Mitt arbete handlar om körsång och att stärka sitt jag genom att sjunga. Men det handlar inte om körsång generellt utan en speciell kör som jag arbetat med under många år, den samiska kören Vaajmoe –sjung för livet. Det här projektet har två ingångar, dels att kören finns för ungdomar med samma samiska tillhörighet och dels för att skapa ett sätt för dessa ungdomar att träffas och må bra genom att sjunga. Den andra ingången har att göra med körens syfte. Den startades för att det är så många samiska ungdomar som mår dåligt och för att det är många som tagit sitt liv. Vaajmoe vill lyfta denna tunga fråga och synliggöra de problem som finns, men göra det på ett glädjefyllt sätt. Jag vill med denna uppsats undersöka vilka psykosociala effekter som projektet Vaajmoe haft på såväl deltagare som publik och även politiskt. / My work is about choral singing and to reinforce his ego by singing. But it's not about choral singing in general but a special project that I worked with for many years, Sami choir Vaajmoe-sing for life. This project has two inputs, and the choir is for young people with the same Sami belonging and to create a way for these young people to come together and feel great by singing. The second input has to do with the choir's purpose. It was started because there are so many Sámi youth who feel bad and that there are many who have taken their lives. Vaajmoe want to lift this heavy question and visualize the problems that exist, but do it in a joyful way. I want this essay examine the psychosocial effects of the project Vaajmoe had on both participants and audience and also politically.

Depuis l’Accord de Nouméa de 1998 et la reconnaissance de l’identité kanake, le registre international des droits des peuples autochtones est apparu en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Si depuis l’Accord de Matignon de 1989, la réflexion de la doctrine se concentre sur la souveraineté de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, la question autochtone est désormais un nouvel aspect de la décolonisation kanake. Elle n’est pas directement revendiquée pour l’indépendance, mais pour obtenir des droits de peuple autochtone. Ce point de vue s’émancipe de la doctrine moniste classique de l’État nation, en considérant que d’autres entités puissent prétendre à l’autodétermination par la reconnaissance d’un système juridique propre. Une relecture de la Constitution de 1958 ainsi que l’analyse des pratiques administratives et juridictionnelles démontrent la capacité du droit français à prendre en considération les aspirations et les particularités de la société kanake. Au delà de l’Accord de Nouméa, une réflexion doctrinale alternative est donc proposée à partir du comparatisme avec le droit canadien. / Since the 1998 Noumea Accord and the recognition of the Kanak identity, the International Register of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples has appeared in New Caledonia. Since the Matignon Agreement of 1989, the doctrine has focused on the sovereignty of New Caledonia, the indigenous issue is now a new aspect of Kanak decolonization. It is not directly claimed for independence, but for the rights of indigenous peoples. This point of view emancipates itself from the classical monist doctrine of the nation state, considering that other entities can claim self-determination by recognizing a proper legal system. A review of the 1958 Constitution and the analysis of administrative and judicial practices demonstrate the ability of French law to take into account the aspirations and particularities of the Kanake society. Beyond the Noumea Accord, an alternative reflection is proposed based on comparatism with Canadian law.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar quais são os efeitos indiretos que a participação de povos indígenas no mercado de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) produz no uso de recursos naturais. As Terras Indígenas são estratégicas para a conservação das florestas tropicais, embora este papel possa ser alterado pelo crescente envolvimento dos povos indígenas com o mercado. Estimulado como forma de promover o desenvolvimento econômico dessas sociedades aliado à conservação ambiental, o mercado de PFNMs pode também produzir efeitos negativos no meio ambiente, tanto diretos - nos recursos explorados - como indiretos - por meio de transformações nas atividades de subsistência dos povos indígenas. O estudo dos efeitos indiretos é ainda negligenciado, restando dúvidas se a adoção dessa estratégia de mercado atinge os objetivos a que se propõe. O presente estudo pretende auxiliar a preencher essa lacuna, verificando de que forma a participação dos Araweté no mercado de PFNMs afeta suas atividades de subsistência. Por meio de técnicas qualitativas (entrevistas semi-estruturadas e informais) e quantitativas (survey e observações sistemáticas de alocação de tempo), foram levantados dados sobre o grau de envolvimento no mercado de PFNMs (renda obtida) e o padrão de utilização dos recursos naturais (tempo alocado nas diferentes atividades de subsistência e tamanho da área cultivada) de uma amostra de 24 unidades domésticas por um período de sete meses, durante um ano. Os resultados mostram que ocorreram transformações históricas nas atividades de subsistência dos Araweté e em sua participação na economia de mercado. Na subsistência, observou-se: o maior consumo da mandioca e do milho; o cultivo de dois roçados (milho e mandioca) por várias famílias; a incorporação de novas tecnologias na pesca e agricultura; a redução da coleta de alguns itens e a introdução do cultivo de arroz. Os Araweté participam da economia de mercado principalmente por meio da comercialização de PFNMs, bem como por aposentadorias e salários do governo. O maior envolvimento no mercado de PFNMs está associado com maior dedicação às atividades de subsistência (de forma geral) e, em particular, à agricultura e à coleta, embora não explique variações na caça e pesca. / The aim of this study is to analyse the indirect effects produced to the use of natural resources which arise from the participation of indigenous peoples in markets for non-timber forest products (NTFP). Indigenous territories play a strategic role in the conservation of tropical rainforests, though their character might change with the growing involvement of indigenous societies in the market economy. If NTFP markets are stimulated in order to promote economic development of such societies, alongside with forest conservation, they may as well produce negative effects both directly – to the resource extracted, or indirectly – through changes in the patterns of subsistence activities. The study of the latter has been neglected, raising doubts whether this win-win strategy accomplishes its own purposes. This study focuses on this gap, by investigating how the participation of the Araweté in the NTFP trade affects their pattern of subsistence activities. Qualitative (semi-structured and unstructured interviews) and quantitative (survey and spot observations) techniques were adopted to gather data about Arawete’s level of participation in the market economy (i.e. incomes) and the patterns of natural resource use (i.e. time allocated to subsistence activities and size of the agricultural plots). 24 households were sampled during seven months within a year’s period. The results show the patterns of Araweté’s subsistence and their involvement into the market economy were transformed. As regards subsistence patterns, we observed: a greater consumption of manioc and corn; the cultivation of two plots (corn and manioc) by several families; the incorporation of new fishing and hunting technologies; a decrease in gathering of some products and the introduction of rice. The Araweté participate in the market economy mainly through the commercialisation of NTFPs, as well as pensions and government salaries. Their greater involvement in the market economy is associated with greater dedication to subsistence (in general) and, in particular, to agriculture, while it does not explain changes in hunting and fishing patterns.

Archaeological evidence has become an important part of the argument for the Indigenous peoples of several countries in legal proceedings concerning their rights. This thesis aims to explore how archaeologists and archaeological research are affected by acting as expert witnesses or being used as evidence in these proceedings. Another aim is to explore the differences and similarities between Sweden and Canada in these matters. The main material consists of interviews with seven archaeologists, four Swedish and three Canadian, whose research in various ways have been involved in legal proceedings concerning the rights of Indigenous peoples: The Sámi in Sweden and the Indigenous peoples of Canada. The analysis of the interviews is based on seven themes: awareness, impact, responsibility, experience, objectivity, archaeology and law and consequences. The result shows several things. It shows that the issue of archaeology in legal proceedings is a sensitive matter, and that the archaeologists have somewhat ambivalent feelings about it. It also shows that the involvement of archaeologists and archaeological evidence in these legal proceedings raises discussions about ethics, objectivity, and reputation. One conclusion to be drawn is that there is need for more open discussion and education on the subject.

This work deals with the issues of cultural identity of ethnic groups in the modern Mexican society, explores its characteristics and essence and searches for possibilities of its maintenance. The central question is, which way indigenous groups can develop their culture freely in the modern Mexican society, and so keep their own peculiarity and identity. The main instrument is a case study of Nahua communities occupying the territory of the Northeastern mountain range of the Mexican state of Puebla, which is in the sphere of influence of the organization called Unión de Cooperativas Tosepan Titataniske, seeking to improve the standard of living and strengthen the cultural identity of the villagers in the region. An ethno-historical study of the Nahua communities living in the particular region, completed with an analysis of the contemporary inhabitants' cultural identity based on a field research, shows that indigenous cultures can keep their identity in spite of significant external interference into their traditional way of life in the course of centuries and that the continuity of their identity is not dependent on maintaining concrete, time conditioned cultural manifestations. On the contrary, important factors for keeping cultural identity are the functional continuity of a given group and...

[ES] El interés de la academia por los términos Sumak Kawsay (SK) y Buen-Vivir (BV), a partir de su inclusión en las constituciones de Ecuador y Bolivia, ha crecido enormemente en la última década. La permanente construcción y discusión teórica, ha posicionado al SK y al BV como alternativas al desgastado discurso del desarrollo. Esta discusión teórica, en su gran mayoría, ha equiparado ambos conceptos al punto de naturalizarlos como sinónimos. Sin embargo, considerando los códigos y los significados simbólicos en cada idioma y cultura, traducir SK como BV ha resultado en una riesgosa simplificación. Bajo estos antecedentes, la presente investigación doctoral ha tenido como objetivo general contrastar las concepciones: desarrollista, postdesarrollista y kichwa-andina del SK en el Ecuador, a partir de los discursos de los diferentes actores (gobierno, academia, pueblos indígenas) que han participado en su construcción y difusión. El enfoque de investigación elegido para estudiar el fenómeno del SK y las tensiones lingüísticas, epistemológicas y ontológicas con el BV ha sido cualitativo, orientado a profundizar en la riqueza de significados del objeto de estudio. Asimismo, como estrategias metodológicas se han elegido: el estudio de caso y la etnografía multisituada. El estudio de caso elegido fue el pueblo kichwa de la Provincia de Imbabura (Karanki, Otavalo, Natabuela, Kayambi) debido a que constituyen actores insignes del Movimiento Indígena del Ecuador, por su reconocimiento a nivel nacional e internacional y por cercanía geográfica y trabajos previos por parte del investigador. Dentro de las técnicas de recolección de información se ha recurrido a: la investigación bibliográfica-documental, la observación (observador completo, observador como participante y participante como observador); la autoobservación, entrevistas estructuradas y no estructuradas; historias de vida; y al Estudio Formal del Idioma y Cultura Kichwa (EFICK), esta última constituye una técnica propia surgida en el transcurso de la investigación y está inspirada en la experiencia de estudio del idioma kichwa por parte del investigador realizada durante seis meses entre 2016 y 2017 en la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, sede Ecuador. Para el análisis de la información se ha optado por una aproximación interdisciplinar desde dos estrategias reconocidas por su enfoque en los discursos: el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) y la Arqueología Epistémica o Arqueología del Saber (AS). En relación con los resultados, la presente investigación se ha centrado en problematizar las relaciones, ya conocidas, entre los términos de SK y BV. A través de un diálogo-confrontación de saberes (yachay tinkuy) se ha realizado una interpelación a la academia postdesarrollista, principalmente. La demanda central ha girado en torno a la violencia epistémica que ha representado la traducción-asimilación del SK como BV. Lo que ha pasado desapercibido respecto de la traducción, es que los pueblos andino-amazónicos y los movimientos indígenas han sido excluidos de la producción de conocimiento y de los beneficios de la producción discursiva. La traducción-asimilación ha ignorado las realidades propias de los movimientos indígenas, que no son simples productores de espiritualidad, sino actores políticos capaces de hablar por ellos mismos por fuera de la subalternidad, en demanda de aspectos perdidos (territorialidad, autonomía, autoderminación), tal como se ha mostrado en las propuestas políticas del Plan Amazanga de 1992, El Libro de la Vida de Sarayaku de 2003, en los aportes para la Constitución de 2008, en el Proyecto Político de la CONAIE de 2012, y más recientemente, en la Propuesta alternativa al modelo económico y social presentada por el Parlamento de los pueblos, organizaciones y colectivos sociales del Ecuador en el marco de las protestas sociales de octubre de 2019. / [EN] The academic interest in the concepts Sumak Kawsay (SK) and Buen-Vivir (BV), since their inclusion in the constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia, has grown enormously in the last decade. The permanent construction and theoretical discussion have positioned SK and BV as alternatives to the worn discourse of development. This theoretical discussion, for the most part, has equated both concepts to the point of naturalizing them as synonyms. However, considering the codes and symbolic meanings in each language and culture, translating SK as BV has resulted in a risky simplification. Under these antecedents, the present doctoral research has had the general objective of contrasting the conceptions: developmentalist, post-developmentalist and Kichwa-Andean of SK in Ecuador, based on the discourses of the different actors (government, academy, indigenous peoples) that have participated in its construction and dissemination. The research approach has been qualitative, aimed at delving into the richness of meanings of the object of study. This approach has been chosen to study the phenomenon of SK and the linguistic, epistemological and ontological tensions with BV. Also, as methodological strategies have been chosen: the case study and multisituation ethnography. The chosen case study was the Kichwa people of the Province of Imbabura (Karanki, Otavalo, Natabuela, Kayambi) because: they constitute distinguished actors of the Indigenous Movement of Ecuador; for its recognition at the national and international level; and by geographical proximity and previous work by the researcher. As information gathering techniques, the following were used: bibliographic-documentary research, observation (complete observer, observer as participant and participant as observer); self-observation, structured and unstructured interviews; life stories; and the Formal Study of the Kichwa Language and Culture (EFICK). The latter constitutes its own technique that emerged in the course of the research and is inspired by the experience of studying the Kichwa language by the researcher carried out during six months between 2016 and 2017 at the Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. For the analysis of the information, an interdisciplinary approach has been chosen from two strategies recognized for their focus on discourses: Critical Discourse Analysis (ACD) and Epistemic Archeology or Archeology of Knowledge (AS). In relation to the results, this research has focused on problematizing the already known relationships between the concepts of SK and BV. Through a dialogue-confrontation of knowledge (yachay tinkuy) an interpellation has been made to the post-developmentalist academy, mainly. The central demand has revolved around the epistemic violence that the translation-assimilation of SK as BV has represented. What has gone unnoticed with respect to translation is that the Andean-Amazonian peoples and indigenous movements have been excluded from the production of knowledge and from the benefits of discursive production. Translation-assimilation has ignored the realities of indigenous movements, which are political actors capable of speaking for themselves outside of subalternity, in demand of lost aspects (territoriality, autonomy, self-determination), as has been shown in the political proposals of: Plan Amazanga of 1992, The Book of Life of Sarayaku of 2003, in the contributions to the Constitution of 2008, in the Political Project of CONAIE of 2012, and more recently, in the Alternative Proposal to the economic and social model presented by the Parliament of the peoples, organizations and social groups of Ecuador in the framework of the social protests of October 2019. / [CA] L'interés de l'acadèmia pels termes Sumak Kawsay (SK) i Bon-Viure (BV), a partir de la seua inclusió en les constitucions de l'Equador i Bolívia, ha crescut enormement en l'última dècada. La permanent construcció i discussió teòrica, ha posicionat al SK i al BV com a alternatives al desgastat discurs del desenvolupament. Aquesta discussió teòrica, en la seua gran majoria, ha equiparat tots dos conceptes al punt de naturalitzar-los com a sinònims. No obstant això, considerant els codis i els significats simbòlics en cada idioma i cultura, traduir SK com BV ha resultat en una perillosa simplificació. Sota aquests antecedents, la present investigació doctoral ha tingut com a objectiu general contrastar les concepcions: desenvolupista, post-desenvolupista i kichwa-andina del SK a l'Equador, a partir dels discursos dels diferents actors (govern, acadèmia, pobles indígenes) que han participat en la seua construcció i difusió. L'enfocament d'investigació triat per a estudiar el fenomen del SK i les tensions lingüístiques, epistemològiques i ontològiques amb el BV ha sigut qualitatiu, orientat a aprofundir en la riquesa de significats de l'objecte d'estudi. Així mateix, com a estratègies metodològiques s'han triat: l'estudi de cas i l'etnografia multisituada. L'estudi de cas triat va ser el poble kichwa de la Província de Imbabura (Karanki, Otavalo, Natabuela, Kayambi) pel fet que constitueixen actors insignes del Moviment Indígena de l'Equador, pel seu reconeixement a nivell nacional i internacional i per proximitat geogràfica i treballs previs per part de l'investigador. Dins de les tècniques de recol·lecció d'informació s'ha recorregut a: la investigació bibliogràfica-documental, l'observació (observador complet, observador com a participant i participant com a observador); l'acte-observació, entrevistes estructurades i no estructurades; històries de vida; i a l'Estudi Formal de l'Idioma i Cultura Kichwa (EFICK), aquesta última constitueix una tècnica pròpia sorgida en el transcurs de la investigació i està inspirada en l'experiència d'estudi de l'idioma kichwa per part de l'investigador realitzada durant sis mesos entre 2016 i 2017 en la Universitad Andina Simón Bolívar, seu Equador. Per a l'anàlisi de la informació s'ha optat per una aproximació interdisciplinària des de dues estratègies reconegudes pel seu enfocament en els discursos: l'Anàlisi Crítica del Discurs (ACD) i l'Arqueologia del Saber (AS). En relació amb els resultats, la present investigació s'ha centrat en problematizar les relacions, ja conegudes, entre els termes de SK i BV. A través d'un diàleg-confrontació de sabers (yachay tinkuy) s'ha realitzat una interpel·lació a l'acadèmia post-desenvolupista, principalment. La demanda central ha girat entorn de la violència epistémica que ha representat la traducció-assimilació del SK com BV. El que ha passat desapercebut respecte de la traducció, és que els pobles andí-amazònics i els moviments indígenes han sigut exclosos de la producció de coneixement i dels beneficis de la producció discursiva. La traducció-assimilació ha ignorat les realitats pròpies dels moviments indígenes, que no són simples productors d'espiritualitat, sinó actors polítics capaços de parlar per ells mateixos per fora de la subalternidad, en demanda d'aspectes perduts (territorialitat, autonomia, autoderminación), tal com s'ha mostrat en les propostes polítiques del Pla Amazanga de 1992, El Llibre de la Vida de Sarayaku de 2003, en les aportacions per a la Constitució de 2008, en el Projecte Polític de la *CONAIE de 2012, i més recentment, en la Proposta alternativa al model econòmic i social presentada pel Parlament dels pobles, organitzacions i col·lectius socials de l'Equador en el marc de les protestes socials d'octubre de 2019. / Un agradecimiento especial a la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, por el apoyo económico recibido durante los primeros años de los estudios doctorales. Este apoyo fue importante para poder dedicarme íntegramente al desarrollo de la investigación, así como para la presentación de resultados y la realización de estancias de investigación. / Cuestas Caza, JA. (2021). El Sumak Kawsay: entre el (post)desarrollismo occidental y la filosofía andina [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/162882 / TESIS

Indigenous language rights in Canada have been historically marginalized, with the residential school system being integral to their attempted erasure. These schools stripped indigenous children away from their homes to undergo forced assimilation grounded by colonial language policy which saw the indigenous peoples as impediments to their progress. The schools have since closed and the Canadian government has apologized for their role, deeming them as part of the nation's grim history. This paper explores how this shift in discourse occurred and what it says of Canadian language policy. Using critical discourse analysis, nexus analysis, and language management theories to analyze historical government data, the results find that initial shifts in discourse were superficial, while more contemporary discourse marked a unanimous shift away from past ideology. Colonial language policy was discontinued with this stark discursive change, yet despite vocal support for indigenous languages rights, the long lack of actual policy suggests that lingering colonial legacies of language values may be firmly rooted in Canadian society.

This research project focuses on decision-making about large hydropower dams, particularly the process and outcomes of impact assessment, involving state, corporations, and local Indigenous communities. The objective of the study is to investigate whether state-led impact assessment, as one tool of regulatory decision-making, can be a way to address environmental justice concerns for Indigenous peoples affected by natural resource infrastructure. The core of this research is a case study comparison between the Belo Monte dam (Brazil) and Site C dam (Canada) to examine the effectiveness of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and decision-making. I analyse these processes’ ability to address the inequities caused by disparate adverse effects of dams on Indigenous peoples. Despite evidence of the impacts of large dams on Indigenous peoples, there is limited literature on their experiences with large hydropower projects and their decision-making processes, and mechanisms that would account for Indigenous peoples’ experiences. This research aims to fill in that gap in the literature by exposing the limitations of impact assessment and proposing recommendations for environmental decision-making to address Indigenous peoples’ concerns and experiences. I start with a review of the development of the environmental justice (EJ) literature as the research’s analytical framework. Environmental justice focuses on diagnosing the inequities caused to localized communities under the argument of a necessary ‘smaller evil,’ so that the larger society may benefit from natural resources development. However, the research participants’ experiences pointed to the need to revise the EJ framework towards a more integral approach to environmental decision-making, recognising the fundamental relationship between land and human beings. This research project concludes that EJ for Indigenous peoples helps reinstate decision-making purposes – evaluating the impacts, proposing alternatives to projects, promoting transparency and accountability, and considering the possibility of rejecting projects – when done within a genuine government-to-government collaborative framework between state and Indigenous governments. / Graduate

Les Muiscas du passé sont très présents dans l’imaginaire sur les peuples autochtones colombiens, leur traitement dans les lieux officiels de mémoire reproduit souvent un discours idéalisé, déjà présent dans les projets nationaux du XIXe siècle. L’historiographie colombienne donne une grande importance à la représentation des Muiscas préhispaniques et, partiellement, à ceux de la période coloniale. La connaissance sur le peuple Muisca est souvent ancrée dans une vision patrimoniale et passéiste de la présence indigène, en tant que composante d’une histoire commune mais éloignée de la vie quotidienne des communautés contemporaines. La prépondérance de l’image mythifiée du peuple Muisca du passé peut être comprise d’un point de vue historique par l’influence de l’indigénisme, du positivisme et de l’esprit nationaliste du XIXe siècle. Cette influence a contribué à la production de l’idée d’un « empire Muisca » ou d’une « civilisation chibcha » participant à la consolidation de l’imaginaire national colombien sur le socle d’une supposée continuité historique entre la nouvelle Nation et cet empire préhispanique. La force de ce récit se ressent encore aujourd’hui par la relégation des communautés Mhuysqas contemporaines habitant sur les anciens territoires de resguardo . Celles-ci cherchent une reconnaissance officielle et tentent de répondre aux exigences des normes en vigueur, tout en interrogeant la construction officielle de « l’indigène ». Cette recherche montre comment, depuis une vingtaine d’années, les Mhuysqas de Cota, dans le département de Cundinamarca, se tournent vers le passé pour y retrouver les vestiges de leurs ancêtres Muiscas et reconstruire, recréer ou réinterpréter une culture éclipsée, d'abord par l’imposition espagnole puis par la construction de l’Etat-Nation Colombien. Bien que leur présence continue sur le territoire se retrouve facilement dans de nombreux écrits publics, des écueils majeurs ont obstrué leur considération sociale et politique en tant que indigènes, participant à un climat de suspicion à l’encontre de ce peuple retrouvé.En outre, l’émergence de grandes organisations indigènes depuis les années soixante-dix, l’intégration des acteurs autochtones dans les institutions internationales ainsi que le renforcement d’un discours ethno-environnemental, ajoutent des niveaux de représentation à l’image de l’autochtonie. Dans ce sens, l’ethnographie proposée montre les manières dont la communauté s’inscrit, joue et se sert de cette multiplicité de représentations afin d’être légitimement reconnue comme groupe ethnique à part entière. Elle montre aussi, comment la communauté de Cota demeure, malgré tout, contrainte de reproduire les caractéristiques fantasmées mobilisées par ce nouveau contexte. / The Musicas of the past are very present in the imaginary of the indigenous Colombian peoples, their treatment in official spaces of memory often reproduces an idealized discourse, already present in the national projects of the nineteenth century. Colombian historiography gives great importance to the representation of pre-Hispanic Muiscas and, in part, to those of the colonial period. Knowledge about the Muisca people is often rooted in a patrimonial and historical vision of the indigenous presence, as a component of a common history but far removed from the everyday life of contemporary communities. The preponderance of the mystified image of the Muisca people of the past can be understood from the historical point of view by the influence of indigenousism, positivism and the nationalist spirit of the nineteenth century. This influence contributed to the production of the idea of a “Muisca empire” or a “chibcha civilization”, participating in the consolidation of the national Colombian imagination on the basis of a supposed historical continuity between the new Nation and this pre-Hispanic empire. The strength of this narrative is still felt today by the relegation of contemporary Mhuysqa communities dwellering on the former territories of resguardo. These seek official recognition and try to meet the requirements of the standards in force, while questioning the official construction of the “indigenous”. This research shows how, for the last twenty years, the Mhuysqas of Cota, in the department of Cundinamarca, have turned to the past to find the vestiges of their ancestors Muiscas and reconstruct, recreate or reinterpret an eclipsed culture, first by the Spanish colonisation and then by the construction of the Colombian Nation-State. Although their continuous presence on the territory is easily found in number of public writings, major pitfalls have obstructed their social and political consideration as indigenous, participating to a climate of suspicion against this found people. In addition, the emergence of indigenous organisations since the 1970s, the integration of indigenous actors in the international institutions, and also the reinforcement of an ethno-environmental discourse, add levels of representations to the image of indigenousness. In this sense, the proposed ethnography shows the ways in which the community fits into, plays and uses this multiplicity of representations in order to be legitimately recognized as an ethnic group in its own right. It also shows how the Cota community remains, despite everything, forced to reproduce the fantasized characteristics mobilized by this new context. / Los Muiscas del pasado están muy presentes en el imaginario sobre los pueblos indígenas colombianos, la manera como son tratados en los espacios oficiales de memoria reproduce, frecuentemente, un discurso idealizado, presente en los albores de los proyectos nacionales durante el siglo XIX. La historiografía colombiana da gran importancia a la representación de los Muiscas prehispánicos y, en cierta media, a aquella referente al periodo colonial. El conocimiento sobre el pueblo muisca se basa, en gran medida, en una visión patrimonial y paseista de la presencia indígena, parte integrante de la historia común, pero alejada de la vida cotidiana de las comunidades contemporáneas. La preponderancia de la imagen mistificada del pueblo Muisca del pasado, puede ser comprendida desde un punto de vista histórico a través de la influencia del indigenismo, del positivismo y del espíritu nacionalista del siglo XIX. Esta influencia contribuyó a la producción de la idea de « Imperio muisca » o de « Civilización chibcha » que participaron en la consolidación del imaginario nacional colombiano cimentado en la supuesta continuidad histórica entre la nueva Nación y este imperio prehispánico. La fuerza de este relato se puede sentir aún hoy a través de la relegación de las comunidades Mhuysqas contemporáneas que viven en los antiguos territorios de resguardo . Estas, buscan un reconocimiento oficial e intentan responder a las exigencias normativas en vigor, cuestionando, a pesar de todo, la construcción oficial de lo indígena. Esta investigación muestra cómo, desde hace más de dos décadas, los Mhuysqas de Cota, Cundinamarca, se tornan hacia su pasado buscando los vestigios de sus ancestros para reconstruir, recrear o reinterpretar una cultura ocultada, primero por la colonización y luego por la construcción del Estado Nación colombiano. Aunque su presencia continua en sus territorios pueda ser atestada fácilmente a través de numerosos documentos públicos, grandes obstáculos impiden que sean considerados social y políticamente como indígenas, lo que participa a la instalación de un clima de suspicacia contra este pueblo re-descubierto.Si a esto se añade la emergencia de las grandes organizaciones indígenas desde los años setenta, la integración de actores autóctonos en las instituciones internacionales o aún la influencia de los discursos etnoecológicos, los niveles de representación de la imagen de la autoctonía se multiplican. En este sentido, la etnografía que proponemos muestra las diversas maneras que la comunidad utiliza para inscribirse, jugar y se servir de esta multiplicidad de representaciones para ser, finalmente, legítimamente reconocida como grupo étnico. Se muestra también, cómo la comunidad de Cota se ve obligada, a pesar de todo, a reproducir las características idealizadas que dominan en este nuevo contexto.