Pesquisas em várias partes do mundo vêm sendo realizadas para compreender os fatores que interferem no sucesso internacional do Esporte de Alto Rendimento (EAR). Neste contexto, a Gestão da Informação (GI) torna-se estratégica para que as organizações do esporte possam usufruir dos dados e dos processos que envolvem o sucesso na gestão esportiva. Contudo, pouco foi desenvolvido para estabelecer modelos de gestão de informações que monitorem continuamente a situação do EAR brasileiro. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo é construir um modelo para a gestão de informações do EAR no Brasil. Por meio de um misto de métodos, o estudo foi constituído por quatro fases: (1) levantamento e análise dos métodos de sistematização de informações do esporte- para identificar os elementos fundamentais para o sucesso esportivo e para revisar os métodos de sistematização de informações do EAR; (2) estudo piloto – para desenvolver o método de coleta, catalogação e sistematização das informações do EAR no Brasil; (3) construção do modelo de gestão de informações do EAR utilizando um modelo entidaderelacionamento (MER) para gestão informatizada dos dados; (4) validação do modelo de gestão, por meio do julgamento de um comitê de especialistas. Os resultados revelaram que em 29 nações já foram desenvolvidos estudos para sistematizar informações do esporte e conhecer os elementos que interferem no sucesso do EAR. O estudo do escopo desses elementos resultou na seleção de dez dimensões para coleta e catalogação de informações do EAR brasileiro em um Banco de Dados (BD) MySQL, modelado com o objetivo de permitir a articulação entre as dimensões Com a eliminação das redundâncias e a construção do MER, a padronização e categorização dos termos permitiram a construção de um modelo de gestão de informações do EAR que possibilita a atualização continuada das dimensões e informações mapeadas, composto por oito dimensões: Recursos Financeiros; Infraestrutura Esportiva; Equipamentos e Materiais Esportivos; Entidades e Governança; Atletas e Profissionais do Esporte; Eventos e Resultados Esportivos; Ciência e Tecnologia; Legislação. O modelo utiliza os princípios do Business Intelligence (BI) e um banco de dados que pode ser continuamente adaptado a fatores, contextos e a esportes diferentes. É um repositório digital de informações composto por 75 tabelas divididas em nove conjuntos que são articulados por meio de 185 relacionamentos, permitindo realizar análises, produzir relatórios e indicadores de forma intra ou interdimensional e uni ou multiesporte. Este modelo permite cruzamentos e apresentação de respostas simultâneas a partir de informações de atletas, de entidades, de esportes, suas provas e de dados que envolvem o financiamento, a infraestrutura e demais dimensões. Concluiu-se que este estudo inova ao utilizar os fatores de sucesso para estabelecer um modelo informatizado de gestão de informações do EAR, que pode ser implementado em um país ou em uma entidade. Ao inserir a inteligência de negócios na gestão esportiva, o trabalho concede as informações mais importantes para a tomada de decisão de gestores, podendo qualificar as políticas e contribuir para uma comunicação eficiente entre as diferentes entidades ligadas ao esporte. / Researches in various parts of the world are being conducted to understand the factors that interfere in the international success of Elite Sports (ES). In this context, the Information Management (IM) becomes strategic so that the sports organizations can take advantage of the data and the processes that involve the success in sport management. However, little was developed to establish information management models that continuously monitor the Brazilian ES. The objective of this study, therefore, is to construct a model for the management of ES information in Brazil. Through a combination of methods, the study consisted of four phases: (1) survey and analysis of methods to systematize of sport information - to identify the fundamental elements for sports success and to review the methods to systematize information of the ES; (2) pilot study - to develop the method of collecting, cataloging and systematizing ES information in Brazil; (3) construction of the ES information management model using an entity-relationship model (ERM) for computerized management of sports data; (4) validation of the management model, through the judgment of an experts committee. The results revealed that in 29 nations studies have been developed to systematize sport information and to know the elements that interfere in the success of the ES. The study of the scope of these elements resulted in the selection of ten dimensions for collecting and cataloging Brazilian ES information in a MySQL Database (DB), modeled with the objective of allowing the articulation between the dimensions The elimination of redundancies and the construction of the ERM, the standardization and categorization of the terms allowed the construction of an information management model of the ES that allows continuous updating dimensions and information mapped, composed of eight dimensions: Financial Resources; Sports Infrastructure; Sports Materials; Entities and Governance; Athletes and Sport Professionals; Events and Sport Results; Science and Technology; Legislation. The model uses the principles of Business Intelligence (BI) and a database that can be continuously adapted to different factors, contexts, and sports. It is a digital repository of information composed of 75 tables, divided into nine sets that are articulated through 185 relationships, allowing to produce analyzes, reports and indicators of intra or interdimensional form and uni or multisport. This model allows information crossing and presentation of simultaneous responses of athletes, entities, sports, their evidence and data that involve financing, infrastructure, and other dimensions. It was concluded that this study innovates when using the success factors to establish a computerized information management model of the ES, which can be implemented in a country or an entity. By inserting business intelligence into sports management, this work provides the most important information for decision-making by managers, can qualify the policies and contribute to efficient communication between different sports entities.

Pesquisas em várias partes do mundo vêm sendo realizadas para compreender os fatores que interferem no sucesso internacional do Esporte de Alto Rendimento (EAR). Neste contexto, a Gestão da Informação (GI) torna-se estratégica para que as organizações do esporte possam usufruir dos dados e dos processos que envolvem o sucesso na gestão esportiva. Contudo, pouco foi desenvolvido para estabelecer modelos de gestão de informações que monitorem continuamente a situação do EAR brasileiro. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo é construir um modelo para a gestão de informações do EAR no Brasil. Por meio de um misto de métodos, o estudo foi constituído por quatro fases: (1) levantamento e análise dos métodos de sistematização de informações do esporte- para identificar os elementos fundamentais para o sucesso esportivo e para revisar os métodos de sistematização de informações do EAR; (2) estudo piloto – para desenvolver o método de coleta, catalogação e sistematização das informações do EAR no Brasil; (3) construção do modelo de gestão de informações do EAR utilizando um modelo entidaderelacionamento (MER) para gestão informatizada dos dados; (4) validação do modelo de gestão, por meio do julgamento de um comitê de especialistas. Os resultados revelaram que em 29 nações já foram desenvolvidos estudos para sistematizar informações do esporte e conhecer os elementos que interferem no sucesso do EAR. O estudo do escopo desses elementos resultou na seleção de dez dimensões para coleta e catalogação de informações do EAR brasileiro em um Banco de Dados (BD) MySQL, modelado com o objetivo de permitir a articulação entre as dimensões Com a eliminação das redundâncias e a construção do MER, a padronização e categorização dos termos permitiram a construção de um modelo de gestão de informações do EAR que possibilita a atualização continuada das dimensões e informações mapeadas, composto por oito dimensões: Recursos Financeiros; Infraestrutura Esportiva; Equipamentos e Materiais Esportivos; Entidades e Governança; Atletas e Profissionais do Esporte; Eventos e Resultados Esportivos; Ciência e Tecnologia; Legislação. O modelo utiliza os princípios do Business Intelligence (BI) e um banco de dados que pode ser continuamente adaptado a fatores, contextos e a esportes diferentes. É um repositório digital de informações composto por 75 tabelas divididas em nove conjuntos que são articulados por meio de 185 relacionamentos, permitindo realizar análises, produzir relatórios e indicadores de forma intra ou interdimensional e uni ou multiesporte. Este modelo permite cruzamentos e apresentação de respostas simultâneas a partir de informações de atletas, de entidades, de esportes, suas provas e de dados que envolvem o financiamento, a infraestrutura e demais dimensões. Concluiu-se que este estudo inova ao utilizar os fatores de sucesso para estabelecer um modelo informatizado de gestão de informações do EAR, que pode ser implementado em um país ou em uma entidade. Ao inserir a inteligência de negócios na gestão esportiva, o trabalho concede as informações mais importantes para a tomada de decisão de gestores, podendo qualificar as políticas e contribuir para uma comunicação eficiente entre as diferentes entidades ligadas ao esporte. / Researches in various parts of the world are being conducted to understand the factors that interfere in the international success of Elite Sports (ES). In this context, the Information Management (IM) becomes strategic so that the sports organizations can take advantage of the data and the processes that involve the success in sport management. However, little was developed to establish information management models that continuously monitor the Brazilian ES. The objective of this study, therefore, is to construct a model for the management of ES information in Brazil. Through a combination of methods, the study consisted of four phases: (1) survey and analysis of methods to systematize of sport information - to identify the fundamental elements for sports success and to review the methods to systematize information of the ES; (2) pilot study - to develop the method of collecting, cataloging and systematizing ES information in Brazil; (3) construction of the ES information management model using an entity-relationship model (ERM) for computerized management of sports data; (4) validation of the management model, through the judgment of an experts committee. The results revealed that in 29 nations studies have been developed to systematize sport information and to know the elements that interfere in the success of the ES. The study of the scope of these elements resulted in the selection of ten dimensions for collecting and cataloging Brazilian ES information in a MySQL Database (DB), modeled with the objective of allowing the articulation between the dimensions The elimination of redundancies and the construction of the ERM, the standardization and categorization of the terms allowed the construction of an information management model of the ES that allows continuous updating dimensions and information mapped, composed of eight dimensions: Financial Resources; Sports Infrastructure; Sports Materials; Entities and Governance; Athletes and Sport Professionals; Events and Sport Results; Science and Technology; Legislation. The model uses the principles of Business Intelligence (BI) and a database that can be continuously adapted to different factors, contexts, and sports. It is a digital repository of information composed of 75 tables, divided into nine sets that are articulated through 185 relationships, allowing to produce analyzes, reports and indicators of intra or interdimensional form and uni or multisport. This model allows information crossing and presentation of simultaneous responses of athletes, entities, sports, their evidence and data that involve financing, infrastructure, and other dimensions. It was concluded that this study innovates when using the success factors to establish a computerized information management model of the ES, which can be implemented in a country or an entity. By inserting business intelligence into sports management, this work provides the most important information for decision-making by managers, can qualify the policies and contribute to efficient communication between different sports entities.

There have been numerous of examples where former elite athletes have had a problem with adaptingto the life as a civilian. Research has shown that it is common among former athletes to experiencenegative emotions when ending an elite career in sports. What separated the ones who successfullymoved on to achieve greatness outside of the sports environment? This study was about female formerelite athletes which have a senior position and their views on what role the elite career had on theirfollowing career. The purpose of the study was to examine what generic traits, knowledges and skillsthat elite sports can help to develop and that is usable in a senior position. The study also aimed togain knowledge about how female former elite athletes from the county of Vasterbotten, Sweden,experienced and handled the transition from elite sports to the life as a civilian. To answer thesequestions eight interviews were conducted with female former elite athletes from a variety of sports.The main result showed that there were several factors that helped these former elite athletes tohandle the transitional phase in a good way. They all agreed that elite sports helped to develop goaldetermination, a will to continually evolve, manage both success and adversity and lastly teamworkand social skills. Regarding how their athletic career influenced the job opportunities following theircareer termination, the study found that their athletic career had either a direct or indirect influence.

Pesquisas em várias partes do mundo vêm sendo realizadas para compreender os fatores que interferem no sucesso internacional do Esporte de Alto Rendimento (EAR). Neste contexto, a Gestão da Informação (GI) torna-se estratégica para que as organizações do esporte possam usufruir dos dados e dos processos que envolvem o sucesso na gestão esportiva. Contudo, pouco foi desenvolvido para estabelecer modelos de gestão de informações que monitorem continuamente a situação do EAR brasileiro. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo é construir um modelo para a gestão de informações do EAR no Brasil. Por meio de um misto de métodos, o estudo foi constituído por quatro fases: (1) levantamento e análise dos métodos de sistematização de informações do esporte- para identificar os elementos fundamentais para o sucesso esportivo e para revisar os métodos de sistematização de informações do EAR; (2) estudo piloto – para desenvolver o método de coleta, catalogação e sistematização das informações do EAR no Brasil; (3) construção do modelo de gestão de informações do EAR utilizando um modelo entidaderelacionamento (MER) para gestão informatizada dos dados; (4) validação do modelo de gestão, por meio do julgamento de um comitê de especialistas. Os resultados revelaram que em 29 nações já foram desenvolvidos estudos para sistematizar informações do esporte e conhecer os elementos que interferem no sucesso do EAR. O estudo do escopo desses elementos resultou na seleção de dez dimensões para coleta e catalogação de informações do EAR brasileiro em um Banco de Dados (BD) MySQL, modelado com o objetivo de permitir a articulação entre as dimensões Com a eliminação das redundâncias e a construção do MER, a padronização e categorização dos termos permitiram a construção de um modelo de gestão de informações do EAR que possibilita a atualização continuada das dimensões e informações mapeadas, composto por oito dimensões: Recursos Financeiros; Infraestrutura Esportiva; Equipamentos e Materiais Esportivos; Entidades e Governança; Atletas e Profissionais do Esporte; Eventos e Resultados Esportivos; Ciência e Tecnologia; Legislação. O modelo utiliza os princípios do Business Intelligence (BI) e um banco de dados que pode ser continuamente adaptado a fatores, contextos e a esportes diferentes. É um repositório digital de informações composto por 75 tabelas divididas em nove conjuntos que são articulados por meio de 185 relacionamentos, permitindo realizar análises, produzir relatórios e indicadores de forma intra ou interdimensional e uni ou multiesporte. Este modelo permite cruzamentos e apresentação de respostas simultâneas a partir de informações de atletas, de entidades, de esportes, suas provas e de dados que envolvem o financiamento, a infraestrutura e demais dimensões. Concluiu-se que este estudo inova ao utilizar os fatores de sucesso para estabelecer um modelo informatizado de gestão de informações do EAR, que pode ser implementado em um país ou em uma entidade. Ao inserir a inteligência de negócios na gestão esportiva, o trabalho concede as informações mais importantes para a tomada de decisão de gestores, podendo qualificar as políticas e contribuir para uma comunicação eficiente entre as diferentes entidades ligadas ao esporte. / Researches in various parts of the world are being conducted to understand the factors that interfere in the international success of Elite Sports (ES). In this context, the Information Management (IM) becomes strategic so that the sports organizations can take advantage of the data and the processes that involve the success in sport management. However, little was developed to establish information management models that continuously monitor the Brazilian ES. The objective of this study, therefore, is to construct a model for the management of ES information in Brazil. Through a combination of methods, the study consisted of four phases: (1) survey and analysis of methods to systematize of sport information - to identify the fundamental elements for sports success and to review the methods to systematize information of the ES; (2) pilot study - to develop the method of collecting, cataloging and systematizing ES information in Brazil; (3) construction of the ES information management model using an entity-relationship model (ERM) for computerized management of sports data; (4) validation of the management model, through the judgment of an experts committee. The results revealed that in 29 nations studies have been developed to systematize sport information and to know the elements that interfere in the success of the ES. The study of the scope of these elements resulted in the selection of ten dimensions for collecting and cataloging Brazilian ES information in a MySQL Database (DB), modeled with the objective of allowing the articulation between the dimensions The elimination of redundancies and the construction of the ERM, the standardization and categorization of the terms allowed the construction of an information management model of the ES that allows continuous updating dimensions and information mapped, composed of eight dimensions: Financial Resources; Sports Infrastructure; Sports Materials; Entities and Governance; Athletes and Sport Professionals; Events and Sport Results; Science and Technology; Legislation. The model uses the principles of Business Intelligence (BI) and a database that can be continuously adapted to different factors, contexts, and sports. It is a digital repository of information composed of 75 tables, divided into nine sets that are articulated through 185 relationships, allowing to produce analyzes, reports and indicators of intra or interdimensional form and uni or multisport. This model allows information crossing and presentation of simultaneous responses of athletes, entities, sports, their evidence and data that involve financing, infrastructure, and other dimensions. It was concluded that this study innovates when using the success factors to establish a computerized information management model of the ES, which can be implemented in a country or an entity. By inserting business intelligence into sports management, this work provides the most important information for decision-making by managers, can qualify the policies and contribute to efficient communication between different sports entities.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka kvinnliga idrottares upplevelser av karriärövergången att bli mamma, med ett fokus på utmaningar, resurser och copingstrategier under perioderna före-, under- och efter graviditeten. I studien användes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Deltagarna i studien var nio svenska idrottande mödrar i åldrarna 30-53 år (M=39.8, SD=7.3). Alla deltagare hade erfarenhet av att kombinera sitt moderskap med ett idrottande på nationell eller internationell nivå inom sin specifika idrott. Intervjuguiden och dataanalysen grundade sig på Övergångsmodellen (Stambulova, 2009). I resultatet framkom följande: under perioden före graviditeten upplevdes oro som främsta utmaning, att känna sig redo för att bli mamma som främsta resurs och att kunna planera sin graviditet som främsta copingstrategi. Under graviditeten framkom utmattning som främsta utmaning, socialt stöd som främsta resurs och strategier som deltagarna lärt sig under sin idrottskarriär som främsta copingstrategi. Efter graviditeten var stress främsta utmaning, socialt stöd främsta resurs och livet som en atlet hjälpte var främsta copingstrategi. Slutsatsen som dras i studien är att det finns flera upplevda utmaningar vid övergången att bli elitidrottande mamma, och att ett sätt att underlätta för dessa kvinnor skulle kunna vara ett utökat stöd från till exempel förbund, både socialt och finansiellt. / The aim of this study is to investigate experiences of motherhood transitions in sport, with a focus on the challenges, resources and coping strategies in the pre-pregnancy, during the pregnancy, and the postpartum phase. In the study a qualitative research metodology with semi-structured interviews was used. The participants in the study were nine Swedish athlete mothers aged 30-53 years (M=39.8, SD=7.3). All the participants had an experience of combining their motherhood with an athletic career at a national or an international level in their specific sport. The interview guide and the data analysis were grounded on the athletic career transition model (Stambulova, 2009). In the result during the pre-pregnancy, worry emerged as the main challenge, feeling ready to become a mother as the primary resource and planned pregnancies as the main coping strategy. During the pregnancy, fatigue emerged as the main challenge, social support both inside and outside sport as the primary resource, and strategies from sport as the main coping strategy. In the post-partum, stress was a frequent challenge, social support inside and outside sport were the most common resource, and life as an athlete helped were the main coping-strategy. As a conclusion in the present study, several challenges were experienced in the transition to becoming a mother as an elite athlete. A way of facilitating for these women could be increased support, for example from sport federations, both socially and financially.

Inom elitidrott beskrivs motivation som något essentiellt för att idrottare ska orka träna och göra det som krävs för att försöka bli bäst i världen. Motivation kan undersökas med hjälp av Self-determination theory där tre grundbehov: autonomi, tillhörighet och kompetens, måste vara uppfyllda för att en inre självbestämmande motivation ska kunna uppnås. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur elitidrottares motivation förändrades under våren och sommaren 2020 när Covid-19 pandemin satte idrottsvärlden på paus med inställda tävlingar och ett uppskjutet OS. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med individuella elitidrottare genomfördes och analyserades med en teoristyrd tematisk analys. Studien kom fram till att elitidrottarna upplevde att deras grundbehov inom motivation påverkades, både positivt och negativt, av Covid-19 pandemin. Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för elitidrottares behov under pandemin och inom vilka områden de behöver extra stöd. / In elite sports, motivation is described as an essential factor an athlete must have to undergo training and to do what is required to become the world’s best. Motivation can be examined using the Self-determination theory, where three basic needs: autonomy, relatedness and competence must be fulfilled to achieve intrinsic self-determined motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how motivation of elite athletes changed during the spring and summer 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic put the sports world on paus with cancelled competitions and the postponement of the Olympics. Seven semi-structured interviews with elite athletes, competing in individual sports, were conducted, and analysed with a theoretical thematic analysis. This study concluded that the basic needs in motivation of elite athletes were experienced to be both positively and negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study contributes to an increased understanding of the needs of elite athletes during the pandemic and in which areas they need extra support.

Der Anteil der Schießleistung in Bezug auf die Komplexleistung gewinnt durch die Einführung neuer und kürzerer Wettkampfdisziplinen sowie durch die zunehmende Verdichtung der Weltspitzenleistung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Neben den allgemeinen Schießtechnikelementen Atmung, Abzug, Zielen und Anschlag sowie deren optimaler Koordination können Körperschwankungen und Anschlagsstabilität als wesentliche Einflussgrößen der Schießtechnik im Biathlon benannt werden. Zielstellung dieser Untersuchung war die Aufhellung des komplexen Beziehungsgeflechts der Schießtechnik in den Anschlagsarten Liegend und Stehend im Biathlon. Auf der Grundlage der sportartspezifischen Anforderungen des Biathlonschießens, wurden in beiden Anschlägen, in Abhängigkeit anthropometrischer Merkmale (z. B. Alter und Körpergröße) sowie in Abhängigkeit der Art der Vorbelastung, die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Anschlagsstabilität und der Anschlagsgestaltung, im Hinblick auf möglichst geringe Bewegungen der Laufmündung im Moment der Schussabgabe, als Voraussetzung für sichere Trefferergebnisse, analysiert. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurde ein komplexer Schießmessplatz eingesetzt, welcher die synchrone Erfassung und Analyse von Kraft-Zeit-Verläufen an den Kontaktstellen Sportler-Gewehr, Bewegungen an der Laufmündung, Schwankungen des Systems Sportler-Waffe, die Belastungsverteilung der Auflagepunkte auf der Unterstützungsfläche sowie Winkel und Winkelveränderungen der Anschlagsposition in der Schussvor- und Nachbereitung sowie im Verlauf einer kompletten Schussserie ermöglicht. Im Rahmen einer Evaluationsstudie konnten über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren eine Vielzahl von leistungsrelevanten Parametern identifiziert werden. Neben der Präzisierung des sporttechnischen Leitbildes konnten Norm- und Richtwerte als Orientierungsgrößen für den Techniktrainingsprozess abgeleitet werden. Auf der Basis der Erkenntnisse aus der Evaluationsstudie, ist es im Rahmen einer spezifischen Interventionsstudie gelungen, Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, eine Steigerung der Schießleistung durch Abbau entsprechender Leistungsdiskrepanzen zu erreichen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 Abbildungsverzeichnis 5 Tabellenverzeichnis 8 1 Einleitung 12 1.1 Problemstellung 12 1.2 Zielstellung 16 1.3 Struktur der Arbeit 17 2 Theoretische Vorbetrachtungen 19 2.1 Struktur und Entwicklungstendenzen der Wettkampfleistung im Biathlon 19 2.1.1 Laufgeschwindigkeit 20 2.1.2 Schießstandaufenthalt 21 2.1.3 Schießergebnis 22 2.1.4 Komplexe Biathlonleistung 24 2.2 Struktur der Leistungsfähigkeit und Diagnostik im Biathlonschießen 25 2.2.1 Anforderungsstruktur Schießtechnik 25 2.2.2 Anschlagstechnik 28 2.2.3 Anschlagsgestaltung 34 2.2.4 Anschlagsstabilität 36 2.2.5 Zieltechnik 40 2.2.6 Atemtechnik 42 2.2.7 Abzugstechnik 43 2.2.8 Zusammenfassung − Diagnostik der Schießleistung im Biathlon 43 2.3 Trainingsstruktur im Biathlonschießen 46 2.3.1 Sportliche Technik, Normwertorientierungen und Techniktraining 46 2.3.2 Techniktraining im Biathlonschießen 50 3 Fragestellungen und wissenschaftliche Forschungshypothesen 54 3.1 Fragestellungen 54 3.2 Forschungshypothesen 57 4 Untersuchungskonzept 58 4.1 Untersuchungsstichprobe 58 4.1.1 Evaluationsstudie 58 4.1.2 Interventionsstudie 59 4.2 Untersuchungsansatz und -ablauf 60 4.2.1 Evaluationsstudie 60 4.2.2 Interventionsstudie 62 4.3 Untersuchungsverfahren 65 4.3.1 Gewehrsensorik (Biathlonschießmessplatz) 65 4.3.2 Stabilometrie mittels Footscan® Balance (RS Scan Intl.) 70 4.3.3 2D-Bewegungsanalyse 72 4.3.4 Synchronisation und Zusammenführung der Messdaten der verschiedenen Untersuchungsverfahren 75 4.4 Untersuchungsaufbau 77 4.5 Statistische Datenbearbeitung 78 4.6 Kritik der Untersuchungsmethodik 80 5 Evaluationsstudie 83 5.1 Ergebnisse Evaluationsstudie 83 5.1.1 Beziehungsgeflecht Anschlagsstabilität 83 5.1.2 Beziehungsgeflecht Anschlagsgestaltung 106 5.2 Diskussion Evaluationsstudie 128 5.2.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse zur Anschlagsstabilität 128 5.2.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse zur Anschlagsgestaltung 148 6 Interventionsstudie 161 6.1 Ergebnisse Interventionsstudie 161 6.1.1 Gleichgewichts- und Haltetraining 161 6.1.2 Messplatztraining 163 6.2 Diskussion Interventionsstudie 177 6.2.1 Anschlag Liegend 177 6.2.2 Anschlag Stehend 179 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 183 7.1 Empfehlungen für die Sportpraxis 192 7.2 Ausblick für die Forschung 194 Literaturverzeichnis 196 Anhang 202

Syftet med studien är att undersöka före detta elitsatsande simmares upplevelse av idrottsgymnasium och förstå avslutsprocessen i att sluta med elitsatsningen. För att besvara detta baseras studien på tolv intervjuer med elitsatsande simmare som ingått i idrottsgymnasium men valt att hoppa av under gymnasietiden eller inom två år efter examen. Vidare analyseras detta med hjälp av två teoretiska ramverk, Ebaughs beslutsprocess och push/pull/anti-push/anti-pull-modellen. Resultatet visar att simmarnas upplevelse av idrottsgymnasiet är unik. Vidare lyfts att avslutsprocessen påbörjas av orsaker som tränarbyte, sociala anledningar utanför idrotten, pandemin covid-19 och minskad entusiasm. Simmarna sökte sig under den tiden till långsiktiga alternativ genom fortsatta studier eller arbete. Beslutet till avhoppet framkommer därefter som mångfasetterad och komplext där en till sju olika faktorer sammantaget utgör beslutet. Bland dessa faktorer återfinns: missnöje med tränare; utebliven utveckling; prestationsångest; tidskrävande; sociala anledningar inom idrotten; ohälsa; ekonomisk brist i idrotten; minskad motivation; sociala anledningar utanför idrotten; andra prioriteringar. Efter avhoppet upplever simmarna en identitetskris varpå det var lättare att hantera den med ett fokus utöver idrotten samt ett planerat avhopp. Genom studien betonas en helhetssyn på den idrottande individen, gemenskapen och tränarens roll som värdefulla i avslutsprocessen. / The aim of this study is to examine former elite swimmers experience of sports high school and understand the process of drop-out from the elite sport. To answer this question the study gathered data from twelve interviews with elite swimmers who were part of a sports high school but chose to drop out during high school or within two years after graduation. Furthermore, this is analyzed using two theoretical frameworks, Ebaugh's decision-making process and the push/pull/anti-push/anti-pull model. The results show that the swimmers experience of the sports high school is unique. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the decision-making process is started for reasons such as a change of coach, social reasons outside of sports, the pandemic covid-19 and reduced enthusiasm. During that time, the swimmers sought long-term alternatives through further studies or work. The decision to drop out then appears to be multifaceted and complex, with one to seven different factors together constituting the decision. These factors include: dissatisfaction with coaches; lack of development; performance anxiety; time consuming; social reasons in sport; illness; economic shortage in sports; decreased motivation; social reasons outside of sports; other priorities. After the dropout, the swimmers experience an identity crisis, whereupon it was easier to handle it with a focus outside of swimming and a planned drop-out. The study emphasizes a holistic view of the individual athlete, the community and the role of the coaches as valuable in the process of the decision.

The purpose of this study is to examine how mental illness in elite sports is experienced and perceived in order to gain a deeper understanding of how an elite sport can affect a person's mental health and well-being and to furthermore examine the challenges that elite athletes encounter that can affect their mental health. The study uses a qualitative method using content analysis of three different autobiographies written by elite athletes. The autobiographies are stories based on experiences of mental illness within their elite sports. Through content analysis of these autobiographies, three different perspectives on mental illness in elite sports are given and with that a deeper understanding of how mental illness can be experienced and perceived based on their different life stories. Lately, people have started to talk more about mental illness in elite sport. By using the autobiographies of the elite athletes, the subject is highlighted and can be given more attention, new knowledge can grow and an understanding of what it is like to be an elite athlete can contribute to tools that can prevent mental illness. The following questions were set as guidelines for the thesis: How is mental illness experienced and perceived in elite sports? What are the challenges with mental health in elite sports and what can this be due to? We used three different theories: Howard Becker's theory about stamping, Erving Goffman's theory about stigma and Erving Goffman's theory of roles. The results show that the elite athletes from the autobiographies experience that their mental illness has been a problem in relation to their performance. It also showed that their focus on performance has been a problem, but also an incentive in terms of realizing, talking about and understanding their own mental illness. There are some differences in the elite athletes' experiences of mental illness. Their picture of mental illness within their sport varies and mental illness can be experienced in different ways and so they can too be affected in different ways. The data material provided by the autobiographies has been interpreted with the help of previous research and analysis of the elite athletes' life stories. It has been done by linking experiences about the phenomenon with theories that can help to gain a deeper understanding of mental illness in elite sports. We have come to the conclusion that elite athletes face a lot of challenges, not the least with mental health. Based on the autobiographies, it appears that stigmatization around mental illness is a major challenge for elite athletes who make it difficult for them to talk openly about their mental illness. The sports culture and the climate that an elite athlete is in can also be contributing factors to the challenges that elite athletes face during their careers in relation to mental illness. This is because the elite athletes are expected to adapt to the standards that exist to fit in and have a chance to become the best. There is a risk that the elite athletes are not themselves when they adapt, which can lead to an imbalance between who they are and who they are expected to be. This can further lead to mental illness for an elite athlete. In order for elite athletes to open up, an atmosphere is required so it is accepted and allows them to open up, so the stigmatization surrounding mental illness needs to change. Stigmatization around mental illness is possible to change, as stigma is changeable, according to Goffman (Goffman E, 2020). / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur psykisk ohälsa inom elitidrotten upplevs och uppfattas för att få en djupare förståelse av hur en elitidrott kan påverka en persons psykiska hälsa och mående. Detta för att vidare undersöka vilka utmaningar elitidrottare stöter på som kan påverka deras psykiska mående. I studien används en kvalitativ metod med hjälp av innehållsanalys av tre självbiografier skrivna av elitidrottare. De tre självbiografierna är berättelser baserat på upplevelser och erfarenheter av psykisk ohälsa inom elitidrott.  Genom innehållsanalys av dessa självbiografier ges tre olika infallsvinklar på psykisk ohälsa inom elitidrotten och därmed en djupare förståelse för hur psykisk ohälsa kan upplevas och uppfattas utifrån de olika livsberättelserna. Psykisk ohälsa inom elitidrott är ett ämne som på senare tid har blivit alltmer omtalat. Genom att lyfta fram elitidrottarnas livsberättelser med hjälp av deras självbiografier så uppmärksammas ämnet mer, ny kunskap kan växa fram och förståelse för hur det är att vara elitidrottare kan bidra till verktyg att motverka detta.  Frågeställningarna i denna studie är: Hur upplevs och uppfattas psykisk ohälsa inom elitidrott? Vilka utmaningar med den psykiska hälsan förekommer inom elitidrotten och vad kan detta bero på? De teoretiska utgångspunkterna som används är Howard Beckers stämplingsteori, Erving Goffmans stigmatiseringsteori och Erving Goffmans teori om roller. Resultatet visar att elitidrottarna i självbiografierna upplever att deras psykiska ohälsa har varit ett problem i relation till deras prestation. De upplever även att deras fokus på prestation har varit deras problem, men även drivkraft, vad gäller att inse, prata om och förstå deras egen psykiska ohälsa. Det finns en del skillnader i elitidrottarnas upplevelser av psykisk ohälsa inom elitidrott såsom att upplevelser av idrottsvärlden varierar, upplevelser av psykisk ohälsa varierar och problem med den psykisk ohälsa har påverkat elitidrottarna på olika sätt. Datamaterialet som gavs av självbiografierna har tolkats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och analys av elitidrottarnas livsberättelser har gjorts genom att koppla upplevelser om fenomenet med teorier som kan hjälpa till att få en djupare förståelse av psykisk ohälsa inom elitidrott.  Vi har kommit fram till att elitidrottare stöter på en hel del utmaningar, inte minst med den psykiska hälsan. Utifrån självbiografierna så framgår det att stigmatisering kring psykisk ohälsa är en stor utmaning för elitidrottare som försvårar deras möjligheter att prata om sin psykiska ohälsa. Idrottskulturen samt det klimat som en elitidrottare befinner sig i kan även vara bidragande faktorer till de utmaningar som elitidrottare möter under sin karriär i relation till psykisk ohälsa. Detta då elitidrottarna förväntas anpassa sig till de normer som finns för att passa in och ha en chans att bli bäst. Det finns en risk att elitidrottarna inte är sig själva när de anpassar sig vilket kan leda till en obalans mellan vem dem är och vem dem förväntas vara. Detta kan vidare leda till psykisk ohälsa för en elitidrottare. För att elitidrottare ska tillåtas att öppna upp sig behövs ett klimat där det är accepterat och tillåtet att öppna upp sig, och stigmatiseringen kring psykisk ohälsa behöver förändras. Stigmatisering kring psykisk ohälsa är möjlig att förändra, då stigma är föränderligt, enligt Goffman (Goffman E, 2020).

Psykisk ohälsa bland elitidrottare har varit ett stigmatiserat område och forskning kring ämnet växer. Idag finns mycket som tyder på att elitidrottare utövar en livsstil med stora fysiska och psykiska belastningar vilket har visat sig vara mer ohälsosamt än vad den generella uppfattningen tidigare varit. Som elitidrottare förväntas en att leva efter idrottens alla regler för att bli framgångsrik. I den här uppsatsen studeras förekomst av, och skillnader i psykosomatiska besvär mellan tre grupper av gymnasieelever i årskurs tre som har elitidrottsinriktning (Nationellt godkänd idrottsutbildning, NIU), allmän idrottsinriktning (Idrottsprogram, IDR) och elever utan idrottsinriktning. Det undersöks även om det förekommer samband mellan psykosomat­iska besvär och de olika gymnasiala inriktningarna. Studien har genomförts med en kvant­itativ tvärsnittsstudie med enkäter som delades ut till två skolor i en ort i mellersta Sverige. Totalt deltog 116 elever i undersökningen, med elit- och idrotts- samt utan idrottsinriktning. Resultatet visade att det fanns psykosomatiska besvär hos de olika gymnasiala in­riktning­arna, men inga signifikanta skillnader eller samband fastställdes. Ett intressant biresultat som påträffades är ett signifikant samband mellan att vara nervös och irriterad och att vara stress­ad och ha svårt att sova, samt att sambandet stärktes för samtliga elever att ha nämnda besvär. Nyckelord: Folkhälsa, psykisk ohälsa, psykosomatiska besvär, elitidrott, gymnasieelever, gymnasial idrottsinriktning. / Mental illness among elite athletes has been a stigmatized area and the research area is growing. Today, a lot of things points towards that elite athletes are practicing a lifestyle with great physical and mental tension. Having a profession as an elite athlete has proven to be more unhealthy than the general perception was. As an elite athlete you are expected to live for the sport, to follow its rules in order to achieve a successful career. This study investigates the prevalence of, and differences in psychosomatic disorders between three groups of secondary school students in their last year who have elite sport special­ization (Nationally certified physical education), public sports specialization (sports program) and students without sport specialization. It also investigates whether there is an association between psychosomatic disorders and the three various sport specializations. A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed and a questionnaire were distributed to two schools in central Sweden. A total of 116 students in their 3rd and last year of the secondary school with elite- and sport orientation and without sport orientation participated in the survey. The results showed a difference in the prevalence of psychosomatic disorders among the various orientations in secondary school. Eventhough no significant diff­erences or associations between psychosomatic disorders and secondary school orientation was found, a secondary finding was found in the form of significant correlations for the student to be nervous and irritated with being stressed and having trouble falling asleep, and the associations became stronger for students having these problems. Keywords: Public health, mental disorder, psychosomatic disorder, elite sports, secondary school students, secondary school sport specialization.