Argumentieren ist zentraler Bestandteil naturwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisgewinnung. Dennoch gibt es bisher nur wenige Arbeiten, die untersuchen, wie Lernende auf der Grundlage selbstständig durchgeführter Experimente für bzw. gegen eine eigene Hypothese argumentieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht diese Arbeit, welchen Einfluss personale Faktoren (u. a. das Fachwissen und das situationale Interesse) und die Art der Lernumgebung (Realexperiment vs. Computersimulation) darauf nehmen, welche Typen von Argumenten verwendet werden. Ferner wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht, inwiefern die Verwendung dieser Argumentkategorien den Lernerfolg beeinflusst. Auf der Basis von Interviewdaten konnten zunächst für die vorgebrachten Argumente beim Wechseln bzw. Beibehalten eigener Hypothesen beim Experimentieren zehn Kategorien identifiziert werden (u. a. „Intuition“, „Expertenwissen“, „Messunsicherheiten“ sowie „Daten als Evidenz“). Zur quantitativen Erfassung wurde dann für die vier o. g. Argumentkategorien ein Likert-skaliertes Instrument entwickelt. Die aufgeführten Fragestellungen wurden schließlich in einer randomisierten Studie mit 938 Schülerinnen und Schülern untersucht. Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses personaler Faktoren zeigt sich u. a., dass Lernende in einer Argumentation umso eher Daten als Evidenz heranziehen, je höher das fachliche Vorwissen ist. Die Verwendung dieser Argumentkategorie erhöht wiederum die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, dass Lernende nach dem Experimentieren eine fachlich adäquate Hypothese aufstellen. Dies impliziert, dass der Umgang mit experimentellen Daten und Beobachtungen im Physikunterricht stärker als bisher berücksichtigt werden muss, z. B. durch eine explizitere Förderung von Fähigkeiten zum Umgang mit experimentellen Daten. Bis auf einen gut erklärbaren Unterschied können grundlegende Unterschiede beim Experimentieren zwischen Gruppen, die mit einem Real- bzw. Computerexperiment gearbeitet haben, nicht belegt werden. / Argumentation from data and evidence evaluation is widely seen as a scientific core practice. One approach to engage students in a meaningful argumentation practice is to provide lab work situations where they can construct hypotheses on the basis of their own prior knowledge and consequently evaluate these hypotheses in light of self-collected data. However, until recently, only little research has analyzed students' argumentation from data. Against this backdrop this research seeks to identify: a) the influences of personal factors (such as content knowledge and situational interest); b) the type of learning environment as a situational factor (real vs. virtual experiment) on the use of different categories of argument (such as Intuition, Appeal to Authority, Measurement Uncertainties (explicit) and Data as Evidence); c) the influence of argumentation on learning outcomes through experimentation in school labs. First, an interview-study was used to identify the different types of arguments used by students. Analyses focused on the nature of justification in argument and revealed ten different categories students use while arguing for or against hypotheses. As a next step, four out of ten categories were operationalized by means of a Likert-scaled instrument to assess the use of different types of argument in a valid and reliable manner. The findings from a randomized study among 938 secondary school students in a lab work setting indicate, among others, that content knowledge is positively related to the use of data as evidence. Again, the use of data as evidence increases the probability of stating a correct hypothesis after conducting the experiment. This implies that the ability to deal with data and measurement uncertainties should be better fostered in physics classes. Besides one explicable difference, no evidence was found, which supports the hypothesis that students' argumentation would differ while working with hands-on materials vs. computer simulations.

A sequential series of mutational events is necessary for the development of leukemia. The misexpression of TAL1, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, is the most common mutation in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Tal1 transgenic mice develop leukemia with a long latency and incomplete penetrance indicating additional mutations are necessary to develop disease. To investigate additional mutational events that potentially contribute to TAL1-expressing T-ALL patients, we sought to identify cooperating mutations in Tal1 transgenic mice. Clinical studies implicated the loss of the INK4a/ARF locus, which encodes two tumor suppressors, p16INK4a and p14ARF, in the majority of T-ALL patients. We demonstrated disease acceleration in tal1/ink4a/arf+/-, tal1/pl6ink4a+/- and tal1/p19arf+/- mice, thereby providing genetic evidence that Tal1 cooperates with loss of either p16Ink4a or p19Arf in leukemogenesis. The cooperation of Tal1 with the loss of or p16Ink4a or p19Arf, is consistent with our observation that Tal1 alters cell cycle regulation in leukemia by promoting S phase induction and apoptosis in vivo. An additional mutational event common in tal1 tumors is activation of the Notch1 signaling pathway. We provide evidence that the majority of tal1 tumors express increased levels of Notch1, and exhibit activating notch1 mutations. Additionally, tal1 tumors display sensitivity to the pharmacologic inhibition of γ-secretase activity in vitro, indicating that γ-secretase inhibitors may prove an efficacious treatment for TAL1-expressing T-ALL patients. Furthermore, we developed a doxycycline-regulated NotchIC T-ALL cell line, which will allow the identification of important Notch1IC target genes in leukemogenesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celana Cardoso Andrade.pdf: 1079398 bytes, checksum: b9f4de0644deb96e50dbaf65ea7eea74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23 / There is still the need of further knowledge about the contribution of psychotherapy to position the individual as subject, actor, and author of its own life. This research has the objective of investigate the individual experience throughout the psychotherapeutic process, considering its own perspective. The theoretical starting point is Gestalt-therapy and Phenomenology its methodological approach. This paper is divided into five parts. The first part outlines qualitative research and phenomenological method according to Amedeo Giorgi, briefly presenting Phenomenology and Qualitative Epistemology. The second, empirical part presents interviews with three clients who were submitted to more than six years of individual therapy and at least two years of group therapy. The interviews were focused on their experiences during the psychotherapeutic processes. In the third part, results are presented in categories, and, in the fourth part, the psychotherapeutic process in Gestalt-therapy is described, after a brief introduction on psychotherapy (in general) and, particularly, Gestalttherapy. Finally, a reflection on the research conducted follows, considering some questions and propositions. We conclude that psychotherapy was positively experienced by the interviewed clients, who after this process, were able to reach self-knowledge, discover the reason of their existence, recover their authenticity and encounter the other and themselves with respect and acceptance. They also developed their ability to dialogue, to live in the present moment, to re-signify un-ended situations, and, most of all, to establish healthier relationships. / Ainda existe a necessidade de aprofundamento do conhecimento acerca da contribuição da psicoterapia na constituição do indivíduo como sujeito, ator e autor de sua vida. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a vivência do cliente no processo psicoterapêutico, de acordo com sua própria perspectiva. O ponto de partida teórico é a Gestalt-terapia, e a Fenomenologia, a sua abordagem metodológica. O trabalho divide-se em cinco partes. A primeira destaca a pesquisa qualitativa e aborda o método fenomenológico, segundo as formulações de Amedeo Giorgi, apresentando brevemente a Fenomenologia e a Epistemologia Qualitativa. A segunda parte momento empírico é constituída de entrevistas abertas com três clientes que realizaram mais de seis anos de terapia individual e pelo menos dois anos de terapia de grupo; as entrevistas focalizaram as vivências dos processos psicoterapêuticos dos clientes. Na terceira parte, são apresentados os resultados na forma de categorias, e, na quarta parte, descreve-se o processo psicoterapêutico em Gestaltterapia, após uma breve introdução sobre a psicoterapia (em geral) e a Gestalt-terapia (em particular). Finalmente, é feita uma reflexão sobre a pesquisa, com base em alguns questionamentos e proposições. Conclui-se que a psicoterapia foi vivenciada de uma maneira positiva pelos colaboradores e que, depois desse processo, eles conseguiram atingir um autoconhecimento, descobrir o sentido de suas existências, resgatar a autenticidade e encontrar o outro e a si mesmos com respeito e aceitação, além de desenvolverem suas habilidades de dialogar, de viver no momento presente, ressignificar situações inacabadas e, sobretudo, estabelecer relações mais saudáveis.

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5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}</style><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Uvod: Aristolohična kiselina I je nefrotoksična i kancerogena supstanca koja je odgovorna za nefropatiju koja nastaje usled kori&scaron;ćenja herbalnih preparata i čajeva za mr&scaron;avljenje. S obzirom da se ova supstanca može naći u korovskim biljkama, smatra se jednim od glavnih ekotoksikolo&scaron;kih uzroka za nastanak balkanske endemske nefropatije čiji definitivan uzrok jo&scaron; uvek nije otkriven. Toksičnost ove supstance je dokazana na brojnim animalnim modelima, međutim mehanizmi koji dovode do o&scaron;tećenja bubrežnog parenhima jo&scaron; u potpunosti nisu razja&scaron;njeni.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Cilj: Doktorska disertacija je koncipirana sa ciljem da se utvrdi uticaj toksičnog jedinjenja aristolohične kiseline I na histopatolo&scaron;ke i imunohistohemijske karakteristike tubulointersticijuma i glomerula bubrega kod mi&scaron;eva, kao i na biohemijske parametre krvi i urina koji ukazuju na o&scaron;tećenje bubrega. Materijal i metode: U ekperimentu je kori&scaron;ćeno 64 mi&scaron;a soja NMRI koji su podeljeni u tri grupe: eksperimentalna grupa (n=32) koja je dobijala aristolohičnu kiselinu I rastvorenu u polietilen glikolu (2,5% PEG 400) u dozi od 10 mg/kg telesne mase, negativna kontrolna grupa koja je dobijala 2,5% PEG 400 (n=16) i kontrolna grupa koja je dobijala fiziolo&scaron;ki rastovor (n=16). Sve životinje su tretirane intraperitonealno svakodnevno tokom sedam dana. Tokom eksperimenta 8., 17., 29. i 59. dana sakupljan je dvadesetčetvoročasovni urin 8 životinja iz eksperimentalne grupe, 4 životinje iz negativne kontrolne i 4 životinje iz kontrolne grupe. Životinje su žrtvovane 9., 18., 30. i 60. dana, uzeta im je krv, dok su bubrezi posebno odvojeni radi histopatolo&scaron;ke analize. Na bubrežnom tkivu sprovedene su histohemijske, imunohistohemijske i morfometrijske analize, dok su na uzorcima seruma i urina sprovedene biohemijske analize. Dobijeni rezultati su testirani adekvatnim statističkim metodama i prikazani su tabelarno i grafički. Rezultati: Nefrotoksin aristolohična kiselina I nakon 7 dana aplikacije izaziva značajno o&scaron;tećenje bubrežnog parenhima. Pri aplikaciji 2,5% PEG 400 i fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora ne dolazi do vidljivog o&scaron;tećenja bubrežnog parenhima. Histopatolo&scaron;ku sliku u ranoj fazi eksperimenta (9. i 18. dan) karakteri&scaron;e akutna tubulska nekroza proksimalnih tubula. U kasnijoj fazi (30. i 60. dana) uočava se histopatolo&scaron;ka slika hroničnog intersticijalnog nefritisa sa obilnim mononuklearnim ćelijskim infiltratima limfocitnog porekla kao i postojanje blage intersticijalne fibroze. Kod eksperimentalnih životinja je morfometrijskim metodama utvrđen veći stepen bubrežnog o&scaron;tećenja tubulointersticijuma i smanjen broj podocita u glomerulu u odnosu na kontrolne grupe. Biohemijske analize kod većine eksperimentalnih životinja su pokazale veće koncentracije serumske uree nego kod kontrolnih grupa. Takođe je dokazana albuminurija u kasnijoj fazi eksperimenta koja je veća kod životinja izloženih aristolohičnoj kiselini I nego kod životinja iz kontrolnih grupa. Zaključak: Kori&scaron;ćenjem morfometrijskih metoda u okviru histopatolo&scaron;kih i imunohistohemijskih ispitivanja, uz adekvatne biohemijske analize, može se zaključiti da je aristolohična kiselina I izuzetno nefrotoksično jedinjenje koje izaziva izrazite<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>promene tubulointersticijuma i glomerula. Podaci ovog istraživanja predstavljaju polaznu osnovu za dalja istraživanja dijagnostike u ranoj fazi nefropatija izazvanih aristolohičnim kiselinama.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span></p> / <p>Introduction: Aristolochic acid I is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic substance responsible for nephropathy caused by the use of herbal preparations and teas for slimminng regimen. Since this substance can be found in plants, it is considered one of the major ecotoxicological causes for the emergence of balkan endemic nephropathy whose definitive cause has not yet been revealed. The toxicity of this substance has been proven on numerous animal models, but pathophysiological mechanisms of kidney injury still remain unclear. Aim: The doctoral dissertation was designed to determine the influence of aristolochic acid on the histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of tubulointerstitium and glomerulus in mice, as well as the biochemical parameters of blood and urine that indicate kidney injury. Material and methods: For this study, 64 mouse of NMRI strain is used. They are divided into three groups: an experimental group (n=32) that received aristolochic acid I dissolved in polyethylene glycol (2.5% PEG 400) at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight, a negative control group that received 2.5% PEG 400 (n=16) and a control group that received only saline (n=16). All animals were treated intraperitoneally daily for seven days. During the experiment on the 8th, 17th, 29th and 59th day, twenty-four-hour urine was collected from 8 animals from the experimental group, 4 animals from the negative control and 4 animals from the control group. Animals were sacrificed on the 9th, 18th, 30th and 60th days, their blood was taken, while the kidneys were taken for histopathological analysis. Histochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometric analyzes were performed on renal tissue, while biochemical analyzes were performed on serum and urine samples. Obtained results were tested with adequate statistical methods and presented in a tables and graphs. Results: After 7 days of application nefrotoxin aristolochic acid I causes significant kidney injury. After application of 2.5% PEG 400 and saline, there was no visible damage to kidney parenchyma. Histopathological changes at the early stage of the experiment (9th and 18th day) were characterized by acute tubular necrosis of proximal tubules. At a later stage (30th and 60th day), chronic interstitial nephritis was observed in kidneys, with abundant mononuclear cell infiltrates in interstitium and presence of mild interstitial fibrosis. In experimental animals, a higher tubulointerstitial score of kidney injury and a decrease in the number of the podocytes in glomerulus were determined by morphometric methods, compared to the control groups. Biochemical analyzes in most experimental animals showed higher blood urea nitrogen concentrations than in control groups. High concentration of albumin in urine can be found in later stages of the experiment, and those concentrations were higher in animals exposed to aristolochic acid I than in animals from control groups.&nbsp; Conclusion: Using morphometric, histopathological and immunohistochemical methods, with adequate biochemical analysis, aristolochic acid I is proven to be an extremely nephrotoxic compound that causes drastic changes in tubulointerstitium and glomeruli of kidney parenhyma. Data from this study can be used for further research into early diagnosis of aristolochic acid nephropathy.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliza Souza da Silva.pdf: 8116412 bytes, checksum: dd5a67c0829fe181eff2da3e6e8e1881 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-13 / Universidade do Estado do Pará / This research has as object of study the learning of linear transformations by undergraduates in mathematics and was held having as subjects eight students in a class of second year of the Licentiateship Degree in Mathematics from the State University of Pará. The theoretical framework of the investigation rests on the theory of didactic situations, used in order to produce a didactic sequence to investigate how Mathematics Degree students are able to solve conceptual problems related to the topic "linear transformations" in the context of didactic situations using digital technologies. The employed activities are based on a didactic situation architected in order to give to subjects conditions to develop, with autonomy, their own strategies, counting with the computer program GeoGebra 5 as mediating element. The theoretical review pointed to the existence of difficulties on the part of college students in learning linear algebra contents, which were confirmed in this study. The research results showed also that the development of activities based on the conceptual framework presented through a didactic sequence properly planned and with mediation by digital technologies can help students develop autonomy in learning and considerable cognitive gains, despite remaining difficulties related to the conceptual construction / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a aprendizagem das transformações lineares por licenciandos em Matemática e foi realizada tendo como sujeitos oito alunos de uma turma do segundo ano do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática da Universidade Estadual do Pará. O referencial teórico da investigação repousa sobre a teoria das situações didáticas, utilizada com o intuito de produzir uma sequência didática com o propósito de investigar de que forma estudantes de Licenciatura em Matemática resolvem problemas conceituais em relação ao tema transformações lineares no âmbito de situações didáticas e com o uso de tecnologias digitais. As atividades empregadas têm por base uma situação didática arquitetada para dar aos sujeitos condições de desenvolverem, com autonomia, suas próprias estratégias, contando, para este fim, com o uso do programa computacional GeoGebra 5 como elemento mediador. A revisão bibliográfica realizada apontou para a existência de dificuldades, por parte dos estudantes universitários, na aprendizagem de conteúdos de álgebra linear, as quais foram confirmadas ao longo deste estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram, também, que o desenvolvimento de atividades baseadas nos pressupostos teóricos apresentados, por meio de uma sequência didática adequadamente planejada e com mediação por tecnologias digitais pode auxiliar os estudantes a desenvolver autonomia na aprendizagem e ganhos cognitivos consideráveis, ainda que permaneçam dificuldades relacionadas à construção conceitual

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josy Anne Neves Panao.pdf: 816252 bytes, checksum: 056f081fc5c24cda02a9f810b72a7336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In contemporary art, we come across an increasing number of processual works which, given their condition of incompleteness, demand a more active and performative reception. Thus, the aim of this research is to analyze creation processes that require reception for the work to happen. The direct action or presence of reception, of this other experimenter who completes the act of creation, is a key element for the artistic proposition to acquire meaning and have the power to disrupt the traditional contemplative patterns of aesthetic fruition and resonate through the sensorial-bodily experience. Therefore, within a very specific crosssection, we exclusively analyze Lygia Clark s proposals Caminhando [Walking] and Estruturação do Self [Structuring of the Self] (featuring her Relational Objects), created between the 1960s and 1980s and, up until more recently, the Superpronome [Superpronoun] proposals by Ricardo Basbaum; and Casa Aberta [Open House] and Redes Vestíveis [Wearable Networks], both by Cláudio Bueno. We observe a great deal of attention given to the presence and action of reception in the poetics of these artists, who opened up their practices and actions to performativity, experience and the making of the other. In the meeting of art and communication, and setting our theoretical and methodological framework on the theory of creation processes conceived by Cecilia Almeida Salles, who based her ideas on references to the critique of process to combine the Peircean semiotics and Pierre Musso's concept of network, we look into these artistic proposals through the concept of communicative act, developed by Salles, in order to delve into the subjectivity nuances of this other experimenter that appears in the creation processes of these artists. Therefore, we look into reception through artistic and creative procedures that trigger processes of singularization, collectivization and action in networks / No contexto da arte contemporânea, deparamo-nos cada vez mais com obras processuais que, em seu caráter de inacabamento, passam a demandar uma recepção mais ativa e performativa. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar processos de criação que convocam a recepção para o acontecimento da obra. A ação direta ou a presença da recepção, desse outro experimentador que completa o ato de criação, aparece como fator fundamental para que a proposição artística ganhe significado e tenha potência para romper com os padrões tradicionais contemplativos de fruição estética, e reverbere na experiência sensório-corporal. Assim, com um recorte bastante específico, analisamos aqui exclusivamente as propostas Caminhando e Estruturação do Self (com os Objetos Relacionais), elaboradas entre os anos 1960 e 1980 pela artista Lygia Clark e, avançando até os dias atuais, as propostas de Superpronome, de Ricardo Basbaum, e Casa Aberta e Redes Vestíveis, ambas de Cláudio Bueno. Na poética destes artistas, que abriram suas práticas e ações à performatividade, à experiência e à elaboração do outro, encontramos uma importante atenção dada à presença e à atuação da recepção. Na confluência entre arte e comunicação, e tendo como base teórico-metodológica a teoria dos processos de criação concebida por Cecilia Almeida Salles, que se baseou em referenciais da crítica de processo na articulação da semiótica peirceana e do conceito de rede de Pierre Musso, buscamos entender estas propostas artísticas a partir do conceito de ato comunicativo, desenvolvido por Salles, a fim de esmiuçar as nuances da subjetividade desse outro experimentador que aparece nos processos de criação destes artistas. Desse modo, buscamos compreender a recepção por meio de procedimentos artístico-criativos que desencadeiam processos de singularização, de coletivização e de atuação nas redes

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luis Cais.pdf: 1116607 bytes, checksum: 7bbfc501bfa8eb94855f57658a33bae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / This proposal aims to reflect on the recent discussion presented by academic and scientific community about the use of animals in scientific experimentation and propose improvement of Brazilian legislation on animal welfare. It is necessary a brief historical background on the origin and evolution of the concept of anthropocentrism to current biocentrism, closely related to the discussion of Nature and animal rights. The discussion dealt with some thoughts about the justification for the use of animals in scientific experiments and the need for an effective and efficient Board of Ethics, able to manage animal experiments or avoid their repetition and multiplication without substantial reason or scientific basis that may benefit man rather than the conservation of nature. In this context, Nature, especially animals, deserve a proper reflection and a philosophical inquiry: are animals subjects of rights or do they deserve to be respected only under a humanist view in favor to the human use and benefit? / A presente proposta tem por objetivo refletir sobre a recente discussão apresentada pela comunidade acadêmica e científica acerca do uso de animais na experimentação científica, bem como propor o aperfeiçoamento da legislação brasileira sobre o bem-estar animal. Faz-se necessário um breve contexto histórico sobre a origem e a evolução do conceito de antropocentrismo para a corrente do biocentrismo, intimamente relacionada com a discussão sobre a natureza e os direitos dos animais. A discussão abordada faz uma reflexão sobre a justificativa para a utilização de animais em experimentos científicos e a necessidade de um Conselho de Ética efetivo e eficaz, capaz de gerenciar experimentações em animais ou impedir a sua repetição e multiplicação, sem razões substanciais ou embasamento científico que beneficie o homem em detrimento da conservação da natureza. Nesse quadro, a natureza, em especial os animais, merecem uma reflexão adequada e um questionamento filosófico: os animais são sujeitos de direitos ou merecem ser respeitados apenas por uma visão humanista em prol do uso e do benefício humano?

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser les interactions entre les agents économiques opérant sur le marché de l'assurance de détail. D'un côté, les assurés souhaitant se couvrir contre un risque de perte doivent explorer le marché afin de souscrire un contrat en ligne avec leur perception du risque. D'un autre côté, les assureurs se font concurrence sur un marché régulé, leur imposant un certain niveau de capital afin de garantir leur solvabilité dans un contexte d'incertitude sur les risques souscrits. D'autre part, des intermédiaires proposent leurs services afin de faciliter l'interaction entre les consommateurs, averses aux risques, et les firmes, preneuses de risques. C'est donc dans ce contexte que nous analysons les comportements des acteurs de l'assurance à travers différentes perspectives. Les Chapitre 1 et 2 de cette thèse résultent d'expérimentations en laboratoire, effectuées à l'aide d'une interface web conçue spécifiquement pour ces études. Les résultats du Chapitre 3, quant à eux, sont basés sur un modèle théorique et des simulations numériques. Le Chapitre 1 se concentre sur la relation entre l'honnêteté et les croyances en l'honnêteté des agents économiques. À l'aide des données collectées en laboratoire, nous montrons comment l'incertitude et le sentiment de se trouver dans des conditions plus ou moins avantageuses impactent à la fois le niveau d'honnêteté mais aussi la croyance en l'honnêteté envers les autres. En règle générale, les consommateurs surestiment l'honnêteté des intermédiaires. Ainsi, ce résultat justifie leur présence sur le marché de l'assurance. D'autre part, nous montrons aussi que les incitations financières proposées aux intermédiaires sont sources de distorsion des croyances en l'honnêteté. Plus le niveau d'incitation est faible, plus les consommateurs anticipent un comportement malhonnête. Dans le Chapitre 2, nous mettons en évidence le dilemme dont fait face le consommateur sur un marché comprenant une multitude de canaux de distribution. Doit-il explorer par lui-même et choisir parmi un large ensemble de contrats ou bien déléguer une partie de sa décision à un intermédiaire plus ou comportant des coûts de recherche, nous montrons que l'obfuscation liée à une importante quantité d'information et les croyances en l'honnêteté des intermédiaires sont les principaux déterminants des décisions de recherche et d'achat. Nous montrons également que l'obfuscation et l'attitude des intermédiaires sont sources d'inefficience dans les prises de décisions, en particulier vis-à-vis des caractéristiques des contrats d'assurance souscrits par les consommateurs. Dans ce sens, l'identification d'un effet de focalisation appuie l'importance du niveau des prix dans les prises de décision au détriment de l'environnement de risque et du niveau de couverture. L'introduction des coûts de recherche dans le processus d'exploration, ainsi que l'hétérogénéité des croyances en l'honnêteté justifient les stratégies de distribution multicanal adoptées par les assureurs. Une analyse d'un jeu non coopératif répété est exposée dans le Chapitre 3 de cette thèse où les pertes et le comportement des consommateurs sont stochastiques et les assureurs se font une concurrence en prix. Afin d'intégrer les contraintes des régulateurs, nous déterminons les équilibres de Nash sous contrainte de solvabilité. Nous analysons également la sensibilité des primes d'équilibre en fonction des paramètres du jeu, en particulier lorsque les firmes ne bénéficient pas des mêmes avantages comparatifs (i.e. réputation conduisant à différents niveaux de rétention des clients, ancienneté des assureurs conduisant à différents stocks en capital) / This thesis aims at explaining interactions among economic agents operating in the retail insurance market. On the one hand, the policyholder is willing to be covered against a risk. To do so, they have to explore the insurance market to purchase a contract in line with their risk perception. On the other hand, insurers compete in a regulated market which imposes capital constraints for shock loss absorption purposes. In between, intermediaries may provide services in order to facilitate interaction between risk-adverse consumers and risk-taker firms. In this context, we analyze economic behaviors of insurance actors through different perspectives. Chapter 1 and 2 both result from original laboratory experiments, conducted through a web-interface especially designed for these studies. Results in Chapter 3 rely on a theoretical model and numerical simulations. Chapter 1 emphasizes on the relationship between honesty and beliefs about honesty of economic agents. According to laboratory results, we show how the uncertainty and the perception of advantageous conditions impact the level of honesty and beliefs about honesty. In general, consumers estimate that intermediaries are more honest than they really are, hence supporting their physical presence in the insurance market. However, intermediary financial incentives are a source of distortion of honesty beliefs: the weaker the level of the incentive, the stronger the deviation anticipations. In Chapter 2, we shed light on the dilemma faced by insurance purchasers under a multichannel distribution. Should the consumer, themselves, choose from a large set of insurance policies, or rather delegate a part of their decision to a more or less honest intermediary? Using experimental approaches, including exogenous search costs, we show that obfuscation and beliefs about intermediary honesty are the main determinants of individual choices. We also find that obfuscation and intermediaries’ deviation are the main sources of inefficiency in decision-making, especially regarding the features of the insurance contracts chosen by consumers. Our identification of the focal point effect supports the importance of the price level on purchasing decisions rather than the risk environment or the coverage level. The introduction of search costs in the exploration process, as well as the heterogeneity of beliefs about honesty, justify multichannel distribution strategies adopted by insurers. An analysis of insurer price competition with a repeated one-period non-cooperative game is conducted in Chapter 3, where both insurer losses and consumer behaviors are stochastic. Because of regulatory obligations, we consider a solvency constraint when computing Nash-Equilibrium. We determine the sensitivity of the premium equilibrium with respect to the parameters, especially when firms do not benefit from same competitive advantages (i.e. reputation effect leading to differences in consumers inertia or market seniority leading to differences in capital stock). We also study insurers’ market share in response to the entry of new insurer undercutting prices but dealing with binding solvency constraints

Cette thèse interroge la typographie contemporaine au prisme du postmodernisme des années 1980 jusqu'au début des années 2000 afin de montrer que celle-ci va au-delà du simple outil de communication visuelle et de technique d'impression. Dans ce but, cette recherche revient sur l'histoire de la typographie pour en soulever les problématiques récurrentes (idéal de beauté, lisibilité, pluridisciplinarité) retravaillées et ré-étudiées par le postmodernisme. Outre les effets stylistique, le postmodernisme se pose en opposition et réaction au modernisme qu'il remet en cause en tant que modèle dominant. Les problématiques qui découlent de cette remise en question, interrogent la légitimité du designer ainsi que sa place dans la société, dans le processus de création. La typographie et son statut sont parties prenantes de ce débat qui permet de l'extraire du simple objet imprimé. Cette thèse interroge donc la possibilité de considérer la typographie comme objet esthétique et critique qui pense et se pense, à partir des discussions et travaux de cette période, ainsi qu'en s'appuyant tout particulièrement sur la recherche en design. Cette démarche permet également de mettre en perspective la recherche et les savoirs actuels autour de la typographie afin de faire émerger les paradoxes de cette dernière et d'aboutir à sa redéfinition. / This thesis is about contemporary typography in the light of postmodernism from the eighties to the early years of the new millenium in order to show that it goes beyond the mere tool of visual communication and printing technique. So the research relates the history of typography and raises the recurrent issues (ideal of beauty, lisiblility, multi-disciplinarity) worked out and studied by postmodernism. Beside the stylistic effects, postmodernism stands out by reaction to modernism which it questions as a prevailing pattern. The deriving problems raise the question of whether the designer is legitimate and what his/her position in society is, in the creative process. Typography and its status are part and parcel of this issue which helps take it from the mere printed object. Thus, this thesis raises the question of whether it is possible to consider typography as an aesthetic and critical object which thinks, from the talks and works of that period, by particularly drawing upon research in design. This process also helps put into perspective the analysis and current knowledge around typography in order to develop its paradoxes and lead to re-define its goal.

Submitted by Larissa Vitoria Cardoso Cusielo (larissavitoria@id.uff.br) on 2017-09-05T17:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Robson Torrez Diniz - Dissertação completa versão final.pdf: 3357742 bytes, checksum: 22cf96d445d78898c79f7231e10ebea2 (MD5) PRODUTO VERSÃO FINAL PDF - ROBSON TORRES DINIZ.pdf: 541891 bytes, checksum: 14439f8630e371d9c9aea577fc222c52 (MD5) / Rejected by Biblioteca do Aterrado BAVR (bavr@ndc.uff.br), reason: Titulo em caixa alto on 2017-09-05T19:17:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by Larissa Vitoria Cardoso Cusielo (larissavitoria@id.uff.br) on 2017-09-05T19:38:14Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Robson Torrez Diniz - Dissertação completa versão final.pdf: 3357742 bytes, checksum: 22cf96d445d78898c79f7231e10ebea2 (MD5) PRODUTO VERSÃO FINAL PDF - ROBSON TORRES DINIZ.pdf: 541891 bytes, checksum: 14439f8630e371d9c9aea577fc222c52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca do Aterrado BAVR (bavr@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-27T20:11:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Robson Torrez Diniz - Dissertação completa versão final.pdf: 3357742 bytes, checksum: 22cf96d445d78898c79f7231e10ebea2 (MD5) PRODUTO VERSÃO FINAL PDF - ROBSON TORRES DINIZ.pdf: 541891 bytes, checksum: 14439f8630e371d9c9aea577fc222c52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T20:11:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Robson Torrez Diniz - Dissertação completa versão final.pdf: 3357742 bytes, checksum: 22cf96d445d78898c79f7231e10ebea2 (MD5) PRODUTO VERSÃO FINAL PDF - ROBSON TORRES DINIZ.pdf: 541891 bytes, checksum: 14439f8630e371d9c9aea577fc222c52 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Exatas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Física. Volta Redonda, RJ. / Com o intuito de contribuir para a melhoria do ensino de óptica no ensino médio, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem de ensino potencialmente significativo com uso de experimentação. O objetivo principal do trabalho é apresentar um experimento sobre óptica geométrica, que será introduzido na sala de aula como base da metodologia de ensino. O experimento é constituído de uma base de madeira e uma folha de papel A3 plastificada que servirá de banco óptico para as práticas, além de uma fonte de luz, um espelho plano e um espelho esférico. A proposta do trabalho é fazer com que os alunos possam através de práticas experimentais identificar os principais conceitos relacionados a óptica geométrica. O experimento tem como meta trazer a visualização dos fenômenos relacionados a este assunto e conecta-los com a teoria abordada nas aulas teóricas. Os conceitos serão apresentados experimentalmente em três aulas assim divididas: 1ª Aula – Reflexão da Luz, 2ª Aula – Espelhos Planos e 3ª Aula – Espelhos Esféricos. Desta forma, teremos abordado os assuntos que se relacionam e dependem do conceito de reflexão da luz, tendo então a intenção de facilitar e potencializar o aprendizado dos conceitos teóricos já vistos em sala de aula a fim de propiciar uma aprendizagem potencialmente significativa. Como produto associado a esta Dissertação elaboramos um documento a parte, que poderá ser usado por docentes do ensino médio, a fim de aplicar essa proposta em sala de aula. / In order to contribute to improving the teaching of optics in high school, this dissertation proposes an approach with the use of potentially meaningful teaching with experimentation. The main objective of the study is to present an experiment on geometric optics, which will be introduced in the classroom as basics of the teaching methodology. The experimental apparatus consists of a wooden base and a laminated A3 sheet of paper that will serve as the optical bench to the practical as well as a light source, a plane mirror and a spherical mirror. The purpose of this study is to make students through experimental practices to identify the main concepts related to geometric optics, using mainly light reflection. The experiment aims to allow to visualize the related phenomena to this topic and related them to the theoretical. The concepts will be experimentally presented in three classes divided as follows: 1 st class – Reflection of light, 2 st class – Mirrors Plans and 3 st class – Spherical Mirrors. Thus, we have addressed the issues that relate to and depend on the theoretical concepts discussed in the classrooms to facilitate and enhance learning. As a product of this dissertation, an extra document was prepared so that it can be used for teachers of high school.