogik om vi inte vet vems normer vi utgår ifrån, och hur stor roll spelar egentligen normer i vårt dagliga arbete som lärare i fritidshem? Får alla elever samma bemötande i skolan, eller finns det en skillnad mellan elever från minoritetskulturer och är det skillnad på hur lärare bedömer och kategoriserar dem kopplat till deras egna värderingar och normer? / <p>Bedömningsgrad: VG</p>

Orientador: Luciana Maria Lunardi Campos / Resumo: A presente pesquisa buscou analisar relações entre os conhecimentos sobre o ser humano e as concepções de mundo dos licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas, tendo em vista a relação dialética estabelecida entre indivíduo-sociedade. A partir dos questionamentos: 1. Quais concepções estes licenciandos possuem sobre o ser humano? 2. Quais tipos de conhecimentos auxiliam na formação destas concepções? 3. Como estes conhecimentos se relacionam com as concepções de mundo destes estudantes? Dois instrumentos de coleta de dados foram desenvolvidos (questionário e entrevista) com o objetivo de apreender as determinações gerais e particulares dos licenciandos acerca das relações descritas. No total, 55 estudantes de três turmas de uma universidade estadual pública responderam ao questionário e quatro deles participaram da entrevista após contato. Os fundamentos filosóficos formadores das concepções dos licenciandos foram: idealismo, materialismo, concepções transcendentais, ontologia, epistemologia, sujeito abstrato, sujeito concreto, lógica formal e lógica dialética. Além destes, os conceitos de classe e de práxis foram utilizados para constituir a concepção de mundo dos licenciandos, tendo em vista o referencial ontológico do materialismo histórico dialético adotado na pesquisa. Assim, a partir deste referencial, as múltiplas determinações contraditórias do objeto (ser humano) foram utilizadas para a análise das relações dialéticas presentes nas concepções de mundo dos licenciandos, send... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aimed to analyze the knowledges about the human being and their relations with the world views of Biological Sciences undergraduates. The relationships were analyzed by a dialectical perspective of individual-society. From the concerns: 1. What conceptions these students have about the human being? 2. What types of knowledge helps them form these conceptions? 3. How these knowledges relate with the world views these students carry? Two data collection instruments were developed (questionnaire and interview) in order to apprehend the relationships between the knowledge about the human being and the world views of the students. 55 students of three different classes of a public state university answered the questionnaire and four of them the interview. The philosophical fundaments that formed the undergraduates’ world views were: idealism, materialism, transcendental conceptions, ontology, epistemology, abstract subject, concrete subject, formal logic and dialectical logic. The concepts of class and praxis were used to build the world views of the students, having the same theoretical reference used in this research: dialectical historical materialism. Thus, by this reference, the object’s multiple contradictory determinations were used to analyze the dialectical relations present in the world views of the students, and they were: subject x object; objectification x appropriation; teleology x causality; humanization x alienation. The undergraduates, under the infl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra till förståelsen för hur svensklärare på högstadienivå kan planera, anpassa och analysera sin normkritiskt inspirerade undervisning. En förståelsemodell, med elevernas blivande som kärna, presenteras som sammanfattningen av forskningen och teorierna om normkritiskt inspirerad undervisning grundad i postperspektiven. Förståelsemodellen blir sedan testad som ett analysverktyg på empiriskt material från en muntlig examination i svenskämnet för niondeklassare. Slutsatsen är att niondeklassarna har mycket gemensamt med postperspektivens förhållningssätt. De delar speciellt postepistemologins förhållningssätt till kunskap. Eleverna anser kunskap står i relation till makt och de ifrågasätter objektiviteten både hos fakta och hos deras eget perspektiv. Niondeklassarnas förhållningssätt liknar också det hos postetiken och det hos ett nomadiskt subjekt. Samhällets värden är någonting att omförhandla om så krävs. De har en relativt reflexiv blick på identitet. När eleverna talar om världen och identitet återkommer både revolt och maktlöshet. Denna slutsats visar att en förståelsemodell grundad i postperspektiven fungerar som analysverktyg för normkritiskt inspirerad svenskundervisning. Den preciserar niondeklassarnas förhållningssätt till värden, identitet och kunskap. Det abstrakta i förståelsemodellen kan bidra till förståelsen av normkritiskt inspirerad undervisning, men den undflyr också några av de konkreta problemen med att planera, anpassa och analysera undervisningen. / The purpose of this work is to contribute for second school Swedish teachers understanding of how to plan, adjust and analyze norm critical inspired Swedish teaching.  An understanding-model, with the pupils becoming as the core, is presented as a summary of the research and theories about norm critical education grounded in the postperspectives. This understanding-model is being tested as a theoretical analyze tool on empirical material from an oral exam in Swedish language for ninth graders. The conclusion is that the ninth graders have much in common with the ratio of postperspectives. Especially do they share the postepistemological ratio about knowledge. The pupils see that knowledge stands in relation to power and they question the objectivity of both facts and of their own perspective. The ninth graders ratio also has similarities with the ratio of postetic and a nomadic subject. Values in society is something to renegotiate if necessary. They share a somewhat reflexive onlook at identity. When the pupils speak about the world and identity both revolt and powerlessness recure. This conclusion shows that the theoretical understanding-model grounded in the postperspectives work as an analyze tool of norm critical inspired Swedish teaching. It pinpoints the ninth graders ratio to values, identity and knowledge. The abstractness of the understanding-model can contribute to the understanding of norm critical inspired Swedish teaching, but it escapes some of the problems of planning, adjusting and analyze the teaching.

Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka ett normkritiskt förhållningssätt till lärande samt lärares syn på normer och värden. Arbetet undersöker även lärares syn på möjligheter och utmaningar med normkritik i undervisningen samt hur de implementerar perspektivet i sin planering och undervisning. Explicita metoder och strategier som lärare använder sig av undersöks och påvisas i studien. Metoder som används är en enkätundersökning och semistrukturerade intervjuer som utgår från en fenomenografisk metodologi. Teorier som analysen utgår från är ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och ett normkritiskt perspektiv samt från läroplanen och skollagen. Resultatet som framkom är främst att ett normkritiskt förhållningssätt i undervisningen ofta bygger på egna värderingar och uppfattningar om moral samt på en viss koppling till läroplanens uppdrag och skrivningar kring normer. Lärare ser stora möjligheter i att arbeta normkritiskt i grundskolans flesta ämnen och inom merparten av samhällskunskapens områden. De poängterar vikten av ett övergripande och långsiktigt arbete samt att diskutera normer och normkritik med elever, att bygga på deras egna erfarenheter samt koppla det till elevernas vardag och exempel de kan identifiera sig i. Resultatet stämmer väl överens med tidigare forskning och litteratur. / The purpose of this work is to investigate a norm-critical approach to learning as well as teachers’ views when it comes to norms and values. This work also investigates teachers’ views on possibilities and challenges with norm-critical perspectives, as well as how they implement the perspectives in planning and teaching. Explicit methods and strategies teachers use are investigated and demonstrated in the study.  The methods used are surveys and semi-structured interviews based on a phenomenographic methodology. The analysis is based on theories about a socio-cultural perspective and a norm critical perspective, as well as the curriculum and the education act.  The result shows that a norm-critical approach in education often is based on the teacher’s own values and sense of moral, as well as connected to the curriculum mission and its writings about norms. Teachers are seeing large possibilities when it comes to working with a norm-critical approach in most of the compulsory schools' subjects, and mostly in the different civics’ subjects. They value a general and long-term work and discussions about values and norm-critical thinking with pupils, to build on their experiences as well as connecting to the pupils’ everyday life and to use examples as they can identify with. The results agree well with prior research and literature.

Det blir vanligare att barn och ungdomar slutar spela fotboll när dem blir äldre vilket bland annat beror på avsaknad av tillhörighet, brist på autonomi och en känsla av otillräcklig kompetens, delar som är centrala i barnkonventionens grundprinciper. I Sverige blev barnkonventionen lag den första januari 2020 efter att Sverige kritiserats av FN:s barnrättskommitté, där brister upptäckts. För fotbollstränare innebär lagändringen ett ökat ansvar att arbeta i linje med barnkonventionen. Syftet med studien var att beskriva fotbollstränares uppfattningar av hur de, utifrån barnkonventionen, arbetar med att skapa goda förutsättningar att främja en hälsosam och pedagogisk miljö för barn i fotbollsföreningar. Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats från nio fotbollstränare genom intervjuer och bearbetats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från frigörande pedagogik och känsla av sammanhang. Den insamlande empirin analyserades och skapade följande kategorier i resultatet: genom arbete med jämlikhet, genom att se till varje individ och genom att skapa delaktighet. Resultatet visade att fotbollstränares arbetssätt i förhållande till barnen gick emot barnkonventionen men att det även fanns arbetssätt hos tränarna som gick i linje med barnkonventionen. Tränarna ansåg att dem arbetade med jämlikhet och lika villkor för barnen. Samtidigt förekom vissa skillnader mellan könen samt selektering där barn kunde exkluderas. Det ansågs viktigt att se till barnens bästa men att fokus ibland hamnade på prestation istället. Tränarna arbetade med delaktighet men brister förekom även här. Vid de situationer som tränarna arbetar i linje med barnkonventionen kan vi se att de främjar en hälsosam och pedagogisk miljö. / It’s becoming more common for children and young people to stop playing football when they grow older due to lack of belonging, lack of autonomy and a sense of inadequate competence, parts central to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). In Sweden, the CRC became law on the first of January 2020 after Sweden was criticized by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, where shortcomings were discovered. The amendment increases responsibility on football coaches to work along the law. The purpose of the study was to describe football coaches perceptions of how, based on CRC, they work to create good conditions for promoting a healthy and pedagogic environment for children in football clubs. Empirical material has been obtained from nine football coaches through interviews and processed through a qualitative content analysis. The theoretical frame of reference is based on critical pedagogy and sense of coherence. The empirics were analyzed and created these categories in the result: through work with equality, by seeing each individual and by creating participation. Results showed that the coaches worked both against and along CRC. Selections occured where children could get excluded and there were inequalities between genders, even though the coaches established that they worked with equality. To look after the children's best interests was considered important but the focus sometimes ended up on performance instead. The coaches worked with participation but shortcomings also occurred here. When the coaches worked along with CRC it promoted a healthy and pedagogic environment.

This essay applies a critical lens to Mrs. Dalloway (1925) by Virginia Woolf. The aim of this essay is to investigate if and how Mrs. Dalloway can be utilized for students to practice critical consciousness in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf criticizes her own contemporary society by deliberately writing about the obnoxious social class system in London during the inter-war period. This deliberate social critique is analyzed by both looking into the author’s background and the historical time period the novel was written. The Marxist literary critic, Terry Eagleton argues that in order to fully understand literature, you must compare both the author and the author’s contemporary society to the novel itself. By analyzing these aspects, it is possible to understand any piece of literature from any given historical time period. Moreover, this essay desires to ascertain if canonical literature is relevant when teaching students about social class and inclusiveness. Furthermore, this essay argues that having a Marxist perspective can help students become critically conscious of both their environment and society. Also, it examines if the combination of Marxist theory together with critical pedagogy can create an educational situation that is equally fair for all students, regarding their socioeconomic status. The results of this essay concluded that applying either Marxist theory or critical literacy pedagogy to literature, could make students become more critically conscious about their environment, which could help to replicate the teaching philosophies of critical pedagogy by Paulo Freire.