This diploma thesis deals with the recreational activities of the inhabitants of Prague and their influence on the transformation of the suburban landscape at the time of industrialization. It characterizes the time period from the mid-19th century to the 40s of the 20th century. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part, it deals with the period of industrialization and, in connection with it, also with the industrial revolution. Further, the work is devoted to concrete manifestations of mass and individual recreation in the 19th century and consequently demographic growth of the inhabitants on the Czech territory, development of the middle class, establishment of the resort and the origin and importance of the Beautification Committee. The theoretical part ends with the characteristics of summer flats and other manifestations of individual and mass recreation until the middle of the 20th century. The empirical part deals with the characteristic, natural, geomorphological and historical development of Senohraby village. The main part of the work focuses on the development of recreational buildings from the 1918s to the 40s of the 20th century on the basis of archive materials. In the next chapters, the issue of summer flats, summer guests and their...

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This dissertation collects three essays which deal with financial development in emerging markets. Owing to the appliance of different econometric methods on several data sets, insights in the behavior of and the impacts from financial markets are generated. Usually, the financial markets in emerging countries are characterized by the presence of credit constraints. In the first chapter it is shown that the financial development in 19th century Germany generally affected the economy in a positive way. Additionally, when different economic sectors are under investigation, it is revealed that the reaction due to financial development is not homogeneously across the sectors. A structural vector autoregression (VAR) framework is applied to a new annual data set from 1870 to 1912 that was initially compiled by Walther Hoffmann (1965). With respect to the literature, the most important difference of this analysis is the focus on different sectors in the economy and the interpretation of the results in the context of a two-sector growth model. It is revealed that all sectors were affected significantly by shocks from the banking system. Interestingly, this link is the strongest in sectors with small or non-tradable-goods-producing firms, such as construction, services, transportation and agriculture. In this regard, the growth patterns in 19th century Germany are reminiscent to those in today's emerging markets. The second chapter deals with the integration of the stock markets of mainland China with those of the United States and Hong Kong. Market integration and the resulting welfare gains as risk sharing, increasing investment and growth benefits has become a central topic in international finance research. This chapter investigates stock market integration after stock market liberalization which is assessed by spillover effects from Hong Kong and the United States to Chinese stock market indices. Dividing the sample in pre- and post-liberalization phases, causality in variance procedure is applied using four mainland China stock market indices, two indices of the stock exchange in Hong Kong and the Dow Jones Industrials index in the main part. Evidence of global and regional integration is found, but no evidence for increasing integration after the partial opening of the Chinese stock markets, neither with Hong Kong nor with the United States. Based on the idea presented in the first chapter, the third chapter examines one of today's emerging markets. As China is experiencing remarkable economic growth in the recent decades, it is analyzed if and to what extent the ongoing deregulations in the financial system contribute to this development. Structural VARs for gross domestic product as well as for sectoral output data in conjunction with two different bank lending variables are applied. It is indicated that China is positive affected by financial development and that all sectors benefit from domestic bank lending enlargements but to different degrees. Especially in the sectors where mainly state-owned enterprises are represented - such as construction, trade and transportation - shocks in bank lending have a strong positive influence while sectors where private enterprises are prevalent, seem to be more credit constrained.

La vitamine D occupe de nombreuses fonctions dans la régulation de divers systèmes affectant le corps entier. Une déficience de cette hormone peut donc affecter plusieurs systèmes essentiels (ex. squelettique, dentaire, immunitaire) et peut laisser des lésions repérables sur le squelette et les dents. Au cours de la Révolution industrielle, plusieurs facteurs environnementaux ont probablement contribué à l’augmentation des cas de déficience en vitamine D. Ainsi, la majorité des études portant sur la déficience en vitamine D se sont concentrées sur des populations européennes du XIXe siècle. Au Canada, pour la même époque, la fréquence de ce type de maladie métabolique n’a pas été explorée en profondeur. De plus, les possibles interactions entre déficience en vitamine D et autres maladies ont été peu explorées jusqu’à maintenant. Afin de pallier cette lacune, la présente étude se concentre sur une population euroquébécoise (cimetière St-Antoine, Montréal (1799-1854)), explorant la fréquence et prévalence de diverses lésions et conditions pathologiques, en plus d’évaluer leur influence sur les catégories d’âge et de sexe. Plus précisément, cette recherche investigue le possible lien entre la présence de cas de déficience vitamine D durant l’enfance et la détérioration de l’état de santé plus tard au cours de la vie, en plus de l’évolution temporelle des cas au sein du cimetière St-Antoine en lien avec le phénomène d’industrialisation. Au total, 52 individus (8 non adultes, 44 adultes) issus du cimetière urbain St- Antoine à Montréal ont été étudiés. Les données collectées sont de nature empirique et ont été acquises selon les trois phases suivantes : i) l’inventaire squelettique de base (sexe, âge au décès), ii) les observations macroscopiques et radiographiques des lésions pathologiques pour chaque squelette; iii) et l’analyse histologique de tissus dentaires sélectionnés afin d’explorer la présence ou l’absence de dentine interglobulaire (DIG). Les résultats indiquent une proportion élevée de DIG durant l’enfance indiquant une déficience en vitamine D, c’est-à-dire 44% (23/52) à 75% (39/52), excluant et incluant le degré 1 de DIG, respectivement. La majorité de ces épisodes de déficience se sont produits à ou à partir de la naissance, allant jusqu’à trois ans (63%, n=33/52), et 12% des individus (n=6/52) présentent des épisodes prénataux de DIG, ce qui soulève la question de la déficience maternelle et de l’influence des facteurs culturels. La présence de DIG durant l’enfance n’est corrélée ni aux paramètres démographiques ni à une détérioration de l’état de santé plus tard au cours de la vie de l’individu. Un possible lien a été soulevé entre les degrés plus sévères de DIG et l’hypoplasie dentaire. Le nombre d’épisodes de DIG durant l’enfance semble diminuer avec le temps, contrairement à ce qui pourrait être attendu d’une population en voie d’industrialisation. Toutefois, ce résultat doit être considéré avec prudence en raison de la faible portion de l’échantillon provenant des aires plus récentes du cimetière. / Vitamin D has many functions in the regulation of various systems affecting the whole body. A deficiency of this hormone thus affects many essential systems (e.g. skeletal, dental, immune) and can leave visible lesions on the skeleton and teeth. During the Industrial Revolution, various environmental factors probably contributed to an increase in vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, most studies on vitamin D deficiency have been conducted on European skeletal samples dated to the 19th century. However, the frequency of this type of metabolic disease has not been explored extensively in Canada for the same period. Furthermore, in palaeopathology, the possible interactions between vitamin D deficiency and other diseases have only been poorly explored. To fill this gap, the present study focuses on an historic Euro-Quebecois population (St. Antoine cemetery, Montréal (1799-1854), exploring the frequency and prevalence of pathological lesions and conditions as well as their possible influence on the age and sex categories. More precisely, are investigated the possible link between the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency cases during infancy and health deterioration later in life, as well as the temporal evolution of the cases within the St. Antoine cemetery in relation to the industrialization process. In total, 52 individuals (8 nonadults, 44 adults) from the St. Antoine urban cemetery were used for the study. The data collected during the research is of an empiric nature and was acquired following three steps: i) the basic skeletal inventory (sex, age-at-death); ii) the macroscopic and radiographic observations of the pathological lesions on the skeletons; iii) and the histological examination of selected dental tissues to assess the presence of interglobular dentin (IGD). The results indicate a high prevalence of IGD during infancy indicative of vitamin D deficiency, i.e. 44% (23/52) to 75% (39/52), excluding and including the degree 1 of IGD, respectively. The majority of these episodes occurred at or from birth to up to three years-old (63%, n=33/52) and 12% of the individuals (n=6/52) presented prenatal IGD episodes, raising questions about maternal deficiencies and cultural influences. The presence of IGD during infancy was not correlated with demographic parameters, nor with health status deterioration later in life. A possible link was recorded between the presence of more severe degrees of IGD and LEH. The number of IGD cases during infancy seems to decrease with time, contrary to what might be expected of an industrializing population. However, this result must be taken with caution because of the small portion of the sample coming from the more recent parts of the cemetery.

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. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry. The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process. The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place. The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand. The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women. At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry. All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry / <p>QC 20101129</p>

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O déficit habitacional brasileiro é cada vez maior e os sistemas construtivos utilizados para diminuir a carência de moradias, em sua grande maioria, são lentos e constituídos de forma artesanal. Atualmente, a região brasileira com maior necessidade de unidades habitacionais de baixa renda é a Sudeste, onde se encontra o Estado de São Paulo que representa 19% do déficit habitacional brasileiro. Além disso, o difícil gerenciamento dos projetos envolvidos na construção (arquitetônico, estrutural, elétrico, entre outros), elaborados em diferentes softwares, e a complexa gestão das obras convencionais, em alvenaria, retarda a execução das construções, dificultando a solução do problema habitacional. A utilização do sistema construtivo industrializado Light Steel Framing pode minimizar esse problema, integrando a industrialização na construção civil com as novas tecnologias da informação disponíveis para o mercado da arquitetura, engenharia e construção. Os sistemas construtivos pré-fabricados e industrializados que utilizam o aço, como o Light Steel Framing, quando projetados em plataformas BIM (Building Information Modeling), através de um modelo informativo único, permitem um maior planejamento, partindo do projeto até a fase de fabricação dos componentes da construção. Em função de sua industrialização o Light Steel Framing não permite adaptações e ajustes no canteiro de obras, solicitando assim mão de obra qualificada para a sua execução. Para minimizar e otimizar a quantidade de materiais empregados em uma construção de Light Steel Framing é sugerida a utilização de malhas modulares com 1200x1200mm. A intenção deste trabalho é, de após uma análise aprofundada sobre o sistema construtivo, demonstrar as possibilidades permitidas pelo Light Steel Framing. Através de simulações, em modelos digitais 3D, realizadas tomando como projeto de estudo um modelo habitacional da CDHU estruturado por painéis-parede cegos e painéis-parede com esquadria foi estudada a implementação do sistema Light Steel Framing com o objetivo de aferir a quantidade de material empregado quando o projeto é concebido com os princípios projetivos do sistema construtivo Light Steel Framing. / The housing deficit is growing and the building systems used to reduce the shortage of housing are mostly slow, manual processes. Currently, the Brazilian region with the greatest need for low-income housing units is the Southeast, where the state of São Paulo represents 19% of the Brazilian housing deficit. Furthermore, the difficult management of the projects involved in construction (architectural, structural, electrical, etc.), which are prepared in different software, and the complex management of conventional construction--masonry--slows the building process, aggravating the housing problem. The use of the industrialized building system Light Steel Framing can minimize this problem by incorporating industrialization in construction with the new information technologies available in the market for architecture, engineering and construction. The prefabricated and industrialized building systems which use steel, such as the Light Steel Framing, when designed on BIM (Building Information Modeling) platforms, through a single information model, allow for greater planning, from the design phase to the manufacturing of building components. Due to its industrialization, Light Steel Framing does not allow adaptations and adjustments at the construction site, thus requiring skilled labor for its implementation. To minimize and optimize the amount of materials used in Light Steel Framing construction the use of modular meshes of 1200x1200mm is suggested. The intention of this work is, after a detailed analysis of the constructive system, to demonstrate the possibilities afforded by Light Steel Framing. Through simulations in 3D digital models. using a CDHU housing model with blind wall panels and casing wall panels as a case study, the deployment of Light Steel Framing has been studied with the aim of measuring the amount of material employed when the project is designed with the design principles of the Light Steel Framing construction system.