Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-20T08:46:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Alexandre da Costa.pdf: 1180011 bytes, checksum: acf5cfa77eb5785a0f17b67bd636641c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-20T08:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Alexandre da Costa.pdf: 1180011 bytes, checksum: acf5cfa77eb5785a0f17b67bd636641c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the great issues of capitalism and the globalized market is the incidence of workers' collective dismissal, whose effects reach, beyond the worker himself, his family and the society. Changes in the economic, technological or structural situation of companies are directly related to the reasons for collective dismissals, however, an adequate evaluation of the circumstances is not always verified, nor are alternatives sought to avoid the termination of the contracts, which violates several fundamental rights. Labor relations are established through labor contracts, which has been developed for a long time within the scope of the autonomy of the will and legal positivism. Modern social relations evolve rapidly, while legislative formalism renders legislation unable to keep pace with social dynamism, strengthening contract use. The classic concept of contract is linked to the pacta sunt servanda, which enforces compliance with the agreement, ignoring possible imbalances caused by external circumstances and which may hinder compliance with the contract. After the Second World War, the sense of positivist Law and distant from morality went through profound changes, reinforced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that began to consider the human person as the center of the legal system, also fostering the phenomenon of constitutionalisation and functionalization of Private Law. This set of modifications is contained in the paradigm of legal post-positivism, which advocates the application of constitutional principles in private relations, including labor relations, from pre-contractual to post-contractual phases. The autonomy of the will gives way to the private solidarity autonomy, making every contractual relation respect the dignity of the human person, as well as the objective good-faith and its associated duties, the information duty, solidarity, among other rights and principles. In this context, the present academic work approaches two issues of salient importance for the treatment of contemporary labor relations: the direct and immediate application of fundamental rights and the private solidarity autonomy in labor relations. For that, the hypothetical-deductive method was adopted, associated with the technique of bibliographical research of national and foreign works. The justification is linked to the fact that the doctrine and the jurisprudence have not yet adopted the private solidarity autonomy as a paradigm of contractual relations in the scope of Labor Law. Although it has been the target of the Labor Reform, the regulation of collective dismissal in Brazil was not adequate to meet social needs and interests. The objective is to point out that the private solidarity autonomy is capable of ensuring the effectiveness of fundamental rights and foster the solidarity and cooperative attitude among workers and employers, suggesting the conclusion that the application of the private solidarity autonomy has sufficient conditions to avoid or minimize the impacts of collective dismissal, as well as to prevent abuses or violations of rights / Uma das grandes celeumas do capitalismo e do mercado globalizado é a incidência das despedidas coletivas de trabalhadores, cujos efeitos atingem, além da pessoa do trabalhador, sua família e a sociedade. Alterações na situação econômica, tecnológica ou estrutural das empresas estão diretamente ligadas aos motivos de despedidas coletivas, contudo, nem sempre se verifica uma avaliação adequada das circunstâncias, tampouco, buscam-se alternativas para evitar a terminação dos contratos, ato que afronta diversos direitos fundamentais. As relações trabalhistas são estabelecidas por meio de contratos de trabalho, que por muito tempo se desenvolve no âmbito da autonomia da vontade e do positivismo jurídico. As relações sociais modernas evoluem rapidamente, ao passo que formalismo legislativo torna a legislação incapaz de acompanhar o dinamismo social, fortalecendo o uso do contrato. O conceito clássico de contrato se vincula ao pacta sunt servanda, que obriga o cumprimento do acordo, ignorando eventuais desequilíbrios, provocados por circunstâncias externas e que podem dificultar o cumprimento do contrato. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial a acepção do Direito positivista e distanciado da moral passou por profundas modificações, que reforçada pela Declaração Universal dos Direito do Homem, passou a considerar a pessoa humana como centro do sistema jurídico, propiciando também o fortalecimento do fenômeno da constitucionalização e funcionalização do Direito Privado. Esse conjunto de modificações está contido no paradigma do pós-positivismo jurídico, no qual se defende a aplicação dos princípios constitucionais nas relações privadas, inclusive as trabalhistas, abrangendo desde a fase pré-contratual até o pós-contratual. A autonomia da vontade cede lugar à autonomia privada solidária, fazendo com que toda relação contratual respeite a dignidade da pessoa humana, a boa-fé objetiva e seus deveres anexos, o dever de informação, a solidariedade, entre outros direitos e princípios. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho acadêmico aproxima dois temas de saliente importância para o trato das relações trabalhistas contemporâneas: a aplicação direta e imediata dos direitos fundamentais e a autonomia privada solidária nas relações trabalhistas. Para tanto, foi adotado o método hipotético-dedutivo, associado à técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica de obras nacionais e estrangeiras. A justificativa está ligada ao fato de que a doutrina e a jurisprudência ainda não adotaram a autonomia privada solidária como paradigma das relações contratuais no âmbito do Direito do Trabalho. Embora tenha sido alvo da Reforma Trabalhista, a regulamentação da despedida coletiva no Brasil não se mostrou adequada para atender as necessidades e os interesses sociais. O objetivo é apontar que a autonomia privada solidária é capaz de assegurar a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais e fomentar a postura solidária e cooperativa entre trabalhadores e empregadores, sugerindo a conclusão de que a aplicação da autonomia privada solidária possui condições suficientes para evitar ou minimizar os impactos das despedidas coletivas, assim como evitar abusos ou violações de direitos

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-02-08T11:19:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Régis Machado Botelho.pdf: 3210541 bytes, checksum: ce27f4b89513833039d60454f60ed2d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T11:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Régis Machado Botelho.pdf: 3210541 bytes, checksum: ce27f4b89513833039d60454f60ed2d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-02 / The present study intends to demonstrate the need for permanent dialogue between civil law and labor law, through the general contractual clauses of objective good faith, the social function of the contract and the contractual balance, in order to accomplish the fundamental rights of workers in employment contracts. The dignity of the human person of the worker has to be preserved during the formation, execution and termination of the labor pact, because the fact of the worker establish an asymmetrical relationship with the employer, does not remove it from the condition of citizen. The theory of the dialogue of the sources, by Erick Jayme, foremost applied in labor law by Renato Rua de Almeida, allows to use the classificatory trilogy of the new contractual principles of Antonio Junqueira de Azevedo, for the valorization of the worker. The classic contractual principles of individual character of the party´s autonomy, obligatory force of the contracts and relativity of the contractual effects, lose the importance before the new principles of social character. They do not disappear but are severely relativized. The horizontal effectiveness of fundamental rights in the context of labor relationships can be established by the porosity of the general clauses in certain situations that require mediation. It is natural that this effectiveness can happens directly in some cases, however, our focus will concentrate on the hypothesis of indirect efficacy, where the general clauses may be the gateway of fundamental rights in the contract of employment. Finally, we will highlight the paramount role of the judiciary in the implementation of fundamental social labor rights, because, due to their public order character, it is the duty of the labor magistrates to make use of the general contractual clauses, when examining the labor contracts. The judiciary as protagonist is necessary, because it is not admitted that in nowadays the judge disconnects from the constitutional program, whose valuation of human work is one of its foundations. The contractual freedom, so encouraged in the present days, must never serve as a passport to offend the fundamental rights of workers, thus damaging their dignity / O presente estudo pretende demonstrar a necessidade de permanente diálogo entre o direito civil e o direito do trabalho, por meio das cláusulas gerais contratuais da boa-fé objetiva, da função social do contrato e do equilíbrio contratual, como forma de efetivação dos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores nos contratos de trabalho. A dignidade da pessoa humana do trabalhador deve ser preservada quando da formação, execução e extinção do pacto laboral, pois o fato do trabalhador estabelecer uma relação assimétrica com o empregador, não o despe da condição de cidadão. A teoria do diálogo das fontes de Erick Jayme aplicada ao direito do trabalho, na trilha pioneira de Renato Rua de Almeida, permite que se utilize da trilogia classificatória dos novos princípios contratuais de Antonio Junqueira de Azevedo para a promoção do trabalhador. Os princípios contratuais clássicos de cunho individual da autonomia privada, força obrigatória dos contratos e relatividade dos efeitos contratuais, perdem a importância diante dos novos princípios de caráter social. Não desaparecem, mas são severamente relativizados. A eficácia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais no âmbito das relações de trabalho pode ser estabelecida pela porosidade das cláusulas gerais em determinadas situações que necessitem mediação. É natural que esta eficácia possa se dar de forma direta em alguns casos, entretanto, o nosso foco se concentrará em apontar a hipótese da eficácia indireta, em que as cláusulas gerais sejam as portas de entrada dos direitos fundamentais no contrato de trabalho. Por fim, ressaltaremos o papel de suma importância do judiciário na concretização dos direitos fundamentais sociais trabalhistas, pois cabe aos magistrados do trabalho utilizar as cláusulas gerais contratuais, em face do seu caráter de ordem pública, quando do exame dos pactos laborais. O protagonismo do Judiciário é necessário, pois não se admite que na quadra atual o juiz se desconecte do programa constitucional, cuja valorização do trabalho humano é um dos fundamentos. A liberdade contratual tão acalentada nos tempos atuais, jamais pode servir de passaporte para ofensas aos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores, ferindo sua dignidade

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T14:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIANA CUNHA PRUDENTE.pdf: 947586 bytes, checksum: 63523b8efbb539eb8c114c5129e1dff5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T14:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIANA CUNHA PRUDENTE.pdf: 947586 bytes, checksum: 63523b8efbb539eb8c114c5129e1dff5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-01 / The scope or this dissertation is the analysis of the environmental crisis we experience imposed by the globalized capitalist way of production that, disregarding the dependence of human beings to the environment, caused an imbalance in natural resources. To do so, it will be done, initially, a study of instituted state models, characterizing their bases and their respective overcoming driven by social demands. Next, there will be a fundamental rights approach, as a limiter of the state powers, attaining thereby the constitutionalization of the right to the environment, which gives it greater effectiveness and protection in the legal system. It will be shown the dependence of the human beings in relation to the environment and the reflections made worldwide in search of a development that balances the development with a healthy quality of life. Finally, taken that the right to environment has the status of fundamental right, due to the dependence of the human beings to the environment, it requires a new attitude of society and state. It should therefore be based on a new ethic that advocates for the rupture of the paradigm, which was previously based on a predominantly economic aspect for the recognition of human values consistent with environmental preservation. / Esta dissertação tem por escopo a análise da crise ambiental que vivenciamos imposta pelo modo de produção capitalista globalizado que, desconsiderando a dependência do homem ao meio, provocou um desequilíbrio nos recursos naturais. Para tanto, será feito, inicialmente, um estudo dos modelos estatais instituídos, caracterizando suas bases, e as respectivas superações impulsionadas pelas reivindicações advindas do seio social. Em seguida, será realizada uma abordagem dos direitos fundamentais, enquanto limitador dos poderes estatais, alcançando, esta análise, a constitucionalização do direito ao meio ambiente, o que lhe outorga maior carga de efetividade e proteção no ordenamento jurídico. Será evidenciada a dependência do homem em relação ao meio ambiente e as reflexões realizadas, mundialmente, em busca de um desenvolvimento que equacione o progresso com a sadia qualidade de vida. Por fim, constatado que o direito ao meio ambiente tem status de direito fundamental, requer-se uma nova postura da sociedade e do Estado. Este deverá, pois, pautar-se numa nova ética que propugna pela ruptura do paradigma, que, anteriormente, era fundado numa vertente eminentemente econômica para o reconhecimento de valores humanos consentâneos com a preservação ambiental.

A tese apresenta o desenvolvimento teórico do princípio da justiça intra e intergeracional (PJI&IG) como elemento na definição da destinação das rendas de hidrocarbonetos. O tema é tratado como aspecto fundamental nas áreas energética e institucional de países produtores de hidrocarbonetos. O PJI&IG incorpora o conceito de equidade intergeracional. Também, assume-se que uso de rendas derivadas da exploração de recursos naturais exauríveis envolve dimensões associadas ao conceito de sustentabilidade. Admite-se a ideia de unicidade e de completude da espécie humana, que corresponde à cumulatividade da experiência humana sobre a Terra. A efetivação de direitos fundamentais é o mecanismo de concretização dessa ideia. Desenvolve-se metodologia empírica e qualitativa baseada na perspectiva institucionalista. Demonstra-se que a temática aqui tratada é elemento essencial para solucionar problemáticas referentes à hipótese da maldição dos recursos naturais. A metodologia abarca o uso do referencial teórico para construção do PJI&IG e de métodos qualitativos para a avaliação institucional tendo esse princípio como referência. A tese foca na experiência do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, do Governo Federal, do Poder Legislativo e do Poder Judiciário como casos que permitem verificar a aplicação do PJI&IG no processo de destinação das rendas de hidrocarbonetos. Os resultados demonstram que o princípio em questão é factível do ponto de vista constitucional e que o seu conteúdo possibilita a destinação das rendas de hidrocarbonetos dentro dos direitos fundamentais e da sustentabilidade integral, que assume a responsabilidade, a solidariedade e o comprometimento social como caminhos para destinação dessas rendas. Na análise institucional específica, os resultados apontam para uma tendência no Brasil de não se respeitar o PJI&IG nas práticas administrativas que gerenciam a destinação das rendas de hidrocarbonetos. Por exemplo, existem evidências de que os gastos com pessoal predominam na esfera municipal. No exame do Poder Executivo Federal, verificou-se evidências de que já existe uma espécie de fundo, quando as rendas de hidrocarbonetos destinadas aos Ministérios são contingenciadas para fins de gerar superávit primário. Em relação ao Poder Legislativo, especificamente, à Câmara dos Deputados, constatou-se referência ao PJI&IG nos textos dos Projetos de Lei, porém nenhuma proposição tornou-se lei. Na análise do Poder Judiciário, averiguou-se que o STF e o STJ inovam na ordem jurídica quando decidem que municípios não podem destinar rendas de hidrocarbonetos para gastos correntes. Nas conclusões foi possível apontar que apesar de o PJI&IG ter em sua base conceitual características que o direcionam como importante elemento de avaliação institucional, as instituições estudadas não o aplicam usualmente em suas decisões, seja no âmbito de políticas ou programas públicos, na confecção de leis ou em julgamentos. Por tal motivo, a tese recomenda, ao final, utilização de instrumentos e caminhos para a incorporação do PJI&IG dentro da prática institucional. / The thesis presents the theoretical development of the principle of intrageneration and intergeneration justice (PJI&IG) as an element in the definition of the destination of government takes. The subject is treated as a fundamental aspect in the energetic and institutional areas of the countries which produce oil and gas. The PJI&IG incorporates the intergenerational justice concept. It is also assumed hereby that the use of revenues derived from the exploitation of exhaustible natural resources involves dimensions associated to the concept of sustainability. The thesis creates the idea of the humankind as one, which is the sum of the human experience on Earth. The fundamental rights enforcement is a mechanism for achieving this idea. It develops an empirical and qualitative methodology based on an institutionalist perspective. It shows that theme being herein treated is an essential element to solve problems related to the hypothesis of natural resource curse. The methodology includes the use of the theoretical construction of the PJI&IG and qualitative methods in institutional assessment having this principle as a parameter. The thesis focuses on the experience of municipalities in Rio Grande do Norte State, Federal Government, Legislative Branch, and Judiciary as cases which allow us to verify the use of PJI&IG in the process of the destination of government takes. The results show that the principle in question is feasible from the standpoint of the Brazilian constitution and that its contents enable the allocation of government takes within both the fundamental rights and integral sustainability, which assume responsibility, solidarity and social commitment as ethical values for the allocation of government takes. In the institutional analysis herein, the results show that Brazil tends not to respect the PJI&IG in the administrative practices which run the destination of the government takes, there are evidences which show that the personal spending dominates in the municipal government, for instance. In the Federal Executive Branch scanning, there were evidences that show fund currently exists, when revenues are not sending to the Ministries in order to generate a primary surplus. Regarding to the Legislature, specifically the Chamber, there was reference to the PJI&IG in the bills, however none of them was approved. In the analysis of the judiciary, it was found that the STF (Federal Supreme Court) and STJ (Superior Court of Justice) create new law when they decided that municipalities cannot allocate the government takes to current expenditure. In the conclusions it was possible to stress that although the PJI&IG has in its conceptual basis features that show as important indicator of institutional assessment, the institutions studied do not apply it in their decisions, neither through policies nor through public programs, not even by making of laws or judgments. Therefore, this thesis recommends that PJI&IG should be incorporated in the institutional practice.

Em que pese o ato de prostituir-se já ser conhecido de há muito na História da humanidade, o Brasil não logrou, até o presente momento, oferecer uma resposta adequada a esta questão social. A legislação permite considerar a prostituição, em si mesma, um ato lícito, mas criminaliza por razões exclusivamente morais as atividades a ela umbilicalmente ligadas. A pesquisa encontrou fundamentação teórica em material bibliográfico multidisciplinar disponível sobre o assunto. Também o método da história oral foi utilizado, a partir da teoria das representações sociais de Henri Lefebvre, para conhecer do cotidiano e das condições de trabalho dos profissionais do sexo. Após a análise histórica do comércio sexual, das regulamentações permissivas e proibicionistas existentes ao longo da História, foi possível compreender o estigma que o trabalho e seus trabalhadores enfrentam até a atualidade. Postas estas questões, passamos à análise dos crimes relacionados à prostituição e o cotejo destes com os direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana. Examinamos os movimentos sociais de profissionais do sexo existentes em todo o mundo, bem como a solução apresentada para a questão social do trabalho do sexo por diversos países, como Estados Unidos da América (e particularmente o Estado de Nevada), Nova Zelândia, Holanda, Alemanha, dentre outros. Analisamos os projetos de lei propostos na última década acerca da regulamentação profissional dos trabalhadores do sexo, e deles extraímos conceitos importantes para a análise do trabalho sexual no Brasil, seja aquele exercido por mulheres, homens ou travestis. Esta diferenciação em três categorias realizada na pesquisa foi importante para a compreensão de certas particularidades existentes em cada tipologia do meretrício, que pode manifestar-se de múltiplas formas. Em consonância com a teoria penal do bem jurídico, analisamos os tipos penais existentes no Código de 1940, os quais demonstram, na atualidade, não tutelar nenhum interesse legítimo; além disto, em sua aplicação prática, desrespeitam tais comandos legais diversos direitos fundamentais do trabalhador do sexo, expondo-o a situações discriminatórias e antijurídicas (em comparação com outros trabalhadores). Na compreensão sistêmica da Constituição Federal e de seus preceitos, especialmente os direitos fundamentais individuais e sociais, é possível concluir pela inconstitucionalidade dos dispositivos existentes nos artigos 227 a 231-A do Código Penal, ainda que em alguns casos exista inconstitucionalidade parcial. A proteção penal deverá dar-se apenas quando houver exploração sexual, como a reforma de 2009, sem muito êxito, tentou realizar. Finalmente, na análise do conceito jurídico de trabalho, pudemos concluir que o trabalhador do sexo realiza, de fato, trabalho, cujo desenvolvimento poderá dar-se apenas de forma autônoma. Somente a prostituição adulta restou analisada e foi alvo de nossas conclusões. Desta feita, buscamos propor uma nova visão acerca do trabalho sexual, mais inclusiva, que objetive conferir direitos elementares a esta classe trabalhadora que há séculos já existe. / Despite the act of prostitution is already known long ago in human history, Brazil has failed until the present date to provide an appropriate answer to this social question. The legislation allows considering prostitution in itself a lawful act, but criminalizes - only because of moral reasons the activities inextricably linked to it. The research found theoretical foundation in multidisciplinary bibliographic material available on the subject. Also the oral history method was used, based on the theory of social representations of Henri Lefebvre, to know the daily life and working conditions of sex workers. After the historical analysis of the sex trade, permissive and prohibitionist regulations that existed throughout the history, it was possible to understand the stigma that the work and its workers face until today. Presented these issues, the crimes under the Brazilian law related to prostitution were analyzed and collated with the fundamental rights of the human person. The social movements of sex workers around the world were examined, as well as the proposed solution to the social issue of sex work by several countries, including the United States of America (and particularly the state of Nevada), New Zealand, Netherlands, Germany, among others. The bills of the last decade on the field of professional regulation of sex workers were also analyzed, and pulled from them important concepts for the analysis of sex work in Brazil, the one exercised by women, men or transvestites. This differentiation into three categories in the survey conducted was important for the understanding of certain peculiarities existing in each typology of prostitution, which can manifest itself in multiple ways. In line with the penal theory of the juridical interest, the criminal types that existed on the Brazilian Penal Code of 1940 were analyzed, which actually demonstrate that they do not protect any legitimate interest, moreover, in its practical application, these legal commands disrespect several fundamental rights of the sex worker, exposing he or she to discriminatory and anti-juridical situations (if compared with other workers). Within the systemic understanding of the Brazilian Constitution and its principles, especially the individual fundamental and social rights, we conclude for the unconstitutionality of existing legal devices in Articles 227 to 231-A of the Brazilian Penal Code, although in some cases there is partial unconstitutionality. The criminal protection should be given only when there is sexual exploitation, such as the reform of 2009, without much success, tried to accomplish. Finally, in the analysis of the legal concept work, we concluded that the sex worker does, indeed, work, whose development may take place just independently. Only adult prostitution was analyzed and was the target of our conclusions. This time we seek to propose a new vision about sex work, more inclusive, that aims to give basic rights to this working class that already exists for centuries.

The thesis seeks to answer the question whether the European Union (EU) constitutional treaty offers improved protection for human rights in the EU jurisdiction. Within this context, it first seeks to find out what the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the constitutional treaty promises for the human rights&rsquo / field. Furthermore, it examines how the possible accession of the EU to the European Convention on Human Rights will affect this field. Then, it focuses on what the constitutional treaty offers for third countries concerning human rights. Finally, in the light of the recent developments on the treaty, the discussion enlightens the role of the constitutional treaty on protecting and developing human rights in the EU.

Dans cette thèse, nous partons des grands principes de justice pour démontrer la nécessité d’octroyer aux êtres sensibles nonhumains les droits moraux et légaux les plus fondamentaux. Dans un premier temps, nous nous penchons sur les principes sous-jacents aux droits fondamentaux de la personne : le principe d’égalité voulant que les cas similaires soient traités de manière similaire; la notion de droit fondamental, qui repose sur celle d’intérêt; le principe de l’égale considération des intérêts auquel mène le principe d’égalité; et, enfin, le concept d’intérêt, qui s’applique à tous les êtres sensibles. Cette première partie établit l’exigence d’accorder les droits les plus fondamentaux à tous les êtres possédant les intérêts que ces droits visent à protéger. Cela permet d’étudier trois droits particuliers et les intérêts qui les sous-tendent en examinant d’abord le droit à l'intégrité physique. Nous montrons que de nombreux animaux nonhumains sont des êtres sensibles, que tous les êtres sensibles ont, par définition, intérêt à ne pas souffrir et que, pour cette raison, ils devraient jouir du droit à l’intégrité physique. Le troisième chapitre est consacré au droit à la vie. Nous soutenons qu’il est raisonnable de supposer que tous les êtres sensibles, parce qu’ils peuvent jouir des bonnes choses de la vie, ont un certain intérêt à persévérer dans leur existence, intérêt qui, peu importe son intensité ou sa nature, doit être protégé par l’égal droit de vivre. Notre dernier chapitre se concentre sur le droit à la liberté. Nous montrons que cet intérêt est généralement interprété négativement et ne consiste qu’à pouvoir agir sans subir d’interférence. Nous soutenons que cette acception du concept de liberté nous force à reconnaître l’intérêt à être libre de tous les êtres sensibles et notre devoir de leur accorder un droit à la liberté. Nous ajoutons finalement que l’interprétation républicaine de la liberté nous incite à reconnaître à tous ces animaux un statut égal à celui des humains. Nous terminons cette réflexion en concluant que l'octroi des droits fondamentaux aux animaux sensibles implique que l’exploitation animale institutionalisée soit abandonnée et que les animaux conscients jouissent du statut de personne. / In this thesis, I use well-established principles of justice to demonstrate that there exists no valid moral reason to deny nonhuman sentient beings the most fundamental moral and legal rights. I begin by going over the principles that will inform my discussion of these basic rights. I examine the principle of equality, which requires that similar cases be treated similarly; the notion of fundamental right, which is based on the concept of interest; the principle of equal consideration of interests, which the principle of equality entails; and, finally, the concept of interest, which is applicable to all sentient beings. This first section establishes the necessity of attributing the most fundamental rights to all beings who possess the basic interests these rights are designed to protect. I then delve into an examination of the three most fundamental rights and the interests underlying these. First, I discuss the right to physical integrity, demonstrating that numerous nonhuman animals are sentient beings, and that all sentient beings, by definition, have an interest in not suffering. Second, I examine the right to life. I argue that it is reasonable to assume that every sentient being, because he or she can benefit from the good things in life, has a certain interest in his or her continued existence. This interest, regardless of its intensity or nature, deserves to be protected by an equal right to life. Third, I establish that the interest in being free is generally interpreted negatively; it simply consists of having the ability to act without interference. I argue that based on this conceptualization of liberty, all sentient beings have an interest in being free. I go on to explore the republican interpretation of freedom, suggesting that it provides further grounds for the recognition that nonuhuman sentient beings also have an interest in benefiting from the same moral and legal status as human beings. I conclude that granting the right to physical integrity, life and freedom to all sentient beings implies that we abandon all forms of institutionalized animal exploitation and that we give to all conscious beings the equal status of person.

En imposant une obligation constitutionnelle de négocier aux autres parties de la fédération, les juges de la Cour suprême dans le Renvoi sur la sécession rendent légitimes les aspirations des souverainistes québécois. Le processus menant à l'obligation constitutionnelle de négocier souffre toutefois d'imprécision et est à l'origine de la situation juridique contradictoire actuelle. La doctrine est divisée sur la signification des expressions «acteurs politiques», «question claire» et «majorité claire» et l'ambiguïté de ces expressions a permis aux partis politiques au pouvoir de justifier leur loi respective portant sur la sécession du Québec. Les deux lois en vigueur, la Loi sur les droits fondamentaux et la Loi sur la clarté, sont à des pôles opposés sur des sujets aussi importants que la formulation de la question et la majorité requise. Chacune des législatures a procédé unilatéralement sans se soucier de créer un cadre juridique cohérent. Les représentants élus devraient envisager la constitutionnalisation des règles menant à la sécession d'une province comme voie de solution pour régler l'impasse juridique actuelle. Le Canada ne serait pas le premier pays à prévoir de telles règles dans sa Constitution. / By imposing a constitutional obligation to negotiate to aIl parties of the federation, the Supreme Court of Canada in the Secession Reference legitimizes the aspirations of Quebec's sovereignist movement. However, the Supreme Court's ambiguity, in regards to the process leading up to the constitutional obligation to negotiate, is the cause of the current juridical debate. The doctrine is divided on the meaning of the expressions "political actors", "clear question" and "clear majority" and the lack of precision of these expressions allows the political parties in power to justify their respective laws on Quebec secession. The two laws in force, an Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Quebec people and the Quebec State and the Clarity Act, are at polar opposites on issues as important as the formulation of the question and the required majority. Both legislatures have proceeded unilaterally without any concem in creating a coherent juridical framework. Elected representatives should consider the constitutionalisation of the mIes leading to secession as a solution to solve the current juridical deadlock. Canada would not be the first country to provide such provisions in its Constitution. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche (LL.M.)"

La thérapie germinale est une avenue médicale qui est loin de pouvoir être appliquée de manière sécuritaire et responsable car les connaissances médicales actuelles sont insuffisantes. De surcroît, l'encadrement normatif qui l'entoure est unanime et clame la non-acceptabilité de son application humaine. Certains instruments adoptent une approche rigide en la prohibant formellement, d'autres adoptent une approche flexible en demeurant ouverts à une éventuelle application. Il y a donc divergence quant à la légitimité de cette technique. La médecine moderne doit reposer sur des principes directeurs issus de diverses sources, empruntées au droit et à l'éthique. Les principes retenus pour examiner la légitimité de la thérapie germinale sont tirés, d'une part, des droits et libertés fondamentales: ce sont les principes fondamentaux de dignité, de liberté, d'égalité. D'autre part, ils sont issus des règles d'éthique de la recherche: plus particulièrement le principe de bienfaisance (nonmalfaisance) et celui du respect de la personne. La perspective d'une éventuelle application humaine de la thérapie germinale ne porte pas nécessairement atteinte aux principes fondamentaux, dépendamment du genre d'application qui est envisagé. Une application restreinte, appliquée dans des circonstances particulières et en vue de soulager ou d'éliminer certaines formes de détresses et de souffrances, pourrait être conforme aux principes qui soutiennent les droits et libertés fondamentales. La thérapie germinale soulève des questions éthiques difficiles et parfois inédites, notamment l'extension des risques aux générations futures et l'obligation d'un suivi à long terme pour des descendants qui n'auront pas eux-mêmes donné leur consentement à cette «thérapie». La thérapie germinale est présentement non acceptable mais ne devrait pas faire l'objet d'une prohibition totale. / Germ-line therapy is far from being applied in a secure and responsible way because of insufficient medical knowledge. The unanimity against its human application is manifest in the normative frameworks which universally reject it as unacceptable. Certain instruments adopt a rigid approach and formally prohibit it, while others adopt a flexible approach by remaining open to possible applications. There is significant divergence on the legitimacy of this technique. Modem medicine must rest on guiding principles stemming from various sources borrowed from law and from ethics. Framing principles are derived, on one hand, from fundamental rights and freedoms such as the principles of dignity, liberty, and equality, and on the other hand, from the rules of research ethics based on principles such as beneficence and the respect for persons. The prospect of human applications of germ-line therapy does not inevitably infringe on fundamental principles. It depends the application envisaged. A restricted application, used in specific circumstances to relieve or eliminate certain forms of suffering, could respect the principles endorse fundamental rights and freedoms. Germ-line therapy raises difficult and sometimes new ethical questions: notable examples include the extension of the risks to persons other than the treated subject and the obligation of long-term follow-up for the descendants who did not consent to the research. Germ-line therapy is presently unacceptable given the current state ofknowledge; however, it should not be the object of a total prohibition. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) Option droit, biotechnologies et société". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Mémoire de très haute tenue. Recherche exhaustive. Traitement cohérent du sujet. Approche souvent innovatrice".

L’accommodement raisonnable, perçu de manière erronée comme un outil octroyant des privilèges particuliers aux communautés ethno religieuses, fût la source d’une atmosphère de malaise social au sein de la communauté québécoise. Face à une immigration récente non occidentale, ayant fortement contribué à la modification du paysage sociétal québécois, un désarroi populaire transformé en « la crise des accommodements » (2006-2007), s’est emparée soudainement d’une partie de la population canadienne – française. Plusieurs questions fondamentales relatives au droit à l’égalité se posent : comment préserver l’identité québécoise si chacun veut faire valoir sa propre culture et religion ? Mais aussi, n’avons-nous pas lutté pour que les droits fondamentaux soient assurés pour tous ? Ce mémoire montre que l’accommodement raisonnable, loin de privilégier les minorités religieuses, est un moyen juridique permettant à tous les citoyens d’accéder à l’égalité et de vivre sans subir de discrimination. La liberté de religion faisant partie des droits fondamentaux garantis par les chartes canadienne et québécoise, doit être protégée en tant que telle. L’accommodement raisonnable révèle une autre dimension de sa fonction : une contribution fondamentale à la réflexion collective sur le vivre - ensemble social, vecteur de l’évolution sociétale. Un équilibre peut être atteint entre les exigences d’un État neutre et le respect des libertés individuelles fondamentales. Ainsi, les choix de la laïcité ouverte et de l’interculturalisme s’inscrivent harmonieusement dans l’esprit des autres valeurs de la société québécoise, laquelle est marquée de part son histoire par des valeurs laïques respectueuses de la diversité culturelle et religieuse. / The concept of reasonable accommodation, erroneously perceived as a means for ethnic and religious minorities to enjoy special privileges, has plunged Quebec society in social unrest. Indeed, recent years non-western-based immigration contributed to changing Quebec society ethnic mix, leading to important social concerns by Quebecers of French Canadian descent and ultimately to the “accommodations crisis” (2006-2007). Such social crisis raises numerous questions: How can we live together with a common identity when each one of us defends his/her religion? And also: have we not fought for those rights to be guaranteed for every person? Far from privileging minority groups, reasonable accommodations are a flexible judicial tool allowing all citizens access to equality and protection against discrimination. As religion is only one of several motives for discrimination, it is erroneous to believe that reasonable accommodations solely concern religious and cultural matter. Nonetheless, religious freedom, a fundamental right guaranteed by the Canada and Quebec charters, should be protected as such. Reasonable accommodations reveal another benefit: they are a key contribution to collective thinking regarding social coexistence and living together, a means to manage Quebec’s pluralism and to facilitate minority integration. But how to accommodate religious minorities while preserving Quebec’s identity, characterized by secular values? Our analysis shows that a balance between neutral state requirements and fundamental individual rights can be reached. Specifically, Quebec’s open secularity and interculturalism, are choices harmoniously blended in other social values: they call for the integration of cultural minorities into society through a common set of cultural values.