Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-12T14:49:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Anderson Eslie Leite de Oliveira.pdf: 12582030 bytes, checksum: 0663a2f13a1dc78ae025613091daa877 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2016-04-28T18:12:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Anderson Eslie Leite de Oliveira.pdf: 12582030 bytes, checksum: 0663a2f13a1dc78ae025613091daa877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:12:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Anderson Eslie Leite de Oliveira.pdf: 12582030 bytes, checksum: 0663a2f13a1dc78ae025613091daa877 (MD5) / A pichação, expressão forte, carregada de agressividade, mas ao mesmo tempo emotiva usada pelos jovens para as mais diferentes manifestações, tanto lúdicas quanto de protesto, transforma-se num meio de comunicação e numa forma de arte que revela uma visão de mundo que conflita diretamente com a sociedade que, por ora, os exclui, ignora e rejeita. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo fazer uma discussão sobre o papel da arte no contexto da cidade e ao papel do artista enquanto interventor na sociedade, além de entender como a criação artística empreende uma identidade forjada na resistência de grupos de pichadores na cidade de Salvador, suas características em relação a outras realidades, as redes de solidariedade entre os grupos, bem como suas tretas, além da sua relação com o grafite, que, de certa forma, foi levada para as galerias de arte. Para tanto, buscaremos compreender o conceito de juventude, identidade, e suas imbricações, como a relação com a violência e a discussão sobre invisibilidade social. Além disso, veremos a relação da pichação com o grafite, e uma breve ponderação sobre o Projeto Salvador Grafita, inaugurado em 2005 e que completou, nesse ano de 2012, sete anos de duração.Le spray graffiti, c´est une expression forte, pleine d'agression, émotionnel, utilisé par les jeunes pour de nombreuses manifestations, au même temps ludique et de protestation, devient un moyen de communication et une forme d'art qui révèle une vision du monde en conflit avec la société, parce que celle-ci ignore ou rejette les jeunes des banlieues de ville de Salvador. Ces rapports a pour but faire un débat sur le rôle de l'art et de l´artiste comme intervenant dans la société dans le contexte de la ville, et de comprendre comment la création artistique s'engage dans la formation des identités qui sont forgée a partir des résistances des groupes sociaux créateurs de spray graffiti, de leur caractéristiques par rapport à d'autres réalités, des réseaux de solidarité entre les groupes et leur bagarres, et sa relation avec le graffiti, qui, aujourd´hui est prise par les galeries d'art. Par ailleurs nous essayons de comprendre le concept de la jeunesse, de l'identité et de leur complexité par rapport à la violence et à la discussion de son invisibilité sociale. En outre, nous voyons la relation entre le spray graffiti avec les graffiti, et nos ferons un bref examen du Projeto Salvador Grafita.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Ronaldo Skrypnik Michalovzkey - Parte 1.pdf: 5285478 bytes, checksum: 87d9a3729e5f3f4def7827bce7315d7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa tem como tema central o grafite como uma das possíveis expressões urbanas na cidade de Vila Velha, região metropolitana de Vitória, no estado do Espírito Santo. A fim de entendê-lo na contemporaneidade, foi necessária breve abordagem histórica assim como o levantamento de teorias sobre o planejamento arquitetônico-urbanístico. Tais elementos auxiliaram no trânsito por conceitos - mundiais -, até aportar, por fim, na cidade de Vila Velha. Além disso, a busca histórica a partir da década de 1960 ilustra os dois principais polos do grafite: Europa, maio de 1968 e Estados Unidos e, em especial, sua incorporação como um dos tripés de sustentação do movimento Hip-Hop. Têm-se também a visualização de como este fenômeno global se reproduz no Brasil e especificamente em Vila Velha. O apoio em referências bibliográficas; teses; dissertações; sites e em caráter complementar - porém não de menor importância, entrevistas e conversas por e-mails realizadas com seus praticantes; em especial o grafiteiro Bertz, é relevante para o entendimento das ações dos grafiteiros e pichadores. O estudo reconhece-as e ilustra a amplitude da difusão da estética inerente ao grafite e à pichação, em ambientes e mídias diversos, com destaque para seu caráter transgressor e ao mesmo tempo elabora um de seus paradoxos: a realimentação do sistema de bens de consumo cultural que ora nega, ora viabiliza sua existência / This research is focused on graphite as a possible urban expressions in Vila Velha, metropolitan region of Vitória, state of Espírito Santo. In order to understand it in contemporary times, it was necessary brief historical approach as well as the survey of theories about the architectural-urban planning. Such elements assisted in traffic for concepts - world - until contribute, finally, in the city of Vila Velha. Moreover, the historical inquiry from the 1960s illustrates the two main poles of graphite: Europe, May 1968 and the United States and, in particular, its incorporation as a tripod supporting the Hip-Hop movement. Also have a preview of how this global phenomenon is reproduced in Brazil and specifically in Vila Velha city. The support references; theses; dissertations, websites and complementary character - but not least, interviews and conversations and emails made to its practitioners, especially the graffiti artist Bertz, is relevant to understanding the actions of graffiti and taggers. The study recognizes them and illustrates the magnitude of the diffusion inherent in graffiti and graffiti aesthetics in various environments and media, with emphasis on its transgressive character while working out one of his paradoxes: a feedback system of consumer goods cultural that prays deniesand sometimes enables its existence

A pichação é um fenômeno urbano mundial, que se tornou presença marcante na paisagem da cidade. O trabalho dá enfoque às tags (assinaturas estilizadas), que é a forma de pichação mais disseminada e presente. Surgidas no final da década de 1960 nos Estados Unidos, ligadas às disputas territoriais dos guetos e ao hip-hop, começou a tomar a sua característica formal na cidade de São Paulo e adjacências, principalmente no final da década de 1980. O tag reto (ou pixo reto) é uma solução gráfica e caligráfica que toma as construções como um grid, em uma disputa pelo visual da cidade. Seus autores partilham de um sentimento de identidade com a periferia da cidade, e usam as marcas nas paredes como uma comunicação fechada entre eles, medindo-se e afirmando-se dentro do grupo com ações ousadas (enfrentando perigos como a altura, a polícia, seguranças particulares e moradores enraivecidos com o vandalismo). Eles se apropriam de locais com grande fluxo, o que vai garantir visibilidade. Também procuram marcar paredes que não são pintadas frequentemente, garantindo a durabilidade. Pontes, viadutos, topo de edifícios, muros e fachadas: quase nada escapa. Pichadores são mais um grupo disputando a paisagem da cidade, mas que não são nem os proprietários e nem o poder público. / Pichação (graffiti) is a worldwide urban phenomenon that has become a massive and ubiquitous presence in the urban landscape. The dissertation focuses on tags (author-style signatures), the most present form of pichação. It was originated in the United States on the late 1960s, as a part of ghuettos diputes and hip-hop, and it begun taking its formal shape in São Paulo Metropolitan Area in the late 1980s, roughly speaking. The straight tag (or pixo reto) is a graphical and calligraphic solution that uses buildings as a grid, in a visual struggle for the city. Its authors share a feeling of identity with the citys\' periferia (poor outskirts), and use the signs on the walls as an encoded communication between them, taking a stand within the group with bold actions (facing risks, such as heights, police enforcement, security agents and furious dwellers with the vandalism). They use places with great traffic flux, which ensures visibility. And they also mark walls not frequently painted, ensuring long-lasting tags. Bridges, highway ramps, top of buildings, walls, and facades: almost nothing escapes. Taggers are another group fighting for the city landscape, they are not owners nor government.

I jakten på gatukonst har vi i detta kandidatarbete undersökt hur gatukonst kan utvecklas genom nya tekniker och hur plats och gatukonst samspelar och påverkar varandra i ett berättande. För att ta del av hur gatukonst ser ut och används i olika kulturer och miljöer valde vi att resa genom Europas städer och dokumentera gatukonst för att få ett bredare perspektiv. Genom att flyga och tågluffa har vandring och etnografi varit vår metod då vi har rest och vandrat för att kunna skapa denna undersökning. I våran gestaltning vill vi utmana gatukonst och dess gränser och har valt att göra det med augmented reality som verktyg för att skapa platsbaserad gatukonst som kan upplevas ur ett digitalt format i verkligheten. Genom augmented reality kan städer och områden ha gatukonst placerade på byggnaderna trots att det inte finns fysiskt. Det möjliggör ett alternativt sätt att utforska gatukonst genom en digital värld. / In the search for street art we’ve in this project explored how street art can be developed through new techniques and how space and street art interact and influence each other in a narrative way. To find out what street art looks like and how it’s used in different cultures and environments we chose to travel through Europe's cities to document the street art from a broad perspective. By flying, traveling and hiking we have been using walking and ethnography as our methods to create this study. In our design process we want to challenge street art and it’s boundaries and have chosen to do so with augmented reality as a tool for creating site-based street art that can be experienced from a digital format in reality. Through augmented reality, cities and areas can have street art placed on the buildings even though it does not exist physically. It enables alternative ways to explore street art through a digital world.

This thesis focuses on the possibility of using current methods in the field of computer vision to re-identify graffiti tags. The work examines the possibility of using convolutional neural networks to re-identify graffiti tags, which are the most common type of graffiti. The work experimented with various models of convolutional neural networks, the most suitable of which was MobileNet using the triplet loss function, which managed to achieve a mAP of 36.02%.

The purpose with this essay is to examine and create an understanding for what meaning graffiti and street art has for those who practice it. Furthermore, the practice of graffiti and street art is seen in relation to how urban space is produced. Five semi-structured interviews and one group interview has been made to answer the questions "What meaning does graffiti and street art has for those who practice it? Can it be seen as a way to construct identity?" "How do the artists relate to existing ideals about public space?" and "Does the artists see graffiti and street art as a resistance against the normative representation of the city, in that case, how?" The theoretical framework consists of Mitchell's ideas about public space, Tonkiss' definition of social order, Lefebvre's spatial triad, de Certeau's concept of strategy and tactics, the concept of appropriation and Castell's theory about collective identity. The results showed that the practice of graffiti and street art can be understood as a more complex practice than earlier research has shown. Four different dimensions of meaning could be distinguished. Together the four different dimensions expressed an understanding of graffiti and street art practices as a collective resistance identity. The essay also shows that street art and graffiti artists have a more including ideal about public space.

In recent times, the popularity and acceptance of urban art has gradually increased among residents of the community. Graffiti festivals are being arranged and large murals are beginning to be seen more and more in our cities. Graffiti has for many years been seen as a major societal problem and it has often been associated with crime. Today, graffiti is not associated to the same extent with crime among residents and it is easier to include graffiti as an art form in the public space. Graffiti can also be described as an effort to show up and express oneself in the city. Even though graffiti is more accepted today, there is still a policy in Stockholm, regarding painting and graffiti without a permit should be cleaned up within 24 hours, a so-called "zero tolerance for graffiti". Graffiti is usually illegal, although there are places where it is allowed to paint. It can be in the form of places or on so-called open or legal walls. One of the most popular places to practice graffiti in Sweden is Snösätragränd in Stockholm, which from being an old industrial area has developed into a graffiti area. In August 2020, the municipality of Stockholm began demolition of parts of the graffiti area, which has brought to the discussions about urban art as a de-prioritized art form in urban planning. There is thus a growing demand for the art form in society, but also signs of fear that it may lead to for example crime and littering. The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of urban art and how urban art can be included in urban planning. It is thus important first to examine how public art is included and then understand what conditions the actors of urban art have for expressing their art in the public space. The knowledge about art in public spaces and about urban art is based on literature and research. Furthermore, the graffiti area Snösätragränd, which is currently facing demolition, has been chosen as a case study area to create a deeper understanding of the subject. The case study together with site visits, interviews and e-mail communications further contributes with a current and in-depth picture of the studied phenomenon in its context. The study concludes that there is both a need and a desire to view and express urban art in our cities. Furthermore, the study shows that the financial means for public art that exist today are insufficient to enable practitioners of urban art to perform and display their art in the public space. On the one hand, municipalities want to limit urban art with the motivation to avoid crime, on the other hand, there are also efforts to make room for artists to promote this art form. Finally, it is clear that there are different views on urban art and whether it should be included in the public space or not. The study is therefore important for understanding graffiti as an art form or a breeding ground for criminal activity. / Under senare tid har populariteten samt acceptansen för urban konst successivt ökat hos invånare i samhället. Det arrangeras bland annat olika graffitifestivaler och stora muralmålningar börjar synas mer och mer i våra städer. Graffiti har under många år setts som ett stort samhällsproblem och den har ofta associerats med kriminalitet. Idag associeras graffitti inte i lika stor utsträckning med kriminalitet bland invånarna och det är enklare att inkludera graffitti som en konstform i det offentliga rummet. Graffiti kan också beskrivas som en strävan att visa sig och yttra sig i staden. Även om graffiti idag är mer accepterat finns det fortfarande policy bland annat i Stockholm, gällande att målande och klottrande utan tillstånd ska saneras inom 24h, en så kallad ”nolltolerans för klottring”. Graffiti är oftast olagligt fast det finns ställen som det är tillåtet att måla på. Det kan vara i form av platser eller på så kallade öppna eller lagliga väggar. Ett av de mest populära ställen för att utöva graffiti i Sverige är Snösätragränd i Stockholm som från att vara ett gammalt industriområde utvecklats till ett graffitiområde. Augusti år 2020 påbörjade Stockholm stad rivningen i delarna av graffitiområdet, vilket har aktualiserat diskussionerna kring urban konst som en bortprioriterad konstform i stadsplaneringen. Det finns alltså en växande efterfrågan på konstformen inom samhället men också tecken på rädsla att det kan leda till bland annat brottslighet och nedskräpning. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa djupare förståelse för urban konst och hur urban konst kan inkluderas i stadsplaneringen. Det är således viktigt att undersöka hur offentlig konst inkluderas för att sedan förstå vilka förutsättningar den urbana konstens aktörer har för att uttrycka sin konst i det offentliga rummet. Med bakgrund av litteratur och forskning lyfts kunskap fram kring konst i offentliga rum och urban konst. Vidare har graffitiområdet Snösätragränd som idag står inför rivning, valts som fallstudieområde för att skapa djupare förståelse för ämnet. Fallstudien tillsammans med platsbesök, intervjuer och mejlkommunikation bidrar vidare med en aktuell och fördjupande bild av det studerade fenomenet i sitt sammanhang. Studiens slutsats är att det finns såväl ett behov som en önskan att beskåda och uttrycka urban konst i våra städer. Vidare visar studien på att de ekonomiska medlen för offentlig konst som finns idag är otillräckliga för att möjliggöra för utövare att uppföra och visa sin konst i det offentliga rummet. Å ena sidan vill kommuner begränsa urban konst med motivationen att undvika brottslighet, å andra sidan finns också insatser för att ge plats till konstnärer för att främja denna konstform. Det är slutligen tydligt att det finns olika åsikter om urban konst och om det bör inkluderas i det offentliga rummet. Studien är således viktig för att förstå graffiti som en konstform eller en grogrund för brottslig verksamhet.

Under senare tid har populariteten samt acceptansen för urban konst successivt ökat hos invånare i samhället. Det arrangeras bland annat olika graffitifestivaler och stora muralmålningar börjar synas mer och mer i våra städer. Graffiti har under många år setts som ett stort samhällsproblem och den har ofta associerats med kriminalitet. Idag associeras graffitti inte i lika stor utsträckning med kriminalitet bland invånarna och det är enklare att inkludera graffitti som en konstform i det offentliga rummet. Graffiti kan också beskrivas som en strävan att visa sig och yttra sig i staden. Även om graffiti idag är mer accepterat finns det fortfarande policy bland annat i Stockholm, gällande att målande och klottrande utan tillstånd ska saneras inom 24h, en så kallad ”nolltolerans för klottring”. Graffiti är oftast olagligt fast det finns ställen som det är tillåtet att måla på. Det kan vara i form av platser eller på så kallade öppna eller lagliga väggar. Ett av de mest populära ställen för att utöva graffiti i Sverige är Snösätragränd i Stockholm som från att vara ett gammalt industriområde utvecklats till ett graffitiområde. Augusti år 2020 påbörjade Stockholm stad rivningen i delarna av graffitiområdet, vilket har aktualiserat diskussionerna kring urban konst som en bortprioriterad konstform i stadsplaneringen. Det finns alltså en växande efterfrågan på konstformen inom samhället men också tecken på rädsla att det kan leda till bland annat brottslighet och nedskräpning. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa djupare förståelse för urban konst och hur urban konst kan inkluderas i stadsplaneringen. Det är således viktigt att undersöka hur offentlig konst inkluderas för att sedan förstå vilka förutsättningar den urbana konstens aktörer har för att uttrycka sin konst i det offentliga rummet. Med bakgrund av litteratur och forskning lyfts kunskap fram kring konst i offentliga rum och urban konst. Vidare har graffitiområdet Snösätragränd som idag står inför rivning, valts som fallstudieområde för att skapa djupare förståelse för ämnet. Fallstudien tillsammans med platsbesök, intervjuer och mejlkommunikation bidrar vidare med en aktuell och fördjupande bild av det studerade fenomenet i sitt sammanhang. Studiens slutsats är att det finns såväl ett behov som en önskan att beskåda och uttrycka urban konst i våra städer. Vidare visar studien på att de ekonomiska medlen för offentlig konst som finns idag är otillräckliga för att möjliggöra för utövare att uppföra och visa sin konst i det offentliga rummet. Å ena sidan vill kommuner begränsa urban konst med motivationen att undvika brottslighet, å andra sidan finns också insatser för att ge plats till konstnärer för att främja denna konstform. Det är slutligen tydligt att det finns olika åsikter om urban konst och om det bör inkluderas i det offentliga rummet. Studien är således viktig för att förstå graffiti som en konstform eller en grogrund för brottslig verksamhet. / In recent times, the popularity and acceptance of urban art has gradually increased among residents of the community. Graffiti festivals are being arranged and large murals are beginning to be seen more and more in our cities. Graffiti has for many years been seen as a major societal problem and it has often been associated with crime. Today, graffiti is not associated to the same extent with crime among residents and it is easier to include graffiti as an art form in the public space. Graffiti can also be described as an effort to show up and express oneself in the city. Even though graffiti is more accepted today, there is still a policy in Stockholm, regarding painting and graffiti without a permit should be cleaned up within 24 hours, a so-called "zero tolerance for graffiti". Graffiti is usually illegal, although there are places where it is allowed to paint. It can be in the form of places or on so-called open or legal walls. One of the most popular places to practice graffiti in Sweden is Snösätragränd in Stockholm, which from being an old industrial area has developed into a graffiti area. In August 2020, the municipality of Stockholm began demolition of parts of the graffiti area, which has brought to the discussions about urban art as a de-prioritized art form in urban planning. There is thus a growing demand for the art form in society, but also signs of fear that it may lead to for example crime and littering. The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of urban art and how urban art can be included in urban planning. It is thus important first to examine how public art is included and then understand what conditions the actors of urban art have for expressing their art in the public space. The knowledge about art in public spaces and about urban art is based on literature and research. Furthermore, the graffiti area Snösätragränd, which is currently facing demolition, has been chosen as a case study area to create a deeper understanding of the subject. The case study together with site visits, interviews and e-mail communications further contributes with a current and in-depth picture of the studied phenomenon in its context. The study concludes that there is both a need and a desire to view and express urban art in our cities. Furthermore, the study shows that the financial means for public art that exist today are insufficient to enable practitioners of urban art to perform and display their art in the public space. On the one hand, municipalities want to limit urban art with the motivation to avoid crime, on the other hand, there are also efforts to make room for artists to promote this art form. Finally, it is clear that there are different views on urban art and whether it should be included in the public space or not. The study is therefore important for understanding graffiti as an art form or a breeding ground for criminal activity.

American Indian graffiti muralism is a terminology that embodies the contemporary public art form of mural production by American Indian artists using public art installations to express ontologies of sovereignty, self-determination, and identity in different public spaces and on different objects. To date, there is no scholarship that has focused solely on American Indian graffiti muralism and ethnic markers within the medium of graffiti muralism. The dissertation, "American Indian Graffiti Muralism: Demystifying the Graffiti Medium and the Visual Harmonics of American Indian Signatures on the Modern Landscape," centers on the functionality of American Indian graffiti murals as markers of sovereignty, self-determination and identity in off-reservation municipal urban settings. Using a mixed methods framework of both qualitative and quantitative analysis this dissertation will provide new scholarship within the field of American Indian/Native American Studies and discourses on Native art and Native public art. Due to the fact that these public artworks contain multiple functions and meanings a mixed methods interdisciplinary analysis using the American Indian theoretical model of Survivance coupled with a social science theory of Geosemiotics, interviews with American Indian graffiti muralists, and quantitative empirical data collected through community-based Q survey creates a multi-narrative on the functionality of American Indian graffiti muralism. The aim of this research is to explore the functionality of different American Indian graffiti mural installations using Gerald Vizenor's Indigenous theory of survivance and the social science theory of geosemiotics. The theory of survivance aids analysis on how American Indian graffiti muralists infuse iconography and visual semiotic elements in their public art installations that (re)claim public spaces and infuse ontologies of sovereignty, self-determination, and identity in cityscapes. This is the first usage of survivance theory with Native public art and provides an ethnically appropriate means to investigate American Indian graffiti muralism. Geosemiotics theory provides analysis on how different American Indian graffiti murals interact with the physical landscape they reside within to create ideals of place and place perceptions in the populace. Geosemiotic analysis of American Indian graffiti murals illuminates how the art adds to a pluralistic public dialectic of place. By creating a dualistic theoretical lens this research addresses the suggestion that new discourses on Native art and Native public art require more analysis involving theoretical models and Indigenous ways of knowing through use of survivance theory, while also showing how a secondary social science theory can bolster a qualitative narrative on the functionality of Native public art. Artistic analysis is inherently subjective and the multi-theoretical application in this dissertation addresses how subjectivity and socio-political elements of American Indian graffiti muralism require a fully rounded framework to explore the function of these installations in our cities. The narratives of American Indian graffiti muralists regarding their mural installations offer intimate knowledge on the function of this art form and in this research provides first-person accounts of how artists approach public art differently than their studio art productions. It was also important to offer the perspectives from the artists themselves to illuminate how this graffiti muralism came to be the chosen form of artistic expression. The conversations with Yatika Fields and Jaque Fragua offer a secondary perspective to those of the researcher and public citizens. To further capture all of the perceptions surrounding American Indian graffiti muralism a public survey using Q methodology was completed to provide a platform for community-based input. Q methodology was used as a means to collect empirical data on the subjective attitudes towards American Indian graffiti murals. The output of Q surveying provided the first empirical data on American Indian graffiti muralism and concluded the multi-narrative of this project in the statements generated and tested by multiple public citizens. Furthermore, this multi-narrative foundation furthers future discourses in American Indian/Native American studies, the social sciences, and Native art historical research by offering elements that each can utilize as points of discussion and dissection.

Since the 1970s, when neoliberal policies and changing consumer patterns began remaking cities, scholars have conducted research about gentrification. In New Orleans, these studies have helped explain the demographic and economic shifts in some neighborhoods. However, there has been limited focus on the built environment aspects of gentrification in New Orleans, specifically the interpretation of the external aesthetic shifts in streetscapes as part of the gentrification process. This thesis examines the relationship between these aesthetics, primarily graffiti and street art, and the gentrification process, as perceived by various stakeholders in two New Orleans neighborhoods: St. Roch and Bywater. Using empirical, qualitative evidence, this thesis argues that graffiti and street art signify a culture and aestheticization of gentrification. Research methods for this thesis include participant observation, semi-structured interviews and discourse analysis. Keywords: Gentrification, New Orleans, Bywater, St. Roch, graffiti, street art, neighborhood change, blight, disinvestment, revitalization, creative class, neoliberalism, race, authenticity