La notion de déni de justice substantiel est problématique parce qu'elle suppose la reconnaissance de la responsabilité internationale de l'État pour ses décisions judiciaires nationales souveraines et donc le contrôle, par une juridiction internationale, de l'application discrétionnaire du droit interne par les autorités de justice nationales. Attachée à la notion de déni de justice en droit coutumier et historiquement liée à une conception assez large, et controversée, de la protection due par les États aux étrangers sur leur territoire, la notion de déni de justice substantiel doit encore affirmer son emprise en droit international conventionnel, non seulement dans le domaine de la protection des investissements internationaux mais aussi, et surtout, dans le domaine de la protection des droits de l'homme parce que l’enjeu, dans ce domaine, est particulièrement important et que la question s’y pose avec le plus d'acuité. Outre l'étude de la notion coutumière et son affirmation comme forme de déni de justice, l'intérêt de cette étude est de faire ressortir l'existence d'un droit général et subjectif au jugement raisonnable, dont la définition permet de mettre en avant les limites du pouvoir normatif que la mise en oeuvre d'un standard attribue au juge international lorsqu'il contrôle la régularité interne des jugements nationaux. / The notion of substantial denial of justice is problematic because it assumes the recognition of the international responsibility of the State in its judicial national sovereign decisions and thus the review, by an international jurisdiction, of the discretionary application of internal law by national judicial authorities. Attached to the notion of denial of justice in customary law, and historically linked to a fairly large and controversial perception of the protection that is required from States to foreigners on their territories, the notion of substantial denial of justice must still assert its influence in international conventional law, not only in the field of international investment protection but also, and foremost, in the area of human rights protection, because the stakes in that field are particularly important and the questions they raise are more relevant. Besides the study of the customary notion and its assertion as a form of denial of justice, the main point of this study is to highlight the existence of a general and subjective right to reasonable judgment, of which the definition allows to point out the limits of the normative power that the implementation of a standard provides to an international judge when he is called upon to review the internal regularity of national judgments.

Salariat et liberté d'expression : la contradiction apparaît irréductible. La subordination inhérente à la relation de travail semble en effet exclure l’exercice de cette liberté. Le salarié, parce qu’il demeure citoyen, doit toutefois en jouir de façon effective. Le représentant élu et désigné, parce que le mécanisme de la représentation collective l’exige, doit également le pouvoir. Accorder au salarié une telle liberté peut s’avérer dangereux pour l’autorité de l’employeur ou la survie de l’entreprise. Des notions floues, complexes à circonscrire, telles que l’obligation de confidentialité ou l’abus, peuvent autoriser l’employeur à restreindre l’exercice par le salarié de la liberté d'expression et à le sanctionner. Face au mutisme du législateur et à l’indécision du juge, l’insécurité règne. S’impose alors de dégager une définition plus précise et une articulation plus cohérente des règles légitimant tant l’exercice par le salarié de cette liberté que sa limitation par l’employeur. Bien que périlleuse, cette quête d’équilibre mérite d’être entreprise afin que le caractère nécessaire de cette liberté au monde du travail se révèle. Salariat et liberté d'expression : la contradiction n’apparaîtra qu’apparente. / The employee status and freedom of expression : the contradiction appears to be irreducible. The subordination, which is inherent to the employment relationship, seems indeed to exclude the exercice of such freedom. The employee, because he remains a citizen, must however enjoy it in an effective way. The elected and designated representative, because the collective representation mecanism commands it, must enjoy it as well. Granting the employee with such freedom may prove dangerous for the authority of the employer and the survival of the company. Vague notions, that are hard to define, such as the duty of confidentiality or the abuse of right, authorize the employer to restrict the exercice of this freedom by his employee and to sanction him. Given the legislative mutism and the judge's indecision, insecurity is prevailing. It therefore becomes essential to draw a more precise definition and a more coherent articulation of the rules legitimating the exercise of this freedom by the employee, as well as its limitation by the employer. Althought it is jeopardous, this search for balance deserves to be attempted, so that it is revealed that such freedom is essential to the world of work. The employee status and freedom of expression : the contradiction will eventually reveal to be only apparent.

As relações entre a Administração Pública e os cidadãos modificaram-se radicalmente ao longo das últimas décadas. Essa transformação também se reflete no âmbito do Direito Tributário. A administração tributária tem buscado adotar formas consensuais de prevenção ou solução de conflitos, pois o recurso ao Poder Judiciário demonstramorosidade e o prolongamento das demandas inevitavelmente traduz prejuízos para as partes envolvidas. O presente estudo enfoca o fenômeno dos contratos fiscais, assim entendidos os acordos firmados entre o Fisco e o contribuinte para a solução de problemas controversos envolvidos no processo de apuração e determinação da obrigação tributária. Analisam-se os limites à adoção de formas consensuais em matéria tributária, enfocando seu enquadramento com relação aos princípios da legalidade, tipicidade, igualdade, capacidade contributiva e especialmente da indisponibilidade do crédito tributário. Estudam-se os fenômenos da discricionariedade e concessão de margens de apreciação, uma vez que eles fundamentam a autonomia contratual da Administração Pública. São enfocados exemplos específicos de conceitos indeterminados, cláusulas gerais e outras formas de livre atuação administrativa em Direito Tributário. Considerando que contratos fiscais remete a um gênero, uma categoria superior que congrega diferentes formas de atuação pactuada da Administração Pública, apresenta-se sua conceituação e detalhes das suas características essenciais. São examinadas também as principais teorias para identificação da natureza jurídica específicas dos contratos fiscais, em torno das figuras de contrato ou ato administrativo. Enfocam-se ainda os principais fatores envolvidos na formação de tais contratos, bem como limites para sua revisão e anulação. São ressaltados detalhes específicos do papel da vontade do contribuinte nesse processo. Por último faz-se análise circunstanciadas das características de cinco espécies de contratos fiscais do Direito Tributário Brasileiro: acordos de fixação, regimes de quantificação padronizada dos tributos, soluções de consulta, contratos de isenção e transações em sentido estrito. / The relationship between public administration and citizens have changed radically over the past decades. This transformation is also reflected in the Tax Law. The tax administration has sought to adopt consensual ways of preventing or resolving conflicts, since the recourse to the judiciary demonstrates delays and prolongation of the demands inevitably translates into losses for the parties involved. This study focuses on the phenomenon of tax contracts, understood as the agreements between the IRS and the taxpayer to resolve controversial issues involved in the assessment and calculation of the tax liability. It examines the limits to the adoption of consensus regarding tax forms, focusing its framework with regard to the principles of legality, typicality, equality, ability to pay and especially the unavailability of the tax credit. We study the phenomena of discretion and margins of appreciation, since they underlie the contractual autonomy of the Public Administration. Particular attention is given to specific examples of indeterminate concepts, general clauses and other forms of administrative freedom of action in Tax Law. Whereas tax contracts is an expression that refers to a genre, a higher category that combines different forms of action agreed Public Administration, this study presents its concept and details of their essential characteristics. Also examined are the main theories to identify the specific legal nature of contracts tax, around the figures of contract or administrative act. Focus is still the main factors involved in the formation of such contracts, as well as limits for your review and annulment. It highlights specific details of the role of the will of the taxpayer in this process. Finally this study presents a detailed analysis of the characteristics of five species of contracts of the Brazilian Tax Law: agreements for the fixation of vagueness, contracts for standardized quantification of taxes, tax rulings, exemption contracts and transactions.

Depuis ses origines, la Colombie a souvent eu des gouvernants dont l’exercice du pouvoir n’a pas toujours visé le bien-être des citoyens sous toutes ses formes. Un clair exemple de cela, c’est la pratique concernant le choix de ceux qui assument des fonctions diplomatiques qui par règle générale n’accomplissent pas les demandes de capacités exigées pour une telle responsabilité ; il s’agit plutôt des personnes proches du haut pouvoir et qui reçoivent ces nominations comme faisant partie d’une rétribution de l’État. Le résultat de cette démarche se traduit dans la pratique d’une diplomatie encombrée d’entraves dont les projections pour l’avenir se limitent aux périodes présidentielles en cours. Les représentations stéréotypiques négatives ou l’absence de crédibilité dans la capacité de l’État colombien et de ses fonctionner pour diriger des actions internationales sont le résultat d’un « nanisme auto-imposé » (selon la formule de B. Bagley), résultat de toute une série de méfaits historiques. Par ailleurs, l’absence des capacités de direction des hommes colombiens d’état a contribué à renforcer cette mauvaise image et à créer un état de soumission dans le contexte mondialisé d’aujourd’hui. C’est ainsi que la construction des stratégies de la part des acteurs colombiens engagés dans les affaires internationales pourrait être un repère pour ouvrir des perspectives par rapport à la politique étrangère dans l’oscillation entre la soumission et l’auto-détermination. Le débat concernant le pouvoir discrétionnaire du président de la République dans la prise des décisions internationales et aussi l’existence d’une académie de formation de fonctionnaires diplomatiques, constituent la problématique générale de notre recherche. Dans la mesure où le système présidentiel exercé en Colombie octroie un caractère discrétionnaire au Président, en particulier dans la gestion de la politique extérieure et dans la nomination de ses fonctionnaires, les efforts visant à sélectionner le corps diplomatique possédant les études adéquates, à évaluer leurs services et à améliorer leurs compétences, seraient plus performatifs si l’on dépassait les particularités conjoncturelles pour déboucher sur une politique extérieure enrichissante au service des institutions et des Colombiens. / Colombia from its origins has been characterized to have rulers who do not manage the power looking for the benefit of the majority of citizens. A clear manifestation of this situation is evident in the designation of the diplomats, in general, those who represent the country are not the best and nor the best trained, but the closest to the power. They are the ones to whom, as a reward, and being close to the executive are send as part of the Foreign Service. This situation is translated in the execution of a failed diplomatic work, where there are not any long term planning, but it is limited to the presidential conjuncture. The Colombian bad image or the lack of credibility in the Colombian State capacity and of its functionaries to lead international processes, are the result of a “dwarfism auto-imposed” as an answer of a series of historical failures. The submission condition that the Colombians have reached thanks to the absence of a leadership along the way, and on time. It, has given Colombia a bad image in the global context and an important distance towards the international potential of the country. The construction of a joined strategy among many linked actors with the international topics, could be useful to the country like a reference point to address in the time the foreign policy management that have vacillated between the submission and the auto-determination. The debate between the margins of discretion of the President regarding the foreign taking of decisions and the existence of a diplomatic academy, are the central problem of this research. As far as the presidential system exercised in Colombia grants a discretionary character to the President, in particular in the management of the foreign policy and in the designation of the diplomatic functionaries, the efforts to select the diplomatic corps possessing the adequate studies, to estimate their services and to improve their skills, would be more performative if we exceeded the cyclical peculiarities to uncork in an enriching foreign policy in the service of institutions and Colombians.

No description available.

This dissertation analyzes administrative discretion in public policy implementation in application of a new framework of integrative approach to administrative discretion developed from deficiencies of the citizen participation, representative bureaucracy, and private-interest groups democracy frameworks. The new framework holds that public agencies use discretion to integrate in decision making views of elected authorities, private-interest groups, public-interest groups, and other groups that seek to influence implementation. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) policy is used as the case study, and the U.S. Department of Education (DOE) is the implementation setting. The dissertation answers the following question: How integrative of group views was DOE’s discretionary decision making in the implementation of NCLB? This research applies a structured content analysis method that consists of content analysis and a content analysis schedule (see Jauch, Osborn, & Martin, 1980). Using a Likert question, the dissertation developed six integration levels of DOE’s discretionary decision making from not at all integrative to extremely integrative and found that most decisions were very integrative. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora de Assis Pacheco Andrade.pdf: 1091471 bytes, checksum: f9f98737623e336f649988b3efc20f8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / This study analyzes whether the external control exercised by the Brazilian Federal Court of Auditors (Tribunal de Contas da União) on administrative contracts is within its constitutional and infra constitutional competences. The analysis of cases judged the by Brazilian Federal Court of Auditors in the last five years shows that their practice is not fully consistent with the constitutional and legal basis, basically due to the following evidence: decisions on such matters which go beyond the financial-budget issue; which review discretionary choices of the public administrator and that interfere in contractual arrangements concluded between the public authorities and the private parties. Indeed, it was noted that the Brazilian Federal Court of Auditors, imbued with the relevant mission to protect the public treasury and to contribute to the improvement of public administration, has expanded its activities beyond the examination of accounts, trespassing exclusive competes of the executive and legislative powers. On the other hand, a tendency to approximate the public administrator and the contracted party was noted in the Brazilian Federal Court of Auditors, revealing a change in its institutional nature marked by a punitive character to a conciliatory and collaborative approach. This shift in the focus of the Brazilian Federal Court of Auditors can operate as an important inducer of the national economic development, as long as limited to matters within its jurisdiction and respecting administrative choices / O presente estudo avalia se o controle exercido pelo Tribunal de Contas da União sobre os contratos administrativos encontra guarida nas suas competências constitucionais e infraconstitucionais. A análise de julgados prolatados pelo Tribunal de Contas da União nos cinco últimos anos revela que a sua atuação não se coaduna plenamente com as bases constitucionais e legais, em virtude, basicamente, das seguintes evidências: decisões que recaem sobre matéria que extrapolam a temática financeiro-orçamentária; que revisam escolhas discricionárias feitas pelo administrador público e que interferem em cláusulas contratuais celebradas entre o Poder Público e o particular. Com efeito, notou-se que o Tribunal de Contas da União, imbuído da relevante missão de salvaguardar o patrimônio público e de contribuir para o aprimoramento da gestão pública, expandiu a sua atuação para além do exame das contas, invadindo esferas que competem exclusivamente aos Poderes Executivo e Legislativo. Por outro lado, notou-se haver no Tribunal de Contas da União uma tendência de se aproximar do administrador público e do contratado, revelando uma alteração na sua natureza institucional, marcada pelo caráter sancionatório, para uma postura conciliadora e colaborativa. Essa mudança no eixo de atuação do Tribunal de Contas da União, se adstrita às matérias da sua jurisdição e respeitadas as escolhas administrativas, pode operar como um importante indutor do desenvolvimento econômico nacional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelo Augusto Costa.pdf: 2058806 bytes, checksum: 2de38ac3bf800d2685f0bcb29a8f6c55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-15 / The main goal of this work is to explore normative connections between the due process clause, as stated in the Brazilian Constitution (CF 5º, LIV), and the reduction of administrative discretion when it comes to deciding particular cases. The relevance of the subject lies on the need of defining criteria for judicial review of discretionary administrative action, in order to secure and preserve both administrative decision-making and judicial reviewing powers. The working hypothesis is that due process of law provides a sound normative basis for a rule forbidding arbitrary display of powers in Brazilian law. This is so because due process clause requires in decision-making a kind of cognitive, volitive and argumentative process with the basic attribute of rationality. Thus all the limits imposed by the law on administrative discretion could be placed under the due process clause. Furthermore, due process could be viewed as grounds for a systematic exposition of vicious discretionary actions, including not giving reasons for action and poor correlation of fact-findings and legal norms. Robert Alexy's theory of legal principles was adopted as a landmark. Brazilian and foreign production on administrative discretion was taken into account as well, in an attempt to overcome the loopholes of legal positivism's description of how the law is applied. Whenever it was possible, we managed to use case study methods to uncover legal argumentation structures and the way fact-findings and legal norms correlate. As a result, we built a system of vicious discrectionary actions / O objetivo do trabalho é o de explorar as conexões normativas entre a cláusula do devido processo legal (CF 5º, LIV) e o fenôneno da redução da discricionariedade administrativa nos casos concretos. A importância do tema reside na necessidade de definir critérios sistemáticos para o exercício do controle jurisdicional dos limites da discricionariedade a fim de preservar as competências decisórias da Administração Pública e, ao mesmo tempo, assegurar a plenitude da revisão judicial. A hipótese geral é a de que o devido processo legal proporciona o fundamento normativo da proibição da arbitrariedade no direito brasileiro por exigir a adoção de um processo de cognição, volição e argumentação com o atributo fundamental da racionalidade. Desse modo, todos os limites à discricionariedade administrativa, cuja violação resulta em arbitrariedade proibida, podem ser reconduzidos à cláusula do devido processo. Além disso, o devido processo legal serve de base para a construção de um sistema dos vícios do exercício da discricionariedade administrativa, em especial dos vícios de ausência de motivação e de relacionamento defeituoso entre os elementos fáticos e normativos relevantes. Adotou-se, como referência, a teoria dos princípios de Robert Alexy, assim como a produção nacional e estrangeira sobre discricionariedade administrativa, no marco das tentativas de superação das lacunas do positivismo jurídico na descrição do processo de aplicação do direito. Empregou-se, sempre que possível, a metodologia de estudo de casos para revelar as estruturas de argumentação jurídica e o modo como se relacionam os elementos fáticos e normativos. O resultado foi a construção de um sistema de vícios do exercício da discricionariedade administrativa

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Buzaglo Dantas.pdf: 2709557 bytes, checksum: 4449f809147a13fced63f7b0416611f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Environmental law is a constitutional right and it frequently clashes with other protected rights. In these cases, differently from what happens to rule conflicts, in which, by the use of solution criterions, one of them is declared invalid, in competing principle cases, if harmonization is not possible, the solution is given by balancing, using the proportionality principle in its three dimensions (adequacy, necessity and strict proportionality), always through proper argumentation. There are some cases in which the proportionality test does not solve the conflict, and then judicial discretion appears. The object of this study is to analyze some situations where ecologically balanced environmental constitutional right clashes with others, such as cultural heritage, economic development, rule of law, res judicata, separation of powers, human dignity, living and traditional population rights in face of the creation of a protected area. The main target is to demonstrate that, since there are no absolute rights, in clash cases concerning ecologically balanced environmental right and other constitutional rights, if harmonization is not possible, any of them will prevail, according to the specificity of the case, as a result of balancing, using the proportionality principle and argumentation. The importance of this topic is immense because of its actuality and the fact that ecologically balanced environmental right is highly conflictive but, at the same time, very flexible, which stimulates practical agreement. The text was elaborated considering the most important issues that involve ecologically balanced environmental right, established by the Federal Constitution. It was searched, in specialized authors, the argumentation to demonstrate principles normative force and the technical solutions for hard cases, which, in a civil law tradition, means situations involving competing principles. In the end, specific situations in which environmental right clashes with other constitutional rights and the way Brazilian Courts have been solving these controversies were examined. The Supreme Court main decisions involving environmental issues were deeply analyzed. Polemic questions were brought to discussion, and different points of view about the controversy were shown. In order to clarify the analysis of some comparative law institutes, foreign references were brought, especially from the United States of America. The result was a systematization of a mostly complex and interesting topic, examined through actual doctrine and jurisprudence / O direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado é um direito fundamental de terceira geração e, como tal, colide com outros direitos fundamentais igualmente dignos de tutela. Em tais hipóteses, diferentemente do que se dá com os conflitos de regras, em que, ante a aplicação dos critérios de solução de antinomias, uma delas é declarada inválida, nos casos de colisão de princípios, caso impossível a harmonização, a solução é dada mediante ponderação, através do uso da máxima da proporcionalidade em suas três subdimensões (adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito), sempre mediante argumentação adequada. Há casos em que o teste da proporcionalidade não soluciona o conflito, dando margem ao recurso à discricionariedade judicial. O objeto do presente trabalho é analisar algumas hipóteses de colisão entre o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e outros direitos fundamentais, como o patrimônio cultural, o desenvolvimento econômico e a livre-iniciativa, a propriedade, o direito adquirido, o ato jurídico perfeito e a coisa julgada, a separação de poderes, a dignidade da pessoa humana e a moradia e os direitos das populações tradicionais diante da criação de unidades de conservação. O objetivo primacial é demonstrar que, como não há direito fundamental absoluto, nas hipóteses de colisão entre o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e outros direitos fundamentais, caso impossível a harmonização, tanto pode prevalecer um quanto o outro, dependendo das peculiaridades do caso concreto, o que é feito através do recurso à ponderação, com a aplicação da proporcionalidade e mediante argumentação. A importância do tema é imensa em virtude da sua atualidade e do fato de que o meio ambiente é um direito altamente conflituoso, mas, ao mesmo tempo, muitíssimo flexível, o que é um estímulo à concordância prática. O texto foi elaborado levando-se em conta as mais importantes questões que envolvem o direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, previstas na Constituição da República.Buscaram-se, na doutrina especializada da Teoria Constitucional, as bases para se demonstrar a força normativa dos princípios e as técnicas de solução dos chamados casos difíceis (hard cases), que, para nós que seguimos a civil law, consistem nas situações que envolvem colisão de princípios. Ao final, examinaram-se hipóteses específicas em que o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado colide com outros direitos fundamentais e a forma como os Tribunais brasileiros vêm solucionando tais controvérsias. As principais decisões do Supremo Tribunal envolvendo o tema meio ambiente foram objeto de detida análise. Questões altamente polêmicas foram trazidas à discussão, colacionando-se os diferentes entendimentos doutrinários acerca de cada controvérsia, buscando, sempre que possível, a tomada de posição. A fim de respaldar a análise de alguns institutos à luz do direito comparado, foram trazidas referências doutrinárias estrangeiras, principalmente dos Estados Unidos da América. O resultado que se pretendeu foi a sistematização de um tema dos mais complexos e instigantes, à luz da doutrina e da jurisprudência mais atuais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Louise Vilela Leite Filgueiras Borer.pdf: 1049760 bytes, checksum: 38a748ff575e19aac52d4a1fc64921db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / The present work focuses the interpretation of the penalty reduction cause of the 4th paragraph of the 33th article of the 11.343/06 law, starting from the identification of the exegetical problems contained in its text, reaching to the solution that preserves its concrete application without harming constitutional principles, what´s done throughout the technique of the constitutional conforming interpretation. Basing this conclusion, the analysis begin with the actual modern context of the criminal thought in doctrine, the risks society and it´s influences, that enforce the need of promoting the guarantist constitutionalism proposed by Luigi Ferrajoli, in order to preserve the fundamental rights and of individuals and meet the constitution in all its terms . In this context, we make a criticism of the anti-guarantist practice of basing the penalty dosimetry on judicial discretion, that has been used to enable the application of the rule under consideration / O presente trabalho enfoca a interpretação da causa de diminuição de pena do parágrafo 4º do artigo 33 da Lei nº11.343/06, partindo da identificação dos problemas exegéticos que o texto da lei contém até chegar à solução que preserva a concreta aplicação da norma sem ferir princípios constitucionais, o que é feito através da técnica da interpretação conforme a constituição. Fundamentando essa conclusão, a análise se inicia com o contexto atual do pensamento criminal na doutrina, a sociedade de risco e suas influências, que fomentam a necessidade de se promover o constitucionalismo garantista proposto por Luigi Ferrajoli, de modo a preservar direitos fundamentais e cumprir a Constituição em todos os seus termos. Nesse contexto, fazemos uma crítica à prática antigarantista de basear a dosimetria da pena na discricionariedade judicial, que tem sido utilizada para viabilizar a aplicação da norma em consideração