Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-12T13:13:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSE HELEN SHIMABUKU.pdf: 10315363 bytes, checksum: 18ae5a852021813551a88575d9bddbbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T13:13:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSE HELEN SHIMABUKU.pdf: 10315363 bytes, checksum: 18ae5a852021813551a88575d9bddbbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / The complexity of labor relations in the contemporary world has brought new consequences for both organizations and workers. One of those new phenomena is Presenteeism, which is the act of a physically sick employee showing up to work even though s/he is experiencing health problems. This Master‟s thesis has as main objective to investigate Presenteeism, as well as analyze how the work psychological demands, the worker‟s control and the leadership support can contribute to understand this phenomenon. It was conducted two studies – first theoretical and second empirical – based on the theoretical model Demand-Control Model by Karasek (1979). In the first study, it was carried out an analysis of the latest studies on Presenteeism and on the demands, the control and the social support at work, encompassing the main theoretical references on these variables. In this article, it was observed that the work demands, the worker‟s control and the support s/he gets in her/his organizational environment cause a strong difference in their physical and mental health. The second article examined the work control moderational power and the leadership support in the relationship between the work psychological demands and Presenteeism. The study was conducted using a quantitative cross-sectional methodology and involved 204 working technicaladministrative employees of a Federal Institution of Higher Education of the State of Goiás.Data were collected through self-report, i.e., by filling the Stanford Presenteeism Scale-SPS-6 and Job Content-JCQ Questionaire. It was used the programs SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 to do data statistical analysis. This Master‟s thesis leads us to conclude that in the presence of high psychological demands of work, the stronger the control is, the weaker the Presenteeism is. Although there is a significant relationship between the work psychological demands, Presenteeism and leadership support, moderation test did not confirm that the leadership support is a moderator in the relationship between psychological demands, work and Presenteeism. This Master‟s thesis showed that the use of the moderation analysis proved to be a resource of utmost importance, since only in this way it was possible to verify more clearly how work control and leadership support as moderator variables influence the direction or intensity of the relationship between work psychological demands and Presenteeism. / A complexidade das relações do trabalho no mundo contemporâneo trouxe novas conseqüências tanto para as organizações quanto para os trabalhadores. Um desses novos fenômenos é o presenteísmo, que se caracteriza pelo ato de o trabalhador comparecer ao trabalho mesmo se sentindo doente. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar o presenteísmo, assim como analisar de que forma as demandas psicológicas de trabalho, o controle do trabalhador e o apoio da chefia podem contribuir para essa compreensão. Foram realizados dois estudos – um teórico e outro empírico –, tendo como modelo teórico de base o Modelo Demanda-Controle postulado por Karasek (1990). No primeiro artigo, foi realizada a análise do estado da arte do presenteísmo e das demandas, do controle e do apoio social no trabalho abrangendo os principais referenciais teóricos sobre essas variáveis. Observou-se, nesse artigo, que as demandas do trabalho, o controle do trabalhador e o apoio que ele recebe em seu ambiente organizacional impactam sobremaneira em sua saúde física e mental. O segundo artigo analisou o poder moderacional do controle do trabalho e do apoio da chefia na relação entre as demandas psicológicas de trabalho e o presenteísmo. O estudo foi realizado com 204 servidores técnico-administrativos de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) Federaldo Estado de Goiás, utilizando-se metodologia de natureza quantitativa de corte transversal. Os dados foram coletados por autorrelato, através do preenchimento das escalas Stanford Presenteeism Scale – SPS-6, e Job Content Questionaire – JCQ. Para o tratamento de dados, foram utilizados os programas de análise estatística SPSS 21.0 e AMOS 21.0. Verificou-se, nesse estudo, que na presença de altas demandas psicológicas de trabalho, quanto maior for o controle, menor será o presenteísmo. Apesar de haver relação significativa entre demanda psicológica de trabalho, presenteísmo e apoio da chefia, o teste de moderação não confirmou que o apoio da chefia seja um moderador na relação entre demandas psicológicas, trabalho e presenteísmo. Evidencia-se que a utilização da análise de moderação se apresentou como um recurso de suma importância, visto que somente assim foi possível verificar com mais clareza de que forma o controle do trabalho e o apoio da chefia, na condição de variáveis moderadoras, influenciam na direção ou intensidade da relação entre as demandas psicológicas de trabalho e o presenteísmo.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between gender and self reported symptoms (physiological and psychological) and sense of coherence (SOC) and Job Demand-Control-Social support (JDCS). The sample consisted of 360 respondents (nfemale= 261, nmale= 99), in the ages between 19-53 (M=25,57, SD=5,77), all students from Växjö University. A quantitative work method was used in the study; data was collected using questionnaires that consisted of self-reported questions, based on three parts: A modified symptom checklist, SOC 13 and a modified JDCS questionnaire. The result of our study showed that both SOC and JDCS had an effect on self-reported symptoms but there were no interaction between SOC and JDCS. No significant gender differences were found regarding the level of SOC. Female students reported symptoms in a significant higher extent than male students. There were no gender differences regarding JDCS. Our results are discussed in relation to previous studies. Our conclusion is that it is important to perform further research on students’ health and work environment.

<p>The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between gender and self reported symptoms (physiological and psychological) and sense of coherence (SOC) and Job Demand-Control-Social support (JDCS). The sample consisted of 360 respondents (nfemale= 261, nmale= 99), in the ages between 19-53 (M=25,57, SD=5,77), all students from Växjö University. A quantitative work method was used in the study; data was collected using questionnaires that consisted of self-reported questions, based on three parts: A modified symptom checklist, SOC 13 and a modified JDCS questionnaire. The result of our study showed that both SOC and JDCS had an effect on self-reported symptoms but there were no interaction between SOC and JDCS. No significant gender differences were found regarding the level of SOC. Female students reported symptoms in a significant higher extent than male students. There were no gender differences regarding JDCS. Our results are discussed in relation to previous studies. Our conclusion is that it is important to perform further research on students’ health and work environment.</p>

Sammanfattning Titel: ”Det är bara narcissister och diktatorer som inte gillar platta organisationer”- En fallstudie om arbetsmiljö i en medarbetarstyrd organisation Författare: Madeleine Brolin, Mattias Vall och Sandra Permerud Institution: Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet Kurs: Företagsekonomi III - organisation, examensarbete 15 hp Handledare: Hans Wessblad Examinator: Mikael Lundgren Syfte: Syftet med vår uppsats är att inventera på vilka sätt arbetsmiljön påverkas av medarbetarstyrning. Metod och teoretisk referensram: Studien är en fallstudie av en medarbetarstyrd organisation. Studien har en deduktiv ansats och har antagit en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi då syftet varit att få en djupare förståelse för hur respondenterna upplever sin arbetsmiljö. Studiens datainsamlingsmetod består av primärdata i form av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgår från Krav- Kontroll-Stödmodellen. Slutsats: Vi har kommit fram till att medarbetarstyrning innebär höga krav på delaktighet, engagemang och beslutsfattande. Vår studie har visat att den höga kontrollen som råder i den medarbetarstyrda organisationen kan upplevas som ett krav. Medarbetarstyrning ställer även krav på individen att finnas tillgänglig för att ge stöd åt sina kollegor och individen förväntas att själv be om stöd vid behov. Vi har därmed kunnat konstatera att det sociala stödet är avgörande för att kunna hantera de höga krav och den höga kontroll som råder inom den medarbetarstyrda organisationen. Nyckelord: Medarbetarstyrning, Självstyrande team, Arbetsmiljö, Krav-Kontroll- Stödmodellen. / Abstract Title: “Only narcissists and dictators dislike decentralized organizations”- A case study of working environment in an employee controlled organization Authors: Madeleine Brolin, Mattias Vall and Sandra Permerud Institution: School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University Course: Business Administration III - Organization, bachelor thesis, 15 credit Supervisor: Hans Wessblad Examiner: Mikael Lundgren Purpose: The purpose of our candidate essay is to investigate in what ways working environment is affected by employee controlled organisations. Method: This is a case study of an employee controlled organization. The study has a deductive approach and has assumed a qualitative research strategy with the purpose of achieving a deeper understanding of how respondents perceive their working environment. The primary data has been collected through ten semi structured interviews. The theoretical framework derives from the job demand-control-support model. Conclusion: An employee controlled organization amount to high demands of participation, commitment and decision making. Our study has shown that high levels of control that prevails in an employee controlled organisation can be perceived as demands. An employee controlled organization also postulates that individuals is available to and support colleagues, it is also expected of individuals to ask for help when needed. Accordingly we find that the social support is crucial to be able to handle the high demands and high control of an employee controlled organization. Keywords: Self-managed work teams, Work environment, Demand-Control-Social support model

Bakgrund: Många arbetsmiljöproblem kretsar kring psykosociala faktorer. Relationen mellan krav, kontroll och socialt stöd har betydelse för hälsan. Riskökning för psykiskt lidande ses när både lågt socialt stöd och låg kontroll upplevs. Arbetstid och bristande kontroll har visat samband med bl.a. gastrointestinala problem och sömnstörningar. Brandpersonal har ett farligt yrke och inom brandmannayrket finns många stressorer som påverkar hälsan. Få studier finns gällande brandpersonals upplevelse av krav, kontroll och stöd kopplat till stressrelaterade symtom i arbetet. Det är betydelsefullt att undersöka förekomst av detta, då ohälsa kan få konsekvenser för individen, arbetsgruppen och hela samhället. Syfte: Kartlägga förekomst av stressrelaterade symtom och samband med krav, kontroll och socialt stöd hos brandpersonal i Sverige. Metod: Studien var en del av en tvärsnittsundersökning gällande brandpersonals hälsa där 476 personer deltog. Korrelationsanalyser med Spearmans korrelationskofficient utfördes. Resultat: Låg förekomst av sömn- och magbesvär sågs hos brandpersonalen. Samband påvisades där krav och socialt stöd korrelerade med sömnbesvär och magbesvär. Sömnbesvär och magbesvär korrelerade signifikant. Kön korrelerade med magbesvär. Konklusion: Förekomsten av mag- och sömnbesvär var låg och deltagarna mådde relativt bra. Vidare forskning kring friskfaktorer hos brandpersonal samt fler studier med andra variabler jämfört med krav, kontroll och stöd behövs. / Background: Many health and safety problems revolve around psychosocial factors. The relationship between demand, control and social support affect our health. Increased risk for mental suffering exists when low social support and low control is experienced. Working hours and lack of control can be associated with gastrointestinal- and sleeping problems. Firefighters have a dangerous occupation and many stressors affect the firefighter´s health. Few studies have investigated demand, control and support linked to stress-related symptoms at work for firefighters, it is important to investigate this though it may affect the individual, workgroup and society. Purpose: Identify occurrence of stress related symptoms and their relationship with demand, control and social support in Swedish firefighters. Method: The study was part of a cross-sectional study of firefighter's health, 476 people attended. Correlation analyzes with Spearman's korrelationskofficiens was performed. Results: Low prevalence of sleep- and stomach problems was seen. Correlation was found where demand and social support correlated with sleep- and stomach problems. Sleep- and stomach problems correlated significantly. Gender and stomach problems also correlated. Conclusion: The incidence of sleep- and stomach problems was low and participants felt relatively good. Further research on health factors of firefighters and more studies with other variables compared with demand, control and support is needed.

Idrotten som fenomen har globalt liksom i Sverige blivit allt mer kommersialiserat och professionaliserat. Detta för med sig att idrottssektorn idag i större utsträckning har börjat ha heltidsanställda inom föreningarna. Detta gäller för både de stora föreningarna som bedriver elitverksamhet och de mindre föreningarna som bedriver breddverksamhet. Ökad professionalisering av idrott innebär även större krav på både föreningarna och dess anställda att leverera goda resultat. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur anställda inom bredd- fotbollsföreningar, upplever den psykosociala arbetsmiljön och arbetsrelaterad stress på sina arbetsplatser. Studiens övergripande frågeställning var: Hur upplever de anställda fotbollstränarna sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö och arbetsrelaterad stress? Utifrån studiens syfte valdes den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. För insamling av empiri, intervjuades fyra anställda från fyra olika bredd-fotbollsföreningar. Analysen av empiri har skett genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studiens resultat visade att hälften av respondenterna upplevde stressnivån som lagom och andra hälften upplevde att den arbetsrelaterade stressen var på för hög nivå. För att summera respondenternas generella uppfattning av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön var den överlag positiv, samtliga respondenter berättade att de mådde- och trivdes bra på jobbet. Utifrån studiens resultat är det framförallt det sociala stödet som lyfts fram som en nyckelfaktor till den positiva upplevelsen av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. / Sports as a phenomenon have become increasingly commercialized and professionalized globally as in Sweden. This means that the sports sector today has more full-time employees within the associations. This applies to both the major associations engaged in elite activities and smaller associations with broad-based activities. Increased Professionalization of sport also implies greater demands on both the associations and its employees to deliver good results. The purpose of this study was to create an understanding of how employees in football associations, experience the psychosocial work environment and work-related stress at their workplaces. In order to achieve the purpose of the study following question was asked: How do the football coaches experience their psychosocial work environment and work-related stress? Based on the purpose of the study, the qualitative research method was chosen with semi-structured interviews. For this study, four employees were interviewed from four different football associations. The analysis of data has been done with a qualitative content analysis. The study results showed that half of the respondents experienced that stress level at work was relatively normal and the other half felt that the work-related stress was too high. To sum up the respondents' general perception of the psychosocial work environment, all respondents reported that they felt good and enjoyed working. Based on the results of the study, it is primarily social support that is a key factor in the overall positive experience of the psychosocial work environment.

The corona pandemic caused restrictions to be implemented on March 18 on how universityteaching should be conducted. This meant that all teaching formats would be conducted remotely, internationally this came to be described as emergency remote teaching, which has brought about several consequences for students. The purpose of the study has been to understand the positive and negative effects students experienced by studying remotely. To investigate this, Karasek's and Theorell's demand-control and support model and Collins' theoretical concepts of emotional energy have been used. This has been studied through a qualitative research approach with semi-structured interviews as a research method. The results that have been identified are that students have experienced an increased flexibility with distance learning that entails a better perceived control of the study environment. The study has also identified that social relations have deteriorated, that instrumental support is inadequate, that the study environment has added more distractions and concentration difficulties, that reflection and discussion space has deteriorated, and the form of study has meant that the students experienced insufficient emotional and network support. The study has also identified that small study groups via zoom provide a better space for discussion and reflection than other forms of distance learning. / Coronapandemin gjorde att restriktioner implementerades den 18 mars för hur universitetsundervisning skulle bedrivas. Detta medförde att alla undervisningsformat skulle bedrivas på distans, internationellt kom detta att beskrivas som emergency remote teaching, vilket medfört en rad konsekvenser för studenter. Syftet med studien har varit att förstå vilka positiva och negativa effekter studenter upplevt med att studera på distans. För att undersöka detta har Karaseks och Theorells krav-kontroll- och stödmodellen och Collins teoretiska begrepp om emotionell energi använts. Detta har studerats genom en kvalitativ forskningsansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som forskningsmetod. De resultat som har identifierats är att studenter har upplevt en ökad flexibilitet med distansundervisningen som medför en bättre upplevd kontroll av studiemiljön. Studien har även identifierat att sociala relationer försämrats, att det instrumentella stödet är bristfälligt, att studiemiljön har tillfört fler distraktioner och koncentrationssvårigheter, att reflektion- och diskussionsutrymme har försämrats samt har studieformen medfört att studenterna upplevt ett otillräckligt emotionellt- och nätverksstöd. Vid studien har det även identifierats att små studiegrupper via zoom medför ett bättre diskussion- och reflektionsutrymme än andra former av distansundervisning.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om kuratorer verksamma på ett skyddat boende är utsatta för etisk stress i sitt vardagliga arbete. Studiens empiri samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra kuratorer från ett skyddat boende i en mellanstor stad i Sverige. För att analysera empirin genomfördes en tematisk analys och sedan användes en utvecklad variant av Karasek och Theorells (1990) krav-, kontroll- och stödmodell för att synliggöra etisk stress. Resultatet visade att kuratorerna i det skyddade boendet ofta står inför etiska dilemman och att handlingsutrymmet för att hantera situationer som uppstår i arbetet är stundtals begränsat. Etisk stress visade sig vara förekommande men stödet inom verksamheten identifierades ha stor betydelse för att kuratorerna inte upplever att de påverkas negativt av stressen. För framtida forskning finns ett behov av att undersöka etisk stress inom andra verksamheter, framförallt inom socialtjänsten. Det finns även anledning att fortsätta studera verksamheten skyddat boende då detta är ett område som nästan helt saknar forskning. / The purpose of the study is to explore whether ethical stress occurs among counsellors within a sheltered accomodation. The empirical data of the study was collected through qualitative interviews with four counsellors from a sheltered accommodation in a medium-sized city in Sweden. To analyze the empirical data, a thematic analysis was carried out and then a developed version of Karasek and Theorell's (1990) demand, control and support model was used to identify ethical stress. The results showed that the counsellors in the sheltered accommodation often face ethical dilemmas and that they sometimes have low control to handle situations that arise at work. Ethical stress proved to be present, but the support within the organisation was identified as being of great importance so that the counsellors do not experience that they are negatively affected by the stress. For future research, there is a need to investigate ethical stress in other organisations, especially in social services. There is also aneed to continue studying the work at sheltered accomodations as this is an area that lack sresearch.

Högskolelärare omges av många kravställningar från olika håll samt en hög arbetsbelastning som de behöver hantera för att kunna balansera sitt arbete med privatlivet. Forskning är bristfällig hur högskolelärare hanterar att balansera sin höga arbetsbelastning med deras privatliv. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utifrån ett hälsopedagogiskt perspektiv belysa hur högskolelärare lär sig hantera balansen mellan arbete och privatliv inom högskolesektorn. Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen består av en hälsoteoretisk utgångspunkt i krav-kontroll-stödmodellen samt en pedagogisk utgångspunkt i anpassnings- och utvecklingsinriktat lärande. Metod: Den metod som studien utgår ifrån är av kvalitativ art där det empiriska materialet samlades in genom tre fokusgruppsintervjuer. Sammanlagt deltog tretton högskolelärare i studien. Studien pendlade mellan ett deduktivt och induktivt arbetssätt och materialet analyserades genom analysmetoden kategorisering. Resultat: Högskolelärarnas arbetssituation präglas av både organisatoriska och individuella krav och denna kombination av krav kan skapa ett gränslöst arbete beroende på individens personlighet. För att hantera de kravställningar som högskolelärare omges av så utvecklar de olika individuella strategier. De upplever även en hög kontroll vilket beskrivs som både positivt och negativt då de upplever arbetsglädje, dock bidrar hög kontroll till att de arbetar mycket övertid samt hemifrån. Högskolelärarna beskriver brister i det sociala stödet då högskolesektorn präglas av mycket individbaserade arbetsuppgifter och mer teambaserat arbete önskas. Slutsats: Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen som dras är att gränsen mellan arbete och privatliv består av flera olika gränser som är svåra att definiera, samt att högskolelärarnas förhållningssätt är att de anpassar sig och att de accepterar de rådande arbetsförhållandena istället för att motverka och förändra dem. / Academic teachers are surrounded by many demands from different directions and a high workload that they need to handle in order to balance their working and personal life. Research is inadequate how academic teachers manage to balance their high workload with their privacy. Purpose: The aim of the study is to illuminate the balance between work and personal life in the higher education sector from a health education perspective. Theoretical reference framework: The theoretical frame of reference consists of a health theoretical point of departure in the demand-control and support model and an educational starting point in adaptation and development- oriented learning. Method: The methodology from which the study is based is of a qualitative nature where the empirical material was collected through three focus group interviews. A total of thirteen college teachers participated in the study. The study commuted between a deductive and inductive mode of work and the material was analyzed by the analysis method categorization. Result: The worksituation of academic teachers is characterized by both organizational and individual requirements and this combination of requirements can create boundless work depending on the individual's personality. In order to handle the demands of academic teachers, they develop different individual strategies. They also experience a high level of control, which is described as both positive and negative as they experience job satisfaction, yet provide high levels of control that they work a lot of overtime and from home. Academic teachers describe shortcomings in social support, since the higher education sector is characterized by highly individual-based tasks and more team- based work is desired. Conclusion: The main conclusion drawn is that the boundary between work and privacy consists of several different boundaries that are difficult to define, and that the attitude of academic teachers is that they adapt and that they accede to the prevailing working conditions instead of counteracting and changing them.

Den psykosociala arbetsmiljön har tydliga kopplingar till medarbetares psykiska hälsa och välbefinnande. Höga krav i arbetet i samband med låg kontroll som att kunna styra sitt arbete och otillräckligt med stöd är bland de främsta indikatorerna på en arbetsmiljö som föregår med stressrelaterade sjukdomar och missnöje bland medarbetare. I människovårdande yrken är stressrelaterade sjukdomar överrepresenterade bland samhällets övriga yrkesgrupper, därför är en studie om hur olika faktorer antingen bidrar till en bättre arbetsmiljö eller inte av relevans för området där medarbetare lider på grund av arbetsförhållandena idag. År 2020 utlöste Covid-19 en pandemi som fick en hel värld att ställa om i spåren av att begränsa virusets framfart. För mig blev pandemin tydlig i en nära kontext av socialtjänstens arbete då jag befann mig på min verksamhetsförlagda praktik i utbildningen. Som en del i ett större program som anordnades av kommunen där jag gjorde min praktik fick jag möjlighet att bekanta mig med flera delar av socialtjänstens verksamhet, såsom Barn- och ungdom, Försörjningsstöd, Missbruk, Funktionsnedsättning och Äldreomsorgen. Varje område hade sitt sätt att organisera arbetet på, men även olika strategier för att ställa om i verksamheterna för att begränsa en smittspridning av Coronaviruset bland både klienter och medarbetare. Denna studie tar avstamp i vad tidigare statistik och forskning visat om arbetsmiljön i människovårdande yrken och den omställning som socialtjänsten genomförde där arbetet till stor del förlades på distans. Min förhoppning är vidare att denna undersökning ska bidra med kunskap om hur distansarbetet har fungerat i relation till arbetsmiljön. Sammanfattningsvis har denna undersökning visat att distansarbetet är önskvärt om än i varierande grad. Majoriteten av socialtjänstens medarbetare vill alltså i viss mån arbeta på distans, vissa mer än andra, men dock inte för att arbetet görs mycket bättre hemifrån alla gånger. Därmed finns det anledning att fördjupa sig mer i orsakerna till att socialarbetare vill arbeta på distans. / The psychosocial work environment has clear links to employees' mental health and well-being. High demands at work in connection with low control to be able to manage their work and insufficient support are among the main indicators of a work environment that precedes stress-related illnesses and dissatisfaction among employees. Stress-related diseases is overrepresented in human service professions among, therefore is a study of how various factors either contribute to a better work environment or not is relevant to the area. In 2020, Covid-19 triggered a pandemic that caused an entire world, societies to change their ways of operating. Companies and institutions had to adapt and change its traditional way of conducting its work in order to best limit the spread of covid-19 infection. For me, the pandemic became clear in a close context of the Social services government work, when I had my internship in education. As part of a larger program organized by the municipality where I did my internship, I had the opportunity to gain insight in several parts of the Social services government work, such as helping Children and Youth, Financially support, Addiction support, Disability and Elderly Care. Each area had its own way of organizing the work, but also different strategies for reorganizing their ways of work to limit the spread of the dangerous virus among both clients and employees. Against the background of what previous statistics and research have shown about the work environment for human care professions and the adjustment that the social services carried out where the work was largely placed at distance from the traditional office work to employees' homes, this study will be an attempt to contribute with knowledge of how telework has worked. In summary, this study has shown that teleworking is desirable, albeit to varying degrees. The majority of social service employees thus want to work remotely to some extent, some more than others, but not because the work is done much better from home all the time. Thus, there is reason to delve more deeply into the reasons why social workers want to work remotely.