Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural infection of chickens of extensive breeding of an area considered endemic for spotted fever in the state of Rio Grande do Sul through serological survey, as well as to perform the experimental infection by Rickettsia parkeri these birds. In the first study, 300 blood samples were collected and the sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to identify the presence of anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies. The occurrence of anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies observed was 1.33% (4/300), with titers ranging from 64 to 256 for R. parkeri, Rickettsia rickettsii and/or Rickettsia bellii. In the second step, was performed the experimental infection by R. parkeri. 64 chickens were used divided into eight groups which were inoculated with different amounts of the agent by several routes of administration. Group 1 (G1) - inoculated with 2,5 x 105 Vero cells infected with R. parkeri (1 ml) intramuscular (IM); G2 5,0 x 105 Vero cells infected with R. parkeri (2 ml) IM, G3 - 1 ml of inoculum subcutaneously (SC); G4 - 2 ml of inoculum SC; G5 - 1 ml of the inoculum intraperitoneally (IP); G6 - 2 ml of inoculum IP, and G7 and G8 1 ml and 2 ml of culture medium Vero cells IM respectively (negative control groups). The sera of chickens were evaluated at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post infection (PI) by IFA, to verify the dynamics of antibodies in acute and chronic infection. To identify the multiplication of R. parkeri in tissues during the same period PI, PCR was performed from fragments of spleen and lung of chickens euthanized. Birds of G4 and G3, in order of importance, had the highest average antibody showing the highest levels at seven and 14 days PI. G2, G4 and G6 showed higher mean antibody compared to G1, G3 and G5 respectively, considering the infection dose-dependent. Rickettsial DNA was not detected in the tissues evaluated. The results of both studies suggest that chickens of extensive breeding from endemic area searched do not participate as a reservoir and/or amplifier host in the epidemiology of spotted fever of region and based in the experimental infection, it was verified that birds seroconverted by the challenge by R. parkeri, but no replication of the agent in the tissues analyzed, nor the presence of rickettsemia. / Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a infecção natural de galinhas de criação extensiva de uma área considerada endêmica para a febre maculosa no estado do Rio Grande do Sul através de pesquisa sorológica, bem como realizar a infecção experimental por Rickettsia parkeri nessas aves. No primeiro estudo, foram coletadas 300 amostras de sangue e os soros foram testados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) para identificar a presença de anticorpos anti-Rickettsia spp. A ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Rickettsia spp. observada foi de 1,33% (4/300), com títulos variando de 64 a 256 para R. parkeri, Rickettsia rickettsii e/ou Rickettsia bellii. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada a infecção experimental por R. parkeri, o qual foram utilizadas 64 galinhas caipiras divididas em oito grupos, onde foram inoculadas diferentes quantidades do agente por diversas vias de administração. Grupo 1 (G1) - inoculado com 2,5 x 105 células Vero infectadas por R. parkeri (1 ml) via intramuscular (IM); G2 5,0 x 105 células Vero infectadas por R. parkeri (2 ml) via IM; G3 - 1 ml do inóculo via subcutânea (SC); G4 - 2 ml de inóculo via SC; G5 - 1 ml do inóculo via intraperitoneal (IP); G6 - 2 ml de inóculo via IP, e o G7 e G8 - 1 e 2 ml de meio de cultivo de células Vero via IM respectivamente (grupos controles negativos). Os soros das aves foram avaliados aos 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias pós infecção (PI) por meio de RIFI, para avaliar a dinâmica de anticorpos em infecção aguda e crônica. Para identificar a multiplicação de R. parkeri nos tecidos, no mesmo período PI, foi realizado o PCR a partir de fragmentos de baço e pulmão colhidos das galinhas eutanasiadas. As aves do G4 e G3, em ordem de importância, apresentaram as maiores médias de anticorpos apresentando os níveis mais elevados aos sete e 14 dias PI. Os grupos G2, G4 e G6 apresentaram médias de anticorpos superiores comparado ao G1, G3 e G5 respectivamente, sendo considerada a infecção dose-dependente. Não foi detectado DNA rickettsial nos tecidos avaliados. Os resultados de ambos os estudos sugerem que as galinhas de criação extensiva da área endêmica pesquisada não participaram como reservatório e/ou hospedeiro amplificador na epidemiologia da febre maculosa na região e baseado na infecção experimental, verificou-se que as aves soroconverteram mediante o desafio por R. parkeri, porém não houve a multiplicação do agente nos tecidos analisados, bem como a presença de rickettsemia.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The most common viruses involved in acute respiratory diseases among young children are the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenzavirus (FLU), parainfluenzavirus (PIV), adenovirus (AdV) and human rhinovirus (HRV). The purpose of the present study was to identify the main respiratory viruses that affected children younger than five years old in Uberlândia, in Midwestern Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 379 children attended at Hospital de Clínicas (HC/UFU), from 2001 to 2004, with acute respiratory disease, were collected and tested by either immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RSV was detected in 26.4% (100/379) of samples, FLU A and B in 9.5% (36/379), PIV 1, 2 and 3 in 6.3% (24/379) and AdV in 3.7% (14/379). Negative and indeterminate samples (205) by IFA were tested by RT-PCR for detection of HRV, and 29.6% (112/379) was positive. RSV, particularly among children in their first 6 months of life, and HRV cases showed highest incidence. For both virus, bronchiolitis and pneumonia/bronchopneumonia were the main nosological presentation among children less than 6 months, were RSV responded for 40,3% and 34,6% of the cases, respectively, and the HRV were detected in 25,0% of bronchiolitis cases and 15,4% of pneumonia/bronchopneumonia cases at the same referred age group. Negative samples by both IFA and RT-PCR might be indicative that other pathogens, such as coronavirus, human metapneumovirus and bacteria, could be the causative agent in these infections. Laboratorial diagnosis constituted an essential instrument to determine the incidence of the most common viruses in respiratory infections among young children in this region. / Os vírus mais comumente envolvidos em doenças respiratórias agudas em crianças são os vírus respiratório sincicial (VRS), influenzavírus tipos A e B (FLU A e B), parainfluenzavírus tipos 1, 2 e 3 (PIV-1, -2 e -3), adenovírus (AdV) e os rinovírus (HRV). O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi identificar os principais vírus respiratórios envolvidos em doenças respiratórias aguda (DRA) em crianças de até cinco anos de idade no período de 2001 a 2004. Aspirados de nasofaringe de 379 crianças atendidas no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HC/UFU) com doença respiratória aguda foram coletadas e testadas pelas reações de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) ou transcrição reversa da reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR). O VRS foi detectado em 26,4% (100/379) dessas amostras, FLU tipos A e B em 9,5% (36/379), PIV 1, 2 e 3 em 6,3% (24/379) e AdV em 3,7% (14/379). As amostras negativas e inconclusivas pela IFI (205) foram testadas por RT-PCR para detecção dos HRV, sendo que 26,9% (112/379) foram positivas. Neste estudo, os vírus mais comumente detectados em quadros clínicos de bronquiolite e pneumonia/broncopneumonia em crianças menores de seis meses de idade foram o VRS, respondendo por 40,3% e 34,6% do total de casos, respectivamente, e o HRV, identificado em 25,0% dos casos de bronquiolite e em 15,4% dos casos de pneumonia/broncopneumonia na mesma faixa etária. Relacionado à sazonalidade, a circulação dos vírus identificados predominou nos meses de temperaturas mais baixas. Esse padrão foi evidente para o VRS, que apresentou um pico de ocorrência em abril e maio, enquanto que o pico do FLU e HRV ocorreu em julho. Amostras negativas tanto pela IFI quanto pela RT-PCR indicam que outros patógenos, incluindo coronavírus, metapneumovirus humano além de bactérias, podem ter sido os responsáveis pelas infecções. Finalizando, este estudo foi essencial para um diagnóstico conclusivo de DRAs causadas por vírus, bem como para determinar quais agentes virais circularam nesta região. / Mestre em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcelo Sales Guimaraes.pdf: 3899079 bytes, checksum: 38f856923d6a5606a0da0a5054c4e8f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Bovine neosporosis is a parasitic disease of cosmopolitan distribution, caused by the obligatory intracellular cyst forming protozoan Neospora caninum (Phylum Apicomplexa, family Sarcocystidae). It has a strong association with bovine abortion, being N. caninum protozoan considered the most important for this species. The main route of transmission is vertical, determining the endemic-type neosporosis in cattle. Brazilian local breeds as Curraleiro and Pantaneiro present hardiness and resistance to adverse conditions, e.g. poor nutrition and microbiological challenges, as predominant characteristics. The conservation program of such breeds has encouraged studies aiming at a greater knowledge of these animals peculiarities. The purpose of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of these breeds for N. caninum and the occurrence of vertical transmission in herds, evaluating the importance of bovine neosporosis for these herds. Five farms in the state of Goiás and one in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, with Curraleiro and Pantaneiro herds, respectively, were observed. Blood was collected from females at reproductive age and their offspring before colostrum intake, if possible. If it was not possible, blood was periodically collected from the offspring (five collections) until about ten months of age. A total of 358 animals was examined, 249 (198 females and 51 calves) Curraleiros and 109 (62 females and 47 calves) Pantaneiros. Seropositivity to N. caninum was evaluated by using the indirect immunofluorescence (cutoff ≥ 1:200) and ELISA (HerdChek® IDEXX Laboratories) (cutoff S/P ≥ 0.50). The total incidence of seropositives was 47,49% (170/358), 51% (127/249) Curraleiro and 39,45% (43/109) Pantaneiro. One hundred percent of the farms observed presented seropositive animals. The highest titer was 1:25600. The overall vertical transmission rate observed in herds was 51% (95%, CI 37%-64%), being 48% (95%, CI 30%-66%) in Curraleiro and 54% (95%, CI 35%-73%) in Pantaneiro. There was no statistically significant association between breed or titer of the cows and the occurrence of vertical transmission (OR 0,79; CI 0,27-2,34 95%). A low-moderate agreement was found between the two diagnostic techniques used (κ = 0.34). Thus, N. caninum is present in Curraleiro and Pantaneiro cattle breeds, with significant rates of seropositivity and vertical transmission. Although widely distributed, N. caninum does not seem to cause problems in Curraleiro and Pantaneiro herds, as abortion problems are rare and females have good fertility, within the constraints of the breed. / A neosporose bovina é uma enfermidade parasitária causada pelo protozoário intracelular obrigatório Neospora caninum (filo Apicomplexa, família Sarcocystidae), formador de cistos. Enfermidade de distribuição cosmopolita, a neosporose apresenta forte associação com o abortamento bovino, sendo N. caninum considerado o protozoário mais importante para essa espécie. A principal rota de transmissão é a vertical determinando a neosporose do tipo endêmica nos rebanhos. Raças locais brasileiras como o gado Curraleiro e Pantaneiro apresentam como características preponderantes a rusticidade e resistência às condições adversas tais como carência nutricional e desafios microbiológicos. O programa de conservação destas raças incentivou estudos que visam o maior conhecimento das particularidades destes animais. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a soropositividade destas raças para N. caninum e a ocorrência de transmissão vertical nos rebanhos, permitindo determinar a importância da neosporose bovina nestes rebanhos. Cinco propriedades criadoras de Curraleiro (estado de Goiás) e uma criadora de Pantaneiro (estado de Mato Grosso do Sul) foram acompanhadas. Foi colhido sangue das fêmeas em idade reprodutiva e de suas crias antes da ingestão do colostro, quando possível. Quando não, foi colhido sangue das crias periodicamente (cinco colheitas) até em torno dos dez meses de idade. Um total de 358 animais foi analisado, sendo 249 (198 fêmeas e 51 bezerros) Curraleiros e 109 (62 fêmeas e 47 bezerros) Pantaneiros. Avaliou-se a soropositividade para N. caninum por meio das técnicas de imunofluorescência indireta (ponto de corte ≥ 1:200) e ELISA indireto (HerdChek® IDEXX Laboratories) (ponto de corte S/P ≥ 0,50). A ocorrência total de soropositivos foi 47,49% (170/358), com 51% (127/249) do gado Curraleiro e 39,45% (43/109) do gado Pantaneiro soropositivo. Cem por cento das propriedades acompanhadas apresentaram animais positivos. O maior título encontrado foi de 1:25600. A taxa de transmissão vertical geral observada nos rebanhos foi de 51% (95%, IC 37%-64%), sendo de 48% (95%, IC 30%-66%) no gado Curraleiro e de 54% (95%, IC 35%-73%) no Pantaneiro. Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre título ou raça das mães e ocorrência de transmissão vertical (OR 0,79; IC 0,27-2,34 95%). Uma concordância moderada-baixa foi verificada entre as duas técnicas de diagnóstico utilizadas (κ = 0,34). Assim, N. caninum está presente nos rebanhos bovinos das raças Curraleiro e Pantaneiro, com consideráveis taxas de soropositividade e transmissão vertical. Embora amplamente distribuído, N. caninum parece não representar problema nos rebanhos Curraleiro e Pantaneiro, visto que problemas de abortamento são raros e as fêmeas apresentam boa fertilidade, dentro das limitações das raças.

Dendritische Zellen (DCs) sind befähigt, als potenteste Antigen-präsentierende Zelle anti¬genspezifische Immunantworten zu initiieren und zu regulieren. Mittels in vivo Antigen¬beladung von spezifischen DC-Subpopulationen mit rekombinanten Antigen-gekoppelten Antikörpern gegen C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren konnte im Mausmodell erfolgreich adaptive zelluläre und humorale Immunantworten hervorgerufen werden. Im Menschen kann dieser Ansatz therapeutisch noch nicht zum Einsatz kommen, da DC-Subpopulationen im humanen Gewebe momentan nicht ausreichend charakterisiert sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden humane Gewebe auf das Vorhandensein der im peripheren Blut beschriebenen DC-Subpopulationen (mDC-1 DCs: CD11c+BDCA1+, mDC-2 DCs: CD11clowBDCA3+ und pDCs: CD11c-CD123+BDCA2+) und die Expression von C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (DC-SIGN, MMR, Langerin, DCIR und DEC205) mittels Immun¬fluoreszenz untersucht. Anhand der vorge¬gebenen Marker im peripheren Blut konnten alle drei DC-Subpopulationen in der Milz, Thymus und Tonsillen detektiert werden. Zusätzlich konnte hier erstmalig eine vierte CD11c-CD123-BDCA2+ pDC-2 DC-Subpopulation in der Milz beschrieben werden, deren Funktion derzeit noch näher untersucht wird. Im Thymus konnte CD26 nach FACS-Analysen von Gordon Heidkamp als spezifischer Marker für mDC-2 DCs identifiziert und dies in der vorliegenden Arbeit auch durch Immun¬fluores¬zenzaufnahmen von Gewebeschnitten verifi¬ziert werden. CD26 stellt damit erstmalig einen Marker dar, der erfolgreich als alternativer Marker für BDCA3, welcher unspezifisch an Thrombomodulin bindet, zur Identifikation von mDC-2 DCs in der Immunfluoreszenz von Thymusproben eingesetzt werden könnte. Die getesteten Anti¬körper XCR-1 (monoklonal) und Clec9a (polyklonal) hingegen erschienen in der Immun¬fluoreszenz sowie in FACS-Analysen (Gordon Heidkamp) nicht geeignet. Weiterhin wurde die Expression ausgewählter C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (MMR, Langerin, DCIR, DC-SIGN und DEC205) im vorhandenen Gewebe näher betrachtet. Nach Auswertung der Immun¬fluoreszenzen konnte eine weit verbreitete Expression der untersuchten C-Typ-Lektin¬rezeptoren in humaner Milz und Thymus gefunden werden. Einzig hDCIR war auf vereinzelten Zellen exprimiert, und Langerin im Thymus nicht detektierbar. Um nicht verfügbare monoklonale Antikörper gegen C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren zu produzieren und später Antigene an diese koppeln zu können, sollten lösliche Proteine einiger C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (humanes und murines Clec9a, Dectin-1 und -2, Langerin) produziert werden. Dabei gelang es bereits, lösliche Proteine der C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren von humanem und murinem Dectin-1 zu generieren und diese zur weiteren Antikör¬per¬produktion einzusetzen.

PhD (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Tulbaghia violacea Harv. has found extensive uses in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous ailments among which are tuberculosis, oesophageal cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Current reports show that cardiovascular diseases are now the primary cause of mortality worldwide. Thus, the potential of T. violacea plant extracts against cardiovascular diseases should be explored. The objectives of this study were, (i) to conduct qualitative and quantitative preliminary phytochemical screening of T. violacea aqueous leaf extracts, (ii) to conduct Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for screening of compounds present in the plant extract, (iii) to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the T. violacea crude extracts using the DPPH:1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS: 2,2-azino-bis 3-ethylebenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assays, (iv) to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the T. violacea crude extracts using disk diffusion and Minimum inhibitory concentration/Minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC), (v) to evaluate the antithrombogenic properties of T. violacea crude extracts on polystyrene, (vi) to fabricate polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL-T. violacea incorporated scaffolds, (vii) to evaluate the antithrombogenic properties of T. violacea crude extracts on the fabricated PCL and PCL-T. violacea fabricated scaffolds and, (viii) to evaluate the growth and differentiation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) on the fabricated scaffolds. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was conducted using standard procedures. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to evaluate both total phenolic content (TPC) and total tannin content (TTC), the Aluminium chloride method was used for total flavonoid content (TFC) and GC-MS was used to screen for compounds present in the plant extract. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion and MIC/MBC assays. The antithrombogenic properties of the T. violacea aqueous leaf extracts was then evaluated using platelet activation and whole blood clotting kinetics on polystyrene discs which have been reported to induce platelet activation. The experiment was performed in the absence and presence of 100 and 1000 μg/ml T. violacea plant extracts for both the platelet activation study which used blood plasma and the whole blood clotting kinetics assay which used fresh whole blood. Platelet adhesion was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate their morphology. Three scaffolds designated as PCL, 10% Tvio and 15% Tvio were fabricated which consisted of a 10% PCL powder and 10% as well as 15% T. violacea aqueous plant extract with respect to the PCL powder weight. The scaffolds were then characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The scaffolds were then evaluated for their antithrombogenic properties in the presence and absence of 100 and 1000 μg/ml T. violacea plant extracts. Platelet adhesion was evaluated using a fluorescent microscope and the morphology was evaluated using SEM. For the cell study, adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) were cultured on the designed scaffolds and evaluated for their toxicity, viability, adhesion, proliferation, morphology and differentiation into osteoblasts over a period of 3 weeks. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used for toxicity studies, alamar blue assay was used for viability, fluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate cellular adhesion and proliferation while the alkaline phosphate (ALP) assay was used to evaluate differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts. Cell morphology was evaluated using SEM. Phytochemical screening of the prepared T. violacea aqueous extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, protein, phenols, tannins, carbohydrates and amino acids. This is the first study that has identified the presence of carbohydrates and amino acids in T. violacea aqueous leaf extracts. Different concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/ml of plant extract were used to conduct the quantitative phytochemical screening assays. There was a concentration dependent increase in the amount of phenols, tannins and flavonoids as the concentration of the plant extracts increased. This was the first study that evaluated the total tannic content of T. violacea plant extracts. The amount of total phenols was higher than that of flavonoids and tannins at every concentration range studied followed by the total flavonoids and lastly total tannins. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 33 compounds among which were 2,4 – Dithiapentate - 2,2-dioxide, Cannabidiol, 2,4,5,7 –Tetrathiaoctane and 2,4,5,7 - Tetrathiaoctane 2-dioxide. The presence of sulphur compounds support the characteristic garlic-like smell as well as some of the biological activities of T. violacea plant extracts. The antioxidant activities based on DPPH (0.49 mg/ml) and ABTS (0.24 mg/ml) suggest that T. violacea can be used as potential antioxidant agents. For the antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion, the extracts exhibited appreciable antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. The highest zone of inhibition was observed for S. epidermidis at 19.50 ± 0.87 mm. The MIC results revealed that the plant extract of T. violacea was moderately active against B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and S. marcescens with MIC value of 2.5 mg/ml. However, the antimicrobial effect of the extract on S. epidermidis was bactericidal when compared to the bacteriostatic effect on the other active microorganisms. The antithrombogenic results on the polystyrene discs showed a significant reduction in the number of platelets that adhered on the polystyrene surfaces treated with plasma mixed with 100 μg/ml of plant extract when compared to the untreated control and the 1000 μg/ml treatment. For the 1000 μg/ml treatment, there was a significant increase in the number of platelets that adhered to polystyrene surfaces. These results were confirmed by the fluorescence and SEM results which showed a higher platelet count for the 1000 μg/ml treatment when compared to the other groups. The whole blood clotting kinetics study showed delayed blood clotting with the 100 μg/ml treatment over a period of 60 min when compared to the untreated control and the 1000 μg/ml treatment. These results correspond with the lower platelet adhesion observation and thus confirm the anticlotting properties of T. violacea aqueous leaf extracts at lower concentrations. The mean diameter of the scaffolds was recorded on the SEM as 275.60 ± 60.65 nm, 193 ± 30 nm and 537 ± 138 nm for the PCL, 10% Tvio and 15% Tvio scaffolds, respectively. The FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of amide groups as well hydroxyl O–H stretching groups which were the characteristic groups for the presence of T. violacea plant extracts in the polycaprolactone. The EDS results showed the presence of potassium, chlorine and sulphur compounds which were only present in the T. violacea scaffolds in addition to the carbon, oxygen and silicon observed in the PCL scaffold. The fabricated scaffolds were then used to evaluate platelet adhesion and activation on blood plasma in the absence and presence of 100 and 1000 μg/ml T. violacea aqueous leaf extracts. The results showed that the 10% Tvio scaffold was more effective in inhibiting platelet adhesion and activation at every treatment group especially when plasma was used in the absence of T. violacea plant extracts. A similar observation to the polystyrene study was observed were addition of 1000 μg/ml of plant extract resulted in the highest number of activated platelets. The study suggests the potential of the 10% Tvio scaffold in the prevention of platelet adhesion and aggregation. The in vitro cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) on the fabricated T. violacea loaded PCL nanofibers was then evaluated. The LDH assay illustrated less activity on the 10% Tvio scaffold when compared to PCL and 15% Tvio scaffolds however, none of the scaffolds were considered as toxic. The alamar blue assay was used for viability after 4 and 7 days of culture. The results showed a significant increase in cell viability for all scaffolds from day 4 to day 7 with the 10% Tvio scaffold having the highest overall cell viability for both day 4 and day 7 of cell cultures. Immunofluorescence staining was then used to count the number of cells using DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained images and illustrated that the T. violacea incorporated scaffolds supported better cell growth compared to the PCL scaffold. Cell morphology on the T. violacea scaffolds was denser and spread out into cellular extensions when compared to the PCL scaffold after 7 days of cell culture, supporting the higher number of adhered cells from the fluorescence results. For the long term cell study after week 1 and 3, the ALP results showed a significant difference in ALP activity between week 1 and week 3 for all scaffolds. The highest ALP activity was observed for the 15% Tvio scaffolds which is a marker for initial phase of bone matrix deposition. The designed T. violacea scaffolds supported better cell growth compared to the PCL scaffold and their morphology was more spread out and covered the entire surface of the scaffolds after week 3. Lastly, the cell count and osteocalcin differentiation was more prominent on 10% Tvio scaffold indicating higher levels of the protein marker for bone formation. Thus, supporting the use of the 10% Tvio scaffold for long-term cell studies. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the aqueous extract of T. violacea is rich is phytochemicals and also possess a broad range of pharmaceutically important compounds which may be attributed to the high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities identified. The results from this study suggest that T. violacea aqueous extracts have antithrombogenic properties at lower concentrations. Scaffolds fabricated with the incorporation of T. violacea plant extract also confirm the potential antiplatelet activity of the fabricated 10% Tvio scaffold. The results also suggest the potential of the fabricated 10% Tvio scaffold to enhance cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation over long-term cell studies. It can thus be recommended that T. violacea may be useful for tissue engineering applications and bone repair with prospects of preventing cardiovascular diseases associated with bone defects. This research study has provided the foundation for clinical evaluation and outlined the potential effects of T. violacea aqueous leaf extracts as a clinical drug.

La réponse immunitaire est régulée spatialement et temporellement. Les cellules immunitaires font partie d’une plus grande communauté de populations cellulaires interconnectées qui coordonnent leurs actions par la signalisation intercellulaire. Suivant une blessure hépatique, la distribution et la composition du compartiment immunitaire évoluent rapidement au fil du temps. Par conséquent, l’information sur la position des cellules immunitaires dans le tissu hépatique est essentielle à la bonne compréhension de leurs fonctions dans la santé et la maladie. Cependant, l’organisation spatiale des cellules immunitaires en réponse à une atteinte hépatique aiguë, ainsi que les conséquences fonctionnelles de leur distribution topographique spécifique, restent mal comprises. Les macrophages hépatiques sont des cellules effectrices clés pendant l’homéostasie et en réponse à des blessures, et sont impliqués dans la pathogenèse de plusieurs maladies du foie. L’hétérogénéité et plasticité des macrophages dans le foie a été exposée avec l’émergence du séquençage de l’ARN, la cytométrie en flux et la cytométrie de masse. Ces techniques ont sensiblement contribué à la compréhension de l’origine, et fonctions des macrophages dans le foie. Cependant, ces technologies impliquent la destruction du tissu pour la préparation de suspension cellulaires ce qui entraîne une perte d’information spatiale et de contexte tissulaire. Par conséquent, la caractérisation spatiale et temporelle des macrophages dans le tissu hépatique pendant l’homéostasie tissulaire, et en réponse à une blessure, fournit une nouvelle information sur la façon dont les macrophages se rapportent aux cellules voisines et leur comportement pendant les réponses immunitaires. Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous avons conçu une stratégie pour le phénotypage spatial des cellules immunitaires hépatiques dans des échantillons de tissus. Cette stratégie combine techniques d'imagerie et l’alignement numérique des images pour surmonter les limitations actuelles du nombre de marqueurs pouvant être visualisés simultanément. En outre, nous avons généré des protocoles pour la quantification automatisée des cellules d’intérêt dans des sections de tissus pour réduire la subjectivité associée à la quantification par inspection visuelle, et pour augmenter la surface et la vitesse de l’analyse. Par conséquent, un plus grand nombre de populations de cellules immunitaires ont été visualisées, quantifiées et cartographiées, et leurs relations spatiales ont été déterminées. Dans la deuxième partie de l’étude, nous avons déterminé la cinétique et la dynamique spatiale des cellules de Kupffer (KCs) et des macrophages dérivés de monocytes (MoMFs) en réponse à une atteinte hépatique aiguë au CCl4, afin de mieux comprendre leurs rôles fonctionnels, et la répartition du travail entre eux. Nous avons constaté que les KC et les MoMFs présentent des différences au niveau de la distribution tissulaire, la morphologie, et la cinétique. En plus, seulement les KCs ont proliféré pour repeupler la population de macrophages résidents pendant la réparation tissulaire. Finalement, nous avons montré que le degré de colocalization de KCs et des MoMFs avec les cellules stellaires est différent. En plus, cette colocalisation varie avec la progression de la réponse immunitaire. Dans l’ensemble, nous avons montré que les KCs et les MoMFs ont des profils spatiaux et temporels différents en réponse à une atteinte hépatique aiguë. Dans l’ensemble, les observations faites dans cette étude suggèrent que le comportement spatial et temporel d’une sous-population donnée de cellules immunitaires est distinct et sous-tend sa capacité à remplir ses fonctions spécifiques pendant la réponse immunitaire. / The immune response is spatially and temporally regulated. Immune cells are part of a larger community of interconnected immune and non-immune cell populations that coordinate their actions mostly through cell-cell intercellular signaling. In the liver, the distribution pattern, and the composition of the immune compartment evolve during an immune response to injury influencing disease pathology, progression, and response to treatment. Hence, information on the location and interacting partners of immune cells in the hepatic tissue is critical for the proper understanding of their functions in health and disease. However, the spatial organization of hepatic resident and infiltrating immune cells in response to acute injury, and the functional consequences of their specific topographical distribution, remain poorly defined. Hepatic macrophages are key effector cells during homeostasis and in response to injury and are involved in the pathogenesis of several liver diseases. The heterogeneity and plasticity of the macrophage compartment in the liver have only recently started to be appreciated with the emergence of RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and mass cytometry. Detailed transcriptomic and phenotypic profiling have deeply expanded our understanding of macrophage biology. However, these technologies involve tissue disruption with loss of spatial information and tissue context. Therefore, the spatial and temporal profiling of liver macrophages in tissue samples during the steady state, and in response to injury, provide novel information on how the macrophages relate to neighboring cells and their behavior during immune responses. In the first part of this study, we designed a strategy for the spatial phenotyping of hepatic immune cells in tissue samples. This strategy combined serial and sequential labeling, and digital tissue alignment to overcome current limitations in the number of markers that can be simultaneously visualized. In addition, we generated protocols for automated quantification of cells of interest in whole tissue sections which removed the subjectivity associated with quantification by visual inspection and greatly increased the area and the speed of the analysis. As a result, a larger number of immune cell populations were visualized, quantified, and mapped, and their spatial relations were determined in an unbiased manner. In the second part of this study, we monitored the kinetics, and spatial dynamics of resident Kupffer cells (KCs) and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) in response to acute liver injury with CCl4, to gain insight into their functional roles, and the distribution of labor between them. KCs and MoMFs exhibited different tissue distribution patterns and cell morphology, different kinetics, and occupied neighboring but unique microanatomical tissue locations. KCs and MoMFs displayed a different capacity to replenish the macrophage pool upon acute injury, and were differentially related to hepatic stellate cells. Different kinetics and spatial profiles revealed that KCs and MoMFs have distinct spatial signatures and suggest that they perform distinct functions during the wound-healing response to acute liver injury. In summary, we optimized techniques and put together a strategy for the spatial profiling of hepatic immune cells. Then, we used this methodology to profile resident and infiltrating macrophage subpopulations to gain insight into their biology and distinct contribution to healing in response to acute liver injury. Overall, the observations made in this study suggest that the spatial and temporal behavior of a given subpopulation of immune cells underlie its ability to perform its specific functions during the immune response.

La neteja del moc i dels patògens dels pulmons, i el transport de gàmets i embrions en els òrgans reproductius de les femelles són funcions clau en els epitelis ciliats, tals com aquells que es troben presents en les vies respiratòries i l'oviducte. La taxa de transport mucociliar és funció de la freqüència de batut ciliar (CBF) i aquesta freqüència és augmentada per increments en la concentració de Ca2+ intracelul·lar. El canal catiònic "transient potential vanilloid 4" (TRPV4) intervé en l'entrada de Ca2+ en resposta a estímuls mecànics i osmòtics. L'expressió del TRPV4 en l'epiteli ciliat de les vies respiratòries i de l'oviducte és confirmada mitjançant la localització per immunofluorescència del canal iònic a la membrana apical de l'epiteli ciliat i polaritzat, allà on la senyalització de Ca2+ és requerida per la regulació de la CBF. Cèl·lules ciliades de la tràquea de ratolins TRPV4-/- no expressen el canal TRPV4, no responen a l'activador específic del TRPV4, el 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4α-PDD) i presenten respostes de Ca2+ reduïdes a temperatures mitjanes (~25ºC- 8ºC), un altre estímul dels canals TRPV4. L'activació dels canals TRPV4 per solucions altament viscoses i per hypotonicitat depèn de l'activació de la via de la fosfolipasa A2(PLA2)i la subseqüent producció de àcid epoxieicosatrienoic (EET). En condicions de baixa activació de la PLA2, estímuls mecànics i hipotònics alliberen ATP per a l'activació de la via de la fosfolipasa C (PLC)-inositol trifosfat (IP3) per contribuir a l'activació dels canals TRPV4. Descrivim que el metabòlit IP3 sense ser un agonista per ell mateix, sensibilitza el TRPV4 per a l'activació de EET, essent aquest un mecanisme general. L'acoblament funcional entre els canals TRPV4 de la membrana plasmàtica i els receptors de IP3 (IP3R) és necessari tant per iniciar com mantenir la senyalització oscil·latòria del Ca2+ desencadenada per estímuls viscosos i hipotònics. Un dels principals activadors de la CBF, la adenosina-5'-trifosfat (ATP), desencadena una resposta cel·lular mediada per Ca2+ en la que es desencadena tant l'alliberament de Ca2+ des dels dipòsits intracel·lulars com l'entrada de Ca2+. És destacable la contribució de el TRPV4 en l'augment de la CBF mediada per ATP. És més, el nostre treball implica als canals TRPV4 exclusivament en l'entrada de Ca2+ activada per receptor (ROCE). Tot plegat, aquesta tesi doctoral mostra el paper dels canals TRPV4 en l'acoblament d'estímuls fisiològics tipus mecànic, osmòtic i químic a la regulació de la CBF en l'epiteli ciliat destinat al transport mucociliar. / Clearance of mucus and pathogenic agents from lungs and the transport of gametes and embryos in the female reproductive organs are key functions of ciliated epithelia such as those present in the airways and the oviduct. The rate of mucociliary transport is a function of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and this, in turn, is increased by increases in intracellular calcium. Transient potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4)cation channel mediates Ca2+ influx in response to mechanical and osmotic stimuli. TRPV4 expression in ciliated epithelia from airways and oviduct is confirmed by immunofluorescence localization of the channel at the apical membrane of the polarized ciliated epithelia, where the Ca2+ signalling is required for CBF regulation. Ciliated tracheal cells from TRPV4-/-mice show no TRPV4 expression, neither increases in intracellular Ca2+ and CBF in response to the TRPV4-specific activator 4α- phorbol 12,13- idecanoate (4α-PDD), and reduced responses to mild temperatures (~25ºC - 38ºC), another TRPV4-activating stimulus. TRPV4 gating by high viscous loads and hypotonicity depends on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway activation and subsequent production of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). Under conditions of low PLA2 activation, mechanical and hypotonic stimuli use extracellular ATP release-mediated activation of phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol triphosphate(IP3)signalling to support TRPV4 gating. We describe that IP3, without being an agonist itself, sensitizes TRPV4 to EET activation. Besides, the functional coupling between plasma membrane TRPV4 channels and IP3 receptors (IP3R) is required to initiate and maintain the cellular oscillatory Ca2+ signal triggered by high viscous loads and hypotonic stimuli. One of the main CBF activators, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), triggers both Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ entry. Interestingly, TRPV4 contributes to ATP-induced increase in CBF. Furthermore, our work implicates TRPV4 channel exclusively in receptor-operated Ca2+ entry. Collectively, this PhD thesis shows the role of TRPV4 channels coupling physiologically relevant mechanical, hypotonic and chemical stimuli to CBF regulation in motile ciliary epithelia.

Suburothelial myofibroblasts (sMF) are located underneath the urothelium in close proximity to afferent nerves and show spontaneous calcium activity in vivo and in vitro. They express purinergic receptors and calcium transients can be evoked by ATP. Therefore they are supposed to be involved in afferent signaling of the bladder fullness. Myofibroblast cultures, established from cystectomies, were challenged by exogenous ATP in presence or absence of purinergic antagonist. Fura-2 calcium imaging was used to monitor ATP (10-16 to 10-4 mol/l) induced alterations of calcium activity. Purinergic receptors (P2X1, P2X2, P2X3) were analysed by confocal immunofluorescence. We found spontaneous calcium activity in 55.18% ± 1.65 (mean ± SEM) of the sMF (N=48 experiments). ATP significantly increased calcium activity even at 10-16 mol/l. The calcium transients were partially attenuated by subtype selective antagonist (TNP-ATP, 1μM; A-317491, 1μM), and were mimicked by the P2X1, P2X3 selective agonist α,β-methylene ATP. The expression of purinergic receptor subtypes in sMF was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that ATP can modulate spontaneous activity and induce intracellular Ca2+ response in cultured sMF at very low concentrations, most likely involving ionotropic P2X receptors. These findings support the notion that sMF are able to register bladder fullness very sensitively, which predestines them for the modulation of the afferent bladder signaling in normal and pathological conditions.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alvaro_carlos_menezes_arteche.pdf: 1268541 bytes, checksum: 48cb8939395a534c09b30fdb0ec17ef9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-21 / This study analyzed, by reaction to indirect immunofluorescence and individual weighting, the levels of protection and weight-gain in beef calves from birth to the age of eight month, which received two doses of vaccine against tick fever and were maintained free from ticks, compared to naturally infested calves in extensive management conditions with continuous grazing in a rural property situated in the municipality of Santana do Livramento Espinilho / RS. Two groups were randomly gathered, n=30, from which Group I (test) was kept free from ticks from birth to weaning and received two doses of the attenuated, trivalent, refrigerated vaccine against tick fever. Groupe II (control) followed the property s traditional management, which reflects the one used in the region, allowing the tick infestation by the animals. Weight control was accomplished in the first day (d0) and in the last day of the experiment (d180). The serology revealed that 100% of the vaccinated animals presented titles equal to 1:5120 for the three parasites Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina (p≤0,025), whereas in the control group the highest titles were 1:2560 in four animals for A. marginale, 1:1280 in four animals for B. bovis and 1:1280 in two animals for B. bigemina (p≤ 0,025). Group I got a mean weight-gain of 30,5 kg more than the control group at the end of the experiment (p≤0,025). The results obtained show that keeping animals free from tick, from birth to weaning, and maintaining them vaccinated against tick fever is safer, more efficient and economically and technically more advantageous than the traditional management system carrapateamento (natural tick infestation). / Avaliaram-se, pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e de pesagens individuais, os níveis de proteção e ganho de peso de terneiros de corte do nascimento ao desmame com oito meses de idade que receberam duas doses de vacina contra tristeza bovina e foram mantidos livres de carrapatos em comparação a terneiros naturalmente infestados em condições de manejo extensivo com pastoreio contínuo em propriedade rural localizada no município de Santana do Livramento-Espinilho/RS. Formaram-se dois grupos aleatóriamente, n=30, sendo o GRUPO I (teste) mantido livre de carrapatos desde o nascimento até o desmame e com duas doses da vacina atenuada, trivalente e refrigerada contra tristeza bovina. O GRUPO II, controle, seguiu o manejo tradicional da propriedade, que reflete o da região, permitindo que os animais fossem infestados por carrapatos. As pesagens foram realizadas no primeiro dia do experimento (d0) e no último dia do experimento (d180). A sorologia revelou que 100% dos animais vacinados apresentaram títulos maiores ou iguais a 1:5120 para os três parasitos Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina (p≤0,025) enquanto que no grupo controle os títulos máximos foram 1:2560 em quatro animais para A. marginale, 1:1280 em quatro animais para B. bovis e 1:1280 em dois animais para B. bigemina. Houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (p≤0,025). O grupo I obteve 30,5 Kg a mais de ganho médio de peso que o grupo controle no final do experimento (p≤0,025). Com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que é mais eficiente, seguro e vantajoso econômica e tecnicamente manter os animais livres de carrapatos, desde o nascimento até o desmame, e vacinados contra tristeza bovina, do que com o manejo tradicional carrapateamento .