The paper discusses how strategic nuclear capabilities possessed by the world’s largest nuclear powers, the United States and Russia, affect how their state leadership makes sense of the role of military force in international politics. Using the theoretical framework of the theory of nuclear revolution (Jervis 1989) and nuclear realism (van Munster &amp; Sylvest 2016), the author parses the ways in which the role of military force is framed in U.S. and Russian nuclear policy discourses in 2017-2020. For this purpose, the method of frame analysis is applied that draws on the writings of Goffman (1986) and van Hulst &amp; Yanow (2016). The paper concludes that both in Russia and the United States, the understanding of nuclear weapons is symbolic. In other words, policymakers agree upon the fact that nuclear war cannot be fought or won. However, while Moscow distinguishes between nuclear and non-nuclear military capabilities as instruments of diplomacy and coercion, the distinction is absent in Washington’s discourse, whereby nuclear weapons are considered but one aspect of state military might. In both states’ discourses, nuclear weapons have a connection to state identity, which is particularly pronounced in the case of Russia. Finally, U.S. policymakers talk about nuclear weapons “from a position of strength”, whereas Russian state leadership appeals to its nuclear capabilities to boost its international influence and reinforce its great power status. / <p>Grade: VG</p>

Följande studie undersöker hur Expressen har gestaltat våldtäktsfall med okänd gärningsman. Sex artiklar publicerade mellan 90-talet och 10-talet analyseras med syfte att undersöka om gestaltningen har förändrats över tid i en av Sveriges största kvällstidningar. På så sätt kan studien bidra till ökad förståelse för huruvida svensk kvällspress förstärker eller utmanar samhällsuppfattningar om vem som är en potentiell gärningsman och vem som får status som offer. Som metod tillämpas en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som genomförs med utgångspunkt i gestaltningsteorin, teorin om nyhetsvärdering, det ideala offret och medielogikens dramaturgi. Artiklarna analyseras utefter fem teman: rubrik, ingress, miljö, gärningsman och offer. Studiens resultat visar att en förändring har skett från ett subjektivt och väl detaljerat narrativ till ett mer objektivt och aktsamt narrativ i Expressens nyhetsrapportering. Studien visar även att Expressen på 90-talet har gestaltat ideala gärningsmän genom monstruösa beskrivningar. Gradvis har en förändring skett, där gärningsmannen på senare år gestaltas som gemene man. Förändringarna i Expressens gestaltning tyder på att dagens gestaltning förmedlar en bred bild av vem som kan bli ett offer och vem som är benägen att utföra en våldtäkt.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to examine how cultural art journalistic critique manifests on different digital platforms today. I chose to focus on film criticism as it not only tells a story about the movies but also about the society. The bachelor thesis also aims to examine if there are any differences in how amateurs and professional journalists frames film criticism and in extension the society. The research questions examined were:How are the reviews composition and content arranged? How does the reviews rhetoric get constructed? How do the writers approach appraisements in their texts and how do these get framed? Do the texts have an inclination towards the aesthetic or the journalistic paradigm? I used Hulténs mass media rhetoric analysis which is a form of qualitative media content analysis in order to find differences and similarities in the texts. By closely examining the reviews, I found that references to popular culture were of great significance in the field of journalistic film criticism. They do not only show the journalists habitus but also their position in the field and the fields doxa. The study shows that the amateurs often emulates and are inspired by the professional journalists. The amateurs also largely depend on the aesthetic paradigm whilst the professionals strives for an equiponderant relation to both paradigms. My conclusion is that the amateurs compose a heterodox rebellion towards the current doxa on the field and that the professionals reigns the field with their knowledge and their complex and critical portrayal of movies and the society.

The purpose of this essay was to examine how mental illness among children and adolescents is conveyed in a few of the Swedish daily and evening newspapers in an attempt to create an understanding of the depiction. This was examined by analyzing 14 articles in three Swedish daily and evening newspapers, Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet during the period 2015–2019. To answer the study's purpose and research question, a qualitative text analysis was used, which was supplemented with the social constructivist perspective and the framing theory. The conclusion of the study showed that these three Swedish daily and evening newspapers tended not to present a holistic perspective on the phenomenon of children and adolescents' mental illness. The depiction was mainly about research and experts that were allowed to speak on the subject, which resulted in the description of children and adolescents' mental illness being primarily from a scientific perspective. The articles did not address the affected children and adolescents to the extent required, which meant that their perspectives were not communicated. Based on the framing theory and social constructivism, this can be interpreted as part of the maintenance of social constructions and norms around mental illness.

This study’s purpose is, through content analysis, to interpret the portrayal of the human-rights movement Black Lives Matter during the spring and summer of 2020. Further intentions include examining and explaining the portrayals of the Swedish and the American movements. Theories of Framing and Moral-Panic are used for understanding expressions and consequences of portraiture. Using a hermeneutic approach, 53 articles from four of Sweden's leading newspapers were interpreted. Main findings were that Swedish news media tend to portray the movement in Sweden in more opinion-based terms compared to the movement in the USA. The opinions were mainly expressed when reporting on the movement during demonstrations in Sweden while reports of the USA, mainly portrayed the movement in police- violence but balanced terms. Previous research contributed to an increased understanding of the research field and to problematizing the study's results in relation to its theoretical framework. Our conclusion is that Swedish news media tend to portray Black Lives Matter in more polarized terms if current affairs are taking place in a geographical vicinity. The movement in relation to violence is also portrayed differently depending on the country- specific history of the movement. Although patterns could be discerned, the relationship is complex based on the scope of the essay and empirical material. / Syftet med denna studie är att genom innehållsanalys tolka svenska nyhetsmediers porträttering av människorättsrörelsen Black Lives Matter under våren och sommaren 2020. Studien undersöker också potentiella skillnader i porträttering av rörelsen i Sverige och rörelsen i USA samt hur porträtteringen kan förklaras. Gestaltningsteori och teorin om moralpanik användes för att skapa förståelse för porträtteringens uttryck och konsekvenser. Med ett hermeneutiskt angreppssätt tolkades 53 artiklar från fyra av Sveriges ledande nyhetstidningar. Studiens främsta resultat visade att svenska nyhetsmedier tenderar att porträttera rörelsen i Sverige i mer åsiktsbaserade termer i förhållande till rörelsen i USA. Åsikterna tog sig främst i uttryck vid rapportering om rörelsen under demonstrationer i Sverige jämfört med rapporteringen i USA som främst porträtterade rörelsen balanserat och neutralt, men i termer av polisvåld mot svarta afroamerikaner. Tidigare forskning bidrog till ökad förståelse för forskningsfältet och till att granska studiens resultat i förhållande till det teoretiska ramverket. Studiens slutsats är att svenska nyhetsmedier tenderar att porträttera Black Lives Matter i mer polariserade termer om rörelse-aktuella händelser pågår i en geografisk närhet. Rörelsen i förhållande till våldsutövning porträtteras dessutom på olika sätt beroende på vilken historia rörelsen har i respektive land. Trots att mönster kunnat urskiljas är relationen dock komplex baserat på uppsatsens omfång och empiriska material.

Even with clear advantages to using internet based survey research, there are still some uncertainties to which survey methods are most conducive to an online platform. Most survey method literature, whether focusing on online, telephone, or in-person formats, tend to observe little to no differences between using various survey modes and survey results. Despite this, there is little research focused on the interaction effect between survey formatting, in terms of design and framing, and public opinion on social issues, specifically child immigration policies - a recent topic of popular debate. This paper examines an anomalous result found within the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) public opinion immigration question focusing on a DACA-related policy, where support was evenly split on the typically highly favored policy. To decipher the unprecedented result, an experimental survey design was conducted via Qualtrics by comparing various survey formats (single-style, forced choice, Likert scale) and inclusionary policy details to the original CCES “select all that apply” matrix style. By comparing the experimental polls, the results indicated that the “select all that apply” matrix again produced anomalous results, while the various other methods produced a breakdown similar to typical DACA-related polling data. These findings have necessary implications for future survey designs and those examining public opinion on child immigration policies.

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The tourism industry in the United States is constantly changing and being influenced by social media, specifically Instagram. Culinary brands use Instagram to advertise their restaurants and dishes in a creative, visual way. As a result, Instagram is now being used as a tool by tourists and both potential and current customers to share their dining experiences and find these locations based on the visual appeal. This study provides a content analysis of Instagram account information and photo composition within eight popular culinary tourism destinations by examining the strategies used by the accounts. 50 randomly selected photos were used from eight popular culinary tourism locations. Framing, Uses and Gratifications, and Diffusion of Innovation theories were the theoretical framework for the study. The results of this study indicated key characteristics of some of the most popular culinary tourism destinations on Instagram.

The aim of this bachelor study is to examine and analyze how climate change was reported in Finnish and Swedish press in 2019. Framing theory was used to categorize different frames when reporting on climate change, in total 214 articles were analyzed, of which 127 were from Svenska Dagbladet and 87 from Hufvudstadsbladet.   The research questions were: which news frames can be distinguished in Svenska Dagbladet and Hufvudstadsbladet in 2019? Which news frames dominate in articles about climate change in Svenska Dagbladet and Hufvudstadsbladet in 2019? Based on earlier studies and framing theory, what might any eventual differences be due to?   A quantitative content analysis was conducted based on Dirikx and Gelders (2009) framing study in Dutch and French newspapers. The coding-manual answered which frames that were used and the alternatives were, the conflict frame, the economic consequences frame, the responsibility frame and the human interest frame. Out of these four frames the conflict frame and the responsibility frame were the most occurring. The largest difference between Svenska Dagbladet and Hufvudstadsbladet that were found was that Svenska Dagbladet uses the human interest frame more than Hufvudstadsbladet and that Hufvudstadsbladet had more articles with the conflict frame and the economic consequences frame.

The aim of this study was to find out how the war in Afghanistan is framed both in national and international context. This was conducted by comparing the national tv channel TOLOnews from Afghanistan with the international tv channel SVT Nyheter from Sweden. A qualitative text analysis as well as a semiotic photo analysis were implemented on four news articles and two photos from each channel respectively. Framing theory, agenda setting, and news values provided the theoretical background to be able to carry out the study. The significant findings of the study show that SVT Nyheter uses various secondary foreign sources for their articles in comparison to TOLOnews which uses only first-hand sources as can be expected of international and national tv channels. Furthermore, SVT Nyheter concentrates mostly on facts such as the number of people killed in attacks whereas TOLOnews concentrates more on the personal stories of the local people affected by the attacks. Finally, the study discusses what could be the underlying reasons of the findings of the study and thereby the differences of the framing of the war in Afghanistan by the two tv channels.