This qualitative research study examined the usage of whole-language instruction in the classrooms of four self-professed whole-language teachers. Data were collected from the following sources: classroom observations; interviews with the teachers and their principals; and a study of lesson plans, student work, textbooks, and curriculum guides. The following conclusions were drawn from the study. The teachers' pre-existing philosophical views regarding language instruction influenced the effectiveness with which they implemented whole-language instruction more than any other single factor. These philosophical bases also determined, to a large extent, the kinds of whole-language practices and strategies the teachers used in their instruction. The skills-oriented teachers most often stated that they used whole-language instruction in order to review or reinforce skills. The more holistic teachers most often stressed language development, language appreciation, and self expression. The data collected in this study led to the conclusion that teachers must become knowledgeable of whole-language principles and make a personal commitment to the whole-language philosophy in order to develop integrated, coherent whole-language instructional programs. The data also led the researcher to conclude that assessment of whole-language instruction was an area of ambiguity and uncertainty for the teachers involved in the study. The following recommendations were made from the study. Teachers should make conscious efforts to become cognizant of their basic philosophies and beliefs regarding how children learn and develop. Teachers should then ensure that their practices are consistent with their beliefs. Increased emphasis should be placed on developing appropriate means for assessing the effectiveness of whole-language instruction. School districts should provide adequate in-service opportunities and support services and receive the commitment of the teachers before initiating district-wide whole-language programs. Further research should be conducted on how teachers are affected when they are required to teach in ways which are inconsistent with their basic philosophies and/or teaching styles.

There are many different details to consider for developers when creating a new product. Many believe that the functions is the most important. However the question about how the products User Experience should be handled gets more and more important. Because of that there are lots of tests before every launch to ensure that the product gets a better welcoming with the customers. The purpose with this study was to create a overview for how to create a better User Experience. We have created a guideline in this topical subject through creating a methodology to follow. This was done because of the difficulty to follow the current guidelines, and especially from those who really don´t know the subject. This study was based on previous research with a qualitative data collection method. We did our study from the eyes of a case business where we had interviews to get their opinions about User Experience and methodologies that already exists. The information that were used as method for the selection of informants because it was important for us that the informants knew what they were talking about. The purpose of the empirical data was to conclude which parts that were necessary to include in a methodology to get a more advanced User Experience but also why it is important. With this information we could give our version of a methodology to create a User Experience that fit in different projects. The results of the study contain the parts that we thought was important for creating a methodology that the developers could use. These were Design, UX-design, User Behavior, Usability and Human Computer Interaction that we later compiled to different phases in our methodology for User Experience. Furthermore when we concluded the phases for our methodology and these were Understanding where the developers shall create an understanding about what the user really wants. Research where you research what techniques that should be a part of a modern product. Sketch where you work from what the customer wants to get prototypes and test them to get their opinion. Design where you confirms which of the prototypes you will use in a completed design. Implementation where you create the product. The last phase is Evaluate where you do usability testings continuously to know that it is really working.

L’expérience que les utilisateurs vivent est récemment devenu un facteur majeur de différenciation entre les entreprises de produits et de services (comme Toyota Motor Europe), menant à des recherches plus approfondies dans les domaines de l’expérience utilisateur et de l’interaction. Ces recherches prônent une plus grande considération de la perception subjective plutôt que les propriétés objectives des produits.Partant de cette approche de la ‘recherche en design’ à travers la perception subjective, cette étude tente de comprendre et de formaliser l’influence réciproque entre interaction et expérience utilisateur, définissant quels paramètres affectent les réactions subjectives. À partir de ces paramètres, cette recherche a isolée les propriétés physiques et digitales d’un produit dans le but de mettre en avant ces effets sur les réactions affectives et cognitives d’un utilisateur.Grâce à cette approche, cette recherche aboutit à des apports à la fois scientifique et industriel: cette recherche a rendu possible la formalisation de l’interdépendance entre l’expérience utilisateur et les interactions; la mise en place d’une taxonomie des produits interactifs à travers l’approche métaphorique des interaction physique et digitale; et la matérialisation d’une méthodologie et d’outils pour à la fois évaluer et créer des interactions à partir de l’approche expérientielle. / Users’ experience with products recently became a major differentiation factor for products and services companies (such as Toyota Motor Europe), leading to deeper researches on both user experience and interaction. These researches preach for a deeper consideration of the subjective perception rather than artifacts’ objective properties.From this approach of ‘design research’ through the subjective perception, this study intends to understand and formalize the reciprocal influence between Interaction and user experience, highlighting which parameters are affecting subjective reactions. From these parameters, this research isolated the artifact’s physical and digital properties in order to highlight its effects on user’s affective and cognitive reactions.By doing so, this research resulted in both academic and industrial contributions. In terms of the former, it made possible to formalize the interdependency between User Experience and Interactions, to define a taxonomy of interactive products through the metaphorical approach of physical and digital interactions and to materialize a methodology with tools for both evaluating and designing interactions from the User Experience perspective.

O presente estudo visa constituir uma introdução à reflexão ética que Michel de Montaigne desenvolve em seus Ensaios. Trata-se, de maneira mais específica, de uma análise do capítulo Da experiência, ensaio com que o autor encerra sua obra e apresenta, sob a forma de um testamento, os pontos essenciais de sua orientação moral. Procuramos compreender os fundamentos de sua recusa de toda ética normativa e a correlata elaboração de uma moral afeita à singularidade dos agentes e às circunstâncias das ações. Para tanto, buscamos reconstituir a crítica do ensaísta às artes que pretendem regular as condutas humanas a jurisprudência e a medicina e à moral estóica, assim como elucidar a experiência de si, de que Montaigne deriva uma ética em que o prazer se concilia com a virtude e o agente consigo mesmo. / The present study aims at introducing Michel de Montaignes ethical reflexion, as exposed in his Essays. It is, more specifically, an analysis of the chapter On experience, the essay with wich the author finishes his work, and presents, as in a will, the essential topics of his moral orientation. We seek to understand the fundaments of his refusal of all normative ethics, and the project of elaborating a moral fit to the singularity of agents and the circumstances of action. To do so, we undertake the reconstruction of the authors criticism to the arts that intend to regulate human conducts jurisprudence and medicine , and to the Stoic moral. We also try to clarify the experience of oneself, from which Montaigne derives a moral that reconciles pleasure and virtue, and the agent with himself.

Esta pesquisa partiu do princípio de que a fusão entre arte e vida é capaz de fortalecer e reinventar nossa relação estética com o mundo. O objeto de análise está vinculado à experiência do Projeto Vila Educação e Arte, realizado entre os anos de 2008 e 2010, na cidade de Paranaguá, no estado do Paraná. Foram investigadas as mudanças significativas nos processos de perceber e simbolizar, bem como no desenvolvimento da sociabilidade dos estudantes, a partir da experiência vivida ao longo do projeto. O objetivo central da pesquisa consistiu na análise da articulação entre a experiência poética e a fruição estética como dimensões educativas da arte. Encontramos nas abordagens fenomenológicas de Gaston Bachelard e Michel Maffesoli fundamentos para o aprofundamento das potencialidades das ações educativas em arte. Para ambos faz-se necessária uma nova epistemologia, que deve se revelar antipositivista, antiformalista e antirrealista, na qual o mundo ficcional, bem como o mundo vivido, possam ser incorporados como elementos fundamentais do processo humano de produção do conhecimento e da vida. Acreditamos que se quisermos de fato aproximar arte e vida, as situações de aprendizagem em arte devem primar pela diversidade das experiências espelhadas no lugar e nos sujeitos. Esse processo deve contribuir para valorizar a produção artística como uma dimensão viva da rede simbólica, que dá sentido às experiências e à existência humana. O reconhecimento e a valorização da diversidade no processo educativo possibilitam criar condições para que as singularidades possam brotar diante da pluralidade, expressa nas várias formas de compreender e dar significado ao mundo. / This research assumed that the fusion between art and life is able to strengthen and reinvent our aesthetic relationship with the world. The object of analysis is linked to the experience of Education and Art Village Project, conducted between 2008 and 2010 in the city of Paranagua, in Parana state. Significant changes were investigated in the processes of perceiving and symbolizing, as well as the development of social skills of students, from the experience throughout the project. The central objective of the research consisted in analyzing the relationship between the poetic experience and aesthetic enjoyment of art and educational dimensions. We found in the phenomenological approaches of Gaston Bachelard and Michel Maffesoli fundamentals for the deepening of the potential of educational actions in art. For both it is necessary a new epistemology, which should prove to be anti-positivist, antiformalista and antirrealista, in which the fictional world and the lived world, can be incorporated as key elements of the human process of knowledge production and life. We believe that if we are indeed approaching art and life, their learning experiences in art should strive for diversity of experiences mirrored in place and subjects. This process should help to enhance the artistic production as a living dimension symbolic network which gives meaning to human existence and experience. The recognition and appreciating of diversity in the educational process make it possible to create conditions for which the singularities can spring forth from the plurality expressed in various ways to understand and give meaning to the world.

L’école, portée par ce que Bernard Rey (1996) nomme « l’intention scripturale », fait grand usage des traces écrites. Or, dès notre état des lieux chez les maîtres experts à l’école primaire, il apparaît indépendamment des niveaux et des disciplines, que ces traces sont omniprésentes, courtes, simultanées, standardisées. Elles témoignent donc d’une réalité de terrain : les pratiques scolaires n’intègrent pas l’expérience singulière des sujets. Il convient alors de construire une « théorie du sens de la trace scolaire », qui permette l’émergence et la mobilisation de chacun dans sa particularité, sans renoncer à l’exigence de construction du commun. En fonction de son niveau d'expérience, le sujet a tendance à mobiliser de façon privilégiée certaines conduites. Celles-ci fonctionnent en synergie dans des processus dominants et évoluent au gré de son expérience : la familiarisation, l'imprégnation, l'intégration, la création. Cette thèse montre l'existence d'un malentendu socio-conatif, défini par une incompatibilité entre le processus qui donne sens à la trace du point de vue de l'élève d'une part, et le dispositif pédagogique organisé par le maître d'autre part. Le déni des mobiles de l'élève crée les conditions de la démobilisation, d'une "trace désaffectée". Le cadre théorique, progressivement tissé, offre les moyens de situer les mobiles d’actions du sujet à plusieurs échelles, et permet d’imaginer des organisations collectives qui donnent, comme le dit Philippe Meirieu, « à chacun une place et un projet à tous ». / The school, driven by what Bernard Rey (1996) calls "the scriptural intention," makes extensive use of written traces. However, from our assessment of expert primary school teachers, it appears that regardless of levels and disciplines, these traces are omnipresent, short, simultaneous, standardised. They therefore demonstrate a reality on the ground: school practices do not include the singular experience of the subjects. So it is then necessary to construct a "theory of the meaning of the school trace," which helps the promotion and mobilisation of unique individuals, without stifling the construction of the wider group.Depending on their level of experience, the subject tends to favour certain behaviours. These work in synergy in dominant processes and evolve according to their experience: familiarisation, impregnation, integration, creation. This thesis shows the existence of a socio-conative misunderstanding. It is defined by an incompatibility between the process that gives meaning to the trace (from the pupil’s perspective), and the pedagogical device organised by the teacher. The denial of the pupil’s motives creates the conditions of demobilisation, a "disused trace". The theoretical framework, built gradually, can help locate the subject’s action motives on several scales, and lets us imagine collective organisations that give, as Philippe Meirieu says, "to everyone a place and a project to all".

Bakgrund: Organtransplantation är ett livräddande ingrepp som genomförs när inga andra behandlingsalternativ finns. Patienten står inför en livslång behandling med immunsänkande läkemedel för att minska risken för avstötning. Det är en emotionellt krävande upplevelse för patienterna och deras familjer som gör att de är i behov av stöd av sjuksköterskan. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters emotionella upplevelser före och efter organtransplantation. Metod: En litteraturstudie som baseras på kvalitativa omvårdnadsvetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra kategorier identifierades, Tacksamhet och skuld på samma gång, Upplevelse av stöd, Känslomässig berg- och dalbana och Oro med tillhörande underkategorier. Slutsats: Organtransplantation var överlag en omtumlande upplevelse som var unik för varje patient. Sjuksköterskan behöver mer kunskap för att bidra till god vård då patienters upplevelser före och efter organtransplantation är relativt outforskat. Nyckelord: Livserfarenhet, mottagare, organtransplantation, patient, upplevelse. / Background: Organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention that is carried out when no other treatment options exist. The patient is facing a lifelong treatment with immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the risk of rejection. It is an emotionally demanding experience for the patients and their families are in need of support from the nurse. Aim: The purpose was to describe patients' emotional experiences before and after organ transplantation. Method: A literature study based on qualitative nursing science articles. Result: Four categories were identified, Gratitude and guilt at the same time, Experience of support, Emotional roller coaster and Concern with associated subcategories. Conclusion: Organ transplantation was generally a tumultuous experience unique to each patient. The nurse needs more knowledge to contribute to good care since patients' experiences before and after organ transplantation are relatively unexplored. Keywords: Life experience, recipient, organ transplantation, patient, experience.

A cultura da participação abre no mundo digital um leque de novos e remodelados comportamentos do mundo clássico. Tanto os formatos de participação, quanto a colaboração e cooperação se ressignificam dentro da cibercultura. O que é fundamental para entender o consumo colaborativo. Este trabalho delineia um posicionamento conceitual do consumo colaborativo entre outros conceitos semelhantes como compartilhamento, cooperação e dilemas sociais, com o objetivo de diferenciar gradientes de colaboração dentro dos modelos de consumo colaborativo. Na investigação teórica, o que se encontrou foi uma linha tênue que distingue os graus de colaboração e cooperação pelo nível de envolvimento pró-social e a interação entre consumidores. Do ponto de vista da comunicação e do design de user experience, esse trabalho realizar um estudo de recepção que compara os elementos informativos gráficos mais recorrentes nos sites de consumo colaborativo com a percepção de importância desses elementos pelos usuários. Além de contribuir com uma escala de colaboração que pode ser aplicada em iniciativas desse tipo para classificá-las desde altamente cooperativas a altamente colaborativas. Os achados auxiliarão futuras pesquisas acadêmicas nessa área. / The participatory culture in the digital world opens a range of new and refurbished behaviors of the classical world. The shades of sharing, collaboration and cooperation are resignify within cyberculture. This is critical to understand the collaborative consumption. This paper outlines a conceptual positioning of the collaborative consumption and other similar concepts such as sharing, cooperation and social dilemmas, in order to differentiate collaboration gradients inside collaborative consumption models. In theoretical research, we found a fine line that distinguishes the degrees of collaboration and cooperation by the level of prosocial involvement and interaction among consumers. From the point of view of communication and user experience design, this work conduct a study of reception that compares the most frequent graphic pieces of information on collaborative consumption websites with the perceived importance of these elements by the users. Besides contributing with a collaborative scale that can be applied in such initiatives to rank them from highly cooperative to highly collaborative. The findings will help future academic research in this area.

Cette recherche s’intéresse au travail de yoga, tel qu’il est enseigné à des adultes amateurs dans le cadre de l’enseignement de la danse contemporaine de Toni D’Amelio, à l’école Peter Goss (Paris 10e). C’est la nature de l’expérience corporelle vécue par les élèves ainsi que les modalités de sa construction qui font l’objet de cette analyse. Ancrée dans une approche anthropologique, elle se caractérise par l’utilisation de la technique de l’entretien d’explicitation – méthodologie inédite dans la recherche en danse – pour interroger l’expérience subjective des acteurs.Les propos des élèves ont fait émerger le rôle central des consignes, ainsi que la manière dont ce travail de yoga s’articule autour d’un « dispositif savant », qui cristallise pour les élèves l’idée d’un savoir adéquat. Or, ce dispositif s’est avéré insuffisant pour expliquer la nature de l’expérience corporelle qu’il produit. L’étude met ainsi en évidence la manière dont ce dispositif est concrètement mis en œuvre et dont les consignes fonctionnent, dans la pratique, comme « embrayeurs d’action et de perception ». Enfin, l’analyse montre comment la parole de l’enseignante, à l’insu pour ainsi dire des élèves et d’elle-même, crée un véritable enchantement du dispositif. / This research focuses on the work of yoga, as taught to amateur adult pupils in the context of the contemporary dance teaching of Toni D’Amelio, at the Peter Goss school in Paris. It is the nature of this corporeal experience as lived by the pupils, as well as the modes of its construction, which form the subject of this analysis. Grounded in an anthropological approach, this analysis is characterized by the use of the explicitation interview to investigate the subjective experience of the pupils.The central role of the teacher’s instructions emerged from the pupils’ own words, as well as the way this yoga work is articulated around a scholarly “apparatus”, which crystallizes for the pupils the idea of an adequate knowledge. However, this “apparatus” proved insufficient to explain the nature of the corporeal experience it produces. The study thus underscores the way this “apparatus” is brought into play and the way the instructions function as triggers for action and perception. Finally, this analysis demonstrates how the speech act of the teacher, without either the pupils’ or her own knowledge, creates a real enchantment of the “apparatus”.

Arbetet som distriktssköterska innebär daglig kontakt med patienter som har hypertoni. Hypertoni är en folksjukdom som tar stora vårdresurser i anspråk och medför stora kostnader, även kostnaden för följdsjukdomar är höga (Grefberg & Johansson, 2010, s 147). Enligt SBU:s rapport (2007) har omkring 27% av vuxen befolkning i Sverige diagnosen hypertoni. Målet med vården skall utformas i samarbete mellan vårdgivare och patient och patienten skall motiveras att ta en aktiv roll i sin vård (Bosworth, Powers, Oddone, 2010). Distriktssköterskan skall stärka den enskildes resurser ur ett hälsofrämjande perspektiv och verka för att skapa en god relation till patienten (Kompetensbeskrivning legitimerad sjuksköterska med specialistsjuksköterskeexamen distriktssköterska, 2008).Syftet med studien är att beskriva upplevelsen av att leva med diagnosen hypertoni. Författarnas erfarenhet av arbete på vårdcentral är att patienter med diagnosen hypertoni inte får den uppmärksamhet tillståndet kräver. För att optimera vården är det viktigt att sjukvården har kunskap om hur patienten själv upplever sin situation och behandling. Studien har kvalitativ ansats och datainsamling genomfördes via intervjuer med en öppen fråga. Åtta personer med diagnosen hypertoni utan annan kronisk sjukdom deltog i studien. Analysen utgår från Elo och Kyngäs (2008) beskrivning av innehållsanalys. I analysen framkom fyra huvudkategorier och nio subkategorier. Huvudkategorierna är ”Välmående med oro”, ”finner trygghet”, ”tankar om hälsa”, ”hälsoval – eget ansvar”. Framträdande i resultatet är att det finns mycket grubblerier kring varför individen har högt blodtryck och vad de själva kan påverka utöver medicinen. Det framkommer också att medicinen är viktig och att den tas enligt ordination. Studien visar att det är viktigt för informanterna att få tala om sina funderingar och slutsatsen är att sjukvården måste ta till vara på patientens tankar och använda i utformandet av individanpassad information och egenvårdsråd. / Program: Fristående kurs