Mountain centered glaciers have played a major role throughout the last three million years in the Scandinavian mountains. The climatic extremes, like the present warm interglacial or cold glacial maxima, are very short-lived compared to the periods of intermediate climate conditions, characterized by the persistence of mountain based glaciers and ice fields of regional size. These have persisted in the Scandinavian mountains for about 65% of the Quaternary. Mountain based glaciers thus had a profound impact on large-scale geomorphology, which is manifested in large-scale glacial landforms such as fjords, glacial lakes and U-shaped valleys in and close to the mountain range. Through a mapping of glacial landforms in the northern Scandinavian mountain range, in particular a striking set of lateral moraines, this thesis offers new insights into Weichselian stages predating the last glacial maximum. The aerial photograph mapping and field evidence yield evidence that these lateral moraines were overridden by glacier ice subsequent to their formation. The lateral moraines were dated using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide techniques. Although the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide signature of the moraines is inconclusive, an early Weichselian age is tentatively suggested through correlations with other landforms and stratigraphical archives in the region. The abundance and coherent spatial pattern of the lateral moraines also allow a spatial reconstruction of this ice field. The ice field was controlled by topography and had nunataks protruding also where it was thickest close to the elevation axis of the Scandinavian mountain range. Outlet glaciers discharged into the Norwegian fjords and major valleys in Sweden. The process by which mountain based glaciers grow into an ice sheet is a matter of debate. In this thesis, a feedback mechanism between debris on the ice surface and ice sheet growth is presented. In essence, the growth of glaciers and ice sheets may be accelerated by an abundance of debris in their ablation areas. This may occur when the debris cover on the glacier surface inhibits ablation, effectively increasing the glaciers mass balance. It is thus possible that a dirty ablation area may cause the glacier to advance further than a clean glacier under similar conditions. An ice free period of significant length allows soil production through weathering, frost shattering, and slope processes. As glaciers advance through this assemblage of sediments, significant amounts of debris end up on the surface due to both mass wastage and subglacial entrainment. Evidence that this chain of events may occur, is given by large expanses of hummocky moraine (local name Veiki moraine) in the northern Swedish lowlands. Because the Veiki moraine has been correlated with the first Weichselian advance following the Eemian, it implies a heavily debris charged ice sheet emanating from the mountain range and terminating in a stagnant fashion in the lowlands.

Uppsatsen handlar om en aktivitet som låter barn relatera till plats genom samtal med en vuxen, med stöd av interaktivt satellitfoto på en datorplatta. Samtalsaktiviteten, som kan ses som en forskningsmetod eller en pedagogisk aktivitet, undersöks genom två frågeställningar: Vilka slags erfarenheter av och relationer till platser blir möjliga att kommunicera i aktiviteten? Hur formas i aktiviteten förutsättningar för denna kommunikation? Undersökningen relaterar till tidigare forskning om aktiviteter som promenad, fotografi och teckning. Elva barn (8 år) deltog, en och en, i aktiviteten som undersöktes. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av skärmfilmer, skärmdumpar och ljudupptagningar från dessa tillfällen. Arbetet utgår från de geografiteoretiska begreppen plats och rum, och inspireras av förhållningssätt inom forskningsfältet barns geografier. Utöver det används design i lärande som ett analytiskt perspektiv. Jag argumenterar för att interaktivitet med en sekundär representation av plats (det digitala satellitfotot) kan beskrivas som någonting mellan platsinteraktivitet och icke-platsinteraktivitet respektive mellan kreativitet och icke-kreativitet. Samtidigt formar de mellanlägen jag beskriver en specifik och egen grund för kommunikation. Med utgångspunkt i hur studiens deltagare tolkar och förhandlar om aktiviteten, diskuterar jag vidare barns behov av utrymme för meningsskapande. Slutligen föreslår jag att samtida forskningsmetodik – som ställer krav på vuxna att sätta barns rättigheter, intressen, deltagande och agens i första rummet – kan utgöra en förebild för didaktisk verksamhet. / This essay examines a way of letting children relate to place through an activity based on one-to-one conversation with an adult, supported by interactive satellite photo on a tablet computer. The investigated activity may be seen as a research method or an educational activity. Two questions are addressed: What kinds of experiences of place are possible to communicate in the activity? and How are conditions for this communication formed through the activity? The results are compared to previous research on activities such as walks, photographs and drawings. Eleven children at the age of 8 participated in the activity. Screencasts and audio recordings were made and analysed in order to answer the research questions. The work is based on geographical theory, starting with a discussion on place and space, and is further inspired by approaches in the research field Children’s geographies. In addition to this, design activity in learning processes is used a theoretical and analytical perspective. I argue that interactivity with a secondary representation of place (the digital satellite photo) can be described as something in between of place-interactivity and non-place-interactivity, and in between of creativity and non-creativity. At the same time, this inbetweenness forms a specific, new condition for communication. Furthermore, through observations of how the participating children make interpretations of, and negotiate, the activity, I discuss children’s need of room for sense making. Finally, I suggest that contemporary research methodology with children can be seen as a didactic example, demanding adults to put children’s rights, interests, participation and agency first.

Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Tourism has become a major part of today's society and has been seen as a human privilege. The expansion of tourism makes travel more accessible to more people. Still, people with a disability can face difficulties when traveling for the purpose of tourism. Information becomes important to accomplish accessible tourism for everyone, but the problem in various tourism disciplines occurs with the lack of knowledge about people with disabilities.  Tourism has different disciplines. Transportation is one of the basics of making tourism accessible around the world. Transportation has a major impact on tourism development but also in tourist experiences. If the transportation mode is not accessible, it can be a negative experience for people with a disability and can affect the entire journey and their willingness to attempt further trips. Disability is a broad definition and it is important to understand that different disabilities require different needs and that everyone is individual. This study analyzes how hearing loss affects travelers and the understanding of; (1) What may be needed to assist people with hearing impairments when traveling; (2) How does traveling affect people with hearing impairment when they do not have accessibility? The method is a qualitative method with in-depth interviews because this study wants to understand and reflect participants’ experiences when traveling with a hearing impairment.

The purpose of the study is to highlight and investigate lack of basic services on city tourism in Bamenda from a national and an international stakeholders’ perspective. The study also aims to explore potential solutions and suggest improvements that can make Bamenda more competitive as a tourist destination. Basic services focused on has been insecurity, infrastructure shortage and unskilled personnel on tourism sub industries, electricity outages and unstable internet supply. To understand the scope of, the problem, a qualitative method approach was used whereby thirty-seven persons were interviewed. The respondents were adult males and females between the age range 38- 50 who have years of working experience and academic background that ranged from bachelor’s degree to Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D). The study identified government negligence in providing needed infrastructure and services as some of the biggest setbacks to the smooth functioning of the tourism industry in Bamenda. It was surprisingly realized that Bamenda has a diverse culture capable of attracting many international tourists as well as a very dynamic population. Additionally, it was noted that there is a devastating crisis of identity in the Cameroons that has brought tourism to near zero.

The tourism industry is today the most powerful driver of economic growth and development. Globalization plays a big role in diminishing traveling barriers across the globe, which has led to increased competition between destinations to identify themselves and delineate how they want to be perceived by tourists. In this case, developing a clear destination brand identity is paramount for success. Tourism destinations are complex; they are multidimensional and so are their consumer needs and stakeholders interests. The focal point of this research was on destination branding; it is crucial to have all the stakeholders on board. Consequently, a destination brand has to reflect the authentic identity of the destination hence differentiating it from its competitors. The purpose of the research was to explore stakeholders’ practices in destination branding, their attitude, experiences and expectations of branding Mombasa. The research was based on qualitative method where primary data was gathered through face to face interviews with the tourism stakeholders in Mombasa, and data collected was analysed using content analysis. The key findings include; lack of unity among stakeholders, Mombasa has not been branded, inadequate funds for branding Mombasa, and need for product diversification. The research concludes by suggesting step by step approach for branding the destination.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie om hur lärare arbetar med skolans närområde i sin undervisning,samt vilken påverkan närområdet har på lärares förutsättningar för undervisning. Studien byggerpå 7 stycken semi-strukturerade intervjuer med lärare på landsbygd och i stadsmiljö. Studienvisar på att lärare på landsbygden använder utomhusmiljön i närområdet mer i sin undervisningän lärare i stadsmiljö. Lärarna i stadsmiljö har däremot större förutsättningar för att göra olikatyper av studiebesök. Utifrån den mer heterogena etniska sammansättningen i stadsmiljöpåverkas lärarnas undervisning i svenska och religion på olika sätt. Förutsättningarna kan alltsåskilja sig åt på olika sätt, men lärare är vana och skickliga på att anpassa sig efter deförutsättningar de har och nyttja dem på bästa sätt.

Trend of Sustainability is applied to city planning and try to achieve the sustainable development of a city and a town that is generous to people, environment and vitalise the economy at the same time. Initiatives for sustainable city planning in Japan is organized by the national Government, so called, FutureCity Initiative. This initiative enables to local city and representative to participate and act for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) within a city and aim sustainable development. Chiyoda city is one of the cities elected as an Eco-Model City’s FutureCity project. One of their approaches is to cooperate with local businesses group in Otemachi, Marunouchi, Yurakucho district (OMY district) to solve the environmental and social issues and contribute for their city to be sustainable. This thesis focuses on this OMY district that support a huge part of Japanese economy and aim to be the world most sustainable urban city to lead a sustainable earth in the future. When business leaders become main actors of sustainable city making, their business and economic knowledge and the interest to sustainability would be combined and influence the definition and understanding of ‘sustainability.’ It is important to acknowledge that the process of meaning making for sustainability, from a business perspective in capitalism and neoliberal society, has been influenced by historical factors that human beings has been prioritising economic growth and ideology of capitalism and affect the environment and vice versa. This also have impact on the structure of Tokyo including infrastructure, transportation, lifestyle, human behaviour in the future. In this circumstance, will it actually make the city sustainable for its environment, society and economy?

As frequentes demonstrações de desinteresse pela disciplina Geografia por parte dos alunos e a desmotivação por parte dos professores foram os motivos que impulsionaram a presente pesquisa. Na preocupação de buscar alternativas para uma aprendizagem significativa, o objetivo deste estudo é explorar os conhecimentos prévios dos alunos, por meio da elaboração de mapas conceituais de paisagem geográfica, demonstrar que o papel da escola não é apenas consolidar o conceito, mas que, o que se aprende na escola tem relação com a vida. Para isso, buscou-se aporte teórico da Aprendizagem Significativa em Ausubel e referência metodológica da construção de mapas conceituais de Novak. A partir da delimitação da Paisagem como objeto de estudo, elegeram-se as turmas das 6ª séries (7º ano), do Ensino Fundamental, de duas escolas públicas do município de Maringá-PR que participaram das atividades propostas de observação, trabalho de campo, construção de mapas conceiuais e elaboração de textos. O resultado da investigação indica que os conceitos teóricos foram melhor apreendidos quando asociados aos conhecimenos que se relacionam com suas vidas. / The frequent demonstrations of miss interest for the subject Geography, for the students, and the lack of motivation, for the professors, had been the reasons that had stimulated the present research. In the concern to search alternatives for a significant learning, the objective of this study is to explore the previous knowledge of the students by means of the elaboration of conceptual geographic maps landscape and to demonstrate that the importance of the school is not only to consolidate the theoretic concept, but to emphasize that what is learned in the school it is relate to life. For this search the meaning was to reach theoretical support of the Significant Learning in Ausubel and methodological reference of the construction of conceptual maps of Novak. From the delimitation of the Landscape as object of study, it chose the groups of 6ª series (7º year) of Elementary Education of two public schools of the city of Maringá-PR, that had participated of the activities comment proposals, work on field, construction of conceptual maps and elaboration of papers. The result of the inquiry indicates that the theoretical concepts had been better lernead when associates to the knowledge related to their lives.

Med en allt mer stigande ålder hos landets befolkning ökar också demenssjukdomarna. Det ställer högre krav på sjukvården att kunna bemöta deras behov och inge välbefinnande. Forskningsintresset kring utformning av rum och plats inom vårdandet ökar succesivt och är en viktig grund i planering av nya sjukhus. Uppsatsens syfte är att identifiera aspekter av en god vårdmiljö för äldre med särskild inriktning mot personer med demens. Examensarbetet utgörs av en sammanställning av forskningsresultat från 15 artiklar inom vårdestetiskt område. Dessa resultat jämfördes, sorterades och presenteras i kategorierna ”en sensorisk vårdmiljö” och ”en funktionell vårdmiljö”. Resultatet presenterar betydelsefulla aspekter i en god vårdmiljö som har betydelse för patienternas välbefinnande. I diskussionen bearbetas aspekterna och övervägningar görs huruvida dessa är applicerbara på sjukhusmiljön. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning